Estudo de uma bomba de calor de expansão direta assistida por energia solar para a preparação de AQS

Este estudo consiste na caracterização da eficiência energética de uma bomba de calor de expansão direta que utiliza a energia solar como fonte térmica. De uma forma geral, teve-se a obrigação de procurar cada vez mais recursos renováveis e neste sentido a bomba de calor de expansão direta tem um papel importante no aquecimento de águas quentes sanitárias (AQS). Como ponto de partida, foi realizada uma descrição detalhada sobre todos os equipamentos da bomba de calor e elaborado um desenho técnico que identifica todos os componentes. No laboratório (casa inteligente) realizaram-se vários ensaios a fim de interpretar com rigor os resultados obtidos do desempenho da bomba de calor (COP) e do fator médio de desempenho sazonal (SPF). No início, realizaram-se ensaios para determinar as perdas estáticas do sistema termodinâmico, de seguida foram elaborados ensaios segundo a norma EN 16147 e por fim, ensaios de acordo com o perfil de utilização de AQS definido. No estudo experimental do COP, obteve-se uma elevada eficiência energética com um valor médio de 4,12. O COP aumenta para valores médios de 5 quando a temperatura de água no termoacumulador desce para 35ºC. Verificou-se que durante o período diurno o COP aumenta aproximadamente de 10% relativamente ao período noturno. A potência elétrica é mais elevada (450W) quando a água no termoacumulador está perto da temperatura desejável (55ºC), originando um esforço maior da bomba de calor. No estudo experimental do SPF, verificou-se que nos ensaios segundo a norma EN16147 os valores obtidos variaram entre 1,39 e 1,50 (Classe “B”). No estudo realizado de acordo com o perfil de utilização de AQS definido pelo utilizador, o SPF é superior em 12% relativamente ao obtido segundo os ensaios realizados de acordo a norma EN16147. Verificou-se que o aumento da temperatura do ar exterior implica um aumento do SPF (cerca de 2% a 5%), enquanto a energia solar não influência nos resultados.

Comparative evaluation of adverse effects in the use of powder trivalent antivenom and liquid antivenoms in Bothrops snake bites

INTRODUCTION: Snake bite, a problem in public health, generally occurs where there is no electric power. METHODS: A comparative clinical study was conducted with 102 victims of Bothrops snake bite, from the state of Amazonas, Brazil; 58 victims were treated with liofilizated trivalent antivenom serum (SATL) and 44 victims treated with liquid bivalent and monovalent antivenom serum (SAMBL). RESULTS: 17% (10/58) of patients presented adverse effects with the SATL and 25% (11/44) with the SAMBL. CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistic difference in number of adverse effects between the two types of snake bite antivenom.

Análise técnica - económica da produção de energia em sistemas de abastecimento de água: caso do aproveitamento de fins múltiplos dos socorridos

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Civil

Overcoming the supply inconsistencies of tidal current energy conversion devices

The adoption of a sustainable approach to meeting the energy needs of society has recently taken on a more central and urgent place in the minds of many people. There are many reasons for this including ecological, environmental and economic concerns. One particular area where a sustainable approach has become very relevant is in the production of electricity. The contribution of renewable sources to the energy mix supplying the electricity grid is nothing new, but the focus has begun to move away from the more conventional renewable sources such as wind and hydro. The necessity of exploring new and innovative sources of renewable energy is now seen as imperative as the older forms (i.e. hydro) reach the saturation point of their possible exploitation. One such innovative source of energy currently beginning to be utilised in this regard is tidal energy. The purpose of this thesis is to isolate one specific drawback to tidal energy, which could be considered a roadblock to this energy source being a major contributor to the Irish national grid. This drawback presents itself in the inconsistent nature in which a tidal device generates energy over the course of a 24 hour period. This inconsistency of supply can result in the cycling of conventional power plants in order to even out the supply, subsequently leading to additional costs. The thesis includes a review of literature relevant to the area of tidal and other marine energy sources with an emphasis on the state of the art devices currently in development or production. The research carried out included tidal data analysis and manipulation into a model of the power generating potential at specific sites. A solution is then proposed to the drawback of inconsistency of supply, which involves the positioning of various tidal generation installations at specifically selected locations around the Irish coast. The temporal shift achieved in the power supply profiles of the individual sites by locating the installations in the correct locations, successfully produced an overall power supply profile with the smoother curve and a consistent base load energy supply. Some limitations to the method employed were also outlined, and suggestions for further improvements to the method were made.

Sequencing lifeline repairs after an earthquake: an economic approach

Recoveries after recent earthquakes in the U.S. and Japan have shown that large welfare gains can be achieved by reshaping current emergency plans as incentive-compatible contracts. We apply tools from the mechanisms design literature to show ways to integrate economic incentives into the management of natural disasters and discuss issues related to the application to seismic event recovery. The focus is on restoring lifeline services such as the water, gas, transportation, and electric power networks. We put forward decisional procedures that an uninformed planner could employ to set repair priorities and help to coordinate lifeline firms in the post-earthquake reconstruction.

Wireless GPS-based phase-locked synchronization system for outdoor environment.

Synchronization of data coming from different sources is of high importance in biomechanics to ensure reliable analyses. This synchronization can either be performed through hardware to obtain perfect matching of data, or post-processed digitally. Hardware synchronization can be achieved using trigger cables connecting different devices in many situations; however, this is often impractical, and sometimes impossible in outdoors situations. The aim of this paper is to describe a wireless system for outdoor use, allowing synchronization of different types of - potentially embedded and moving - devices. In this system, each synchronization device is composed of: (i) a GPS receiver (used as time reference), (ii) a radio transmitter, and (iii) a microcontroller. These components are used to provide synchronized trigger signals at the desired frequency to the measurement device connected. The synchronization devices communicate wirelessly, are very lightweight, battery-operated and thus very easy to set up. They are adaptable to every measurement device equipped with either trigger input or recording channel. The accuracy of the system was validated using an oscilloscope. The mean synchronization error was found to be 0.39 μs and pulses are generated with an accuracy of <2 μs. The system provides synchronization accuracy about two orders of magnitude better than commonly used post-processing methods, and does not suffer from any drift in trigger generation.

Projecte d'una central d'energia elèctrica de 400 kW mitjançant concentradors solars i una turbina de vapor

L’objecte del projecte és dissenyar una central productora d’energia elèctrica a través d’una turbina de vapor i un generador acoblat a aquesta, mitjançant concentradors d’energia solar cilindro-parabòlics. Aquests concentradors captaran la radiació directa del sol per concentrar-la al focus de la paràbola, on s’hi col·locarà un receptor per l’interior del qual hi passarà un fluid que s’escalfarà gràcies a aquests raigs concentrats. En el projecte s’ha dissenyat la instal·lació i estudiat la radiació disponible a la zona, s’ha realitzat un estudi de la viabilitat de la instal·lació necessària i del cost econòmic d’una central d’energia termoelèctrica fictícia a la zona de Tarragona

Avaluació del consum d'energia eléctrica d'una indústria càrnia

L’objecte d’aquest treball ha estat avaluar el consum d’energia elèctrica de la industria BECSA, situada al municipi de Palol de Revardit i dedicada a l’elaboració de pernil curat preparat per a ser llescat industrialment. En primer lloc es va estudiar el procés productiu de la indústria i la maquinària, per tal de determinar les potencies activa i reactiva de cadascuna de les màquines. Amb les potències per una banda, i l’estudi dels temps de treball de les màquines per l’altra, es van determinar els consums d’energia activa i reactiva que suposava el procés. A partir de l’anàlisi de les dades obtingudes, les factures elèctriques, les tarifes i complements per destinació horària, es van proposar una sèrie de millores per a poder disminuir els costos del consum d’energia elèctrica de la indústria

Monitorització de la qualitat de l'electricitat d'un edifici universitari mitjançant l'analitzador CM4000

Es va instal.lar un analitzador CM4000 a la Facultat de Ciències per tal de poder enregistrar en temps real les incidències en la xarxa elèctrica que s'estaven produint (caigudes de tensió i problemes amb els harmònics). El projecte vol monotoritzar la qualitat dels registres d'aquest analitzador que queden enregistrats a la base de dades Power Server. A partir d'aquestes dades es realitza un estudi sobre la freqüència de les incidències, buscant el patró dels dies i hores en què les incidències són màximes

Projecte d'infraestructures d'un sector residencial a Tossa de Mar

Projecte de millores d'infrastructures de la urbanització de Santa Maria de Llorell (Tossa de Mar

Projecte per la realització d’ una intal·lació solar fotovoltaica en règim especial als edificis de l’ Escola Politècnica Superior de la UdG

El present projecte té per principal odjectiu dur a terme el disseny d’ una instal·lació solar fotovoltaica de producció d’ energia elèctrica en règim especial sobre teulada instal·lada en un edifici de caràcter oficial de l’ Escola Politècnica Superior de la UdG amb l’ objectiu de generar energia elèctrica

Nova central elèctrica de transformació de l'aeroport de Girona-Costa Brava

Amb vista a una ampliació de l’aeroport Girona-Costa Brava, per poder donar un servei de qualitat a tots els passatgers, es decideix fer una nova central elèctrica de transformació. L’edifici de la central elèctrica ja està projectat, i l’objecte d’aquest projecte és dissenyar la instal·lació elèctrica de mitja tensió des de l’escomesa de la xarxa general fins les línies de sortida de mitja i baixa tensió

Two methods for voltage sag source location

This paper presents and compares two approaches to estimate the origin (upstream or downstream) of voltage sag registered in distribution substations. The first approach is based on the application of a single rule dealing with features extracted from the impedances during the fault whereas the second method exploit the variability of waveforms from an statistical point of view. Both approaches have been tested with voltage sags registered in distribution substations and advantages, drawbacks and comparative results are presented

Classification of sags according to their origin based on the waveform similarity

A statistical method for classification of sags their origin downstream or upstream from the recording point is proposed in this work. The goal is to obtain a statistical model using the sag waveforms useful to characterise one type of sags and to discriminate them from the other type. This model is built on the basis of multi-way principal component analysis an later used to project the available registers in a new space with lower dimension. Thus, a case base of diagnosed sags is built in the projection space. Finally classification is done by comparing new sags against the existing in the case base. Similarity is defined in the projection space using a combination of distances to recover the nearest neighbours to the new sag. Finally the method assigns the origin of the new sag according to the origin of their neighbours

Redisseny d’una línia d’alta tensió comparant el traçat aeri amb el traçat soterrat

A petició d’un grup d’empreses del polígon industrial “Polígon”, es redacta el presentprojecte que té per objecte establir les característiques tècniques per a la construcció d’una variant de la línia de doble circuit 110 kV que uneix les dues subestacions; S.E. Polígon Nord – S.E. Polígon Sur. Actualment es disposa d’una línia de doble circuit 110 kV que uneix les dues subestacions; S.E. Polígon Nord – S.E. Polígon Sur i que travessa vàries parcel•les del polígon industrial “Polígon” sobrevolant-les i reduint, per tant, la seva capacitat d’aprofitament de sòl. Es consideraran, i es calcularan, les dues alternatives que existeixen actualment en línies de transport elèctric: variant aèria i variant soterrada