Estudi fonamental i aplicat de l'etapa d'eliminaci�� de tinta per flotaci��

La tesi realitza un estudi detallat dels principals processos que tenen lloc durant l'eliminaci�� de tinta t��ner per flotaci��. L'estudi del proc��s d'adhesi�� de tinta a la superf��cie de bombolles d'aire s'ha realitzat mitjan��ant visi�� artificial. Els resultats obtinguts han mostrat que un exc��s de tensioactiu provoca una disminuci�� de la quantitat de tinta unida a la bombolla d'aire i per tant una disminuci�� de l'efic��cia del proc��s de flotaci��. La caracteritzaci�� de les bombolles d'aire presents en una cel��la de flotaci�� ha posat de manifest que tant el cabal d'aire com la velocitat de l'agitador configuren la distribuci�� de di��metres final. L'estudi del proc��s d'eliminaci�� de tinta per flotaci�� en abs��ncia de fibres cel��lul��siques ha mostrat que les variables f��sico-qu��miques estudiades s��n les que tenen una major influ��ncia en el proc��s d'eliminaci�� de tinta t��ner per flotaci��. Finalment s'han addicionat fibres cel��lul��siques a la suspensi��. S'ha pogut comprovar que s'aconsegueix una bona eliminaci�� de tinta sempre i quan les condicions hidrodin��miques siguin les adequades.

Proc��s de destintatge del paper per flotaci��. Avaluaci�� de l'efic��cia de l'eliminaci�� de tinta

La tesi doctoral presentada t�� com a objectius principals l'estudi de les etapes fonamentals de desintegraci�� i flotaci�� en un proc��s de destintatge de papers vell de qualitats elevades per a poder millorar l'efic��cia d'aquestes etapes clau. Cont�� una revisi�� te��rica completa i molt actualitzada del proc��s de desintegraci�� i flotaci�� tant a nivell macrosc��pic com microsc��pic. La metodologia de treball en el laboratori, la posada a punt dels aparells, aix�� com les an��lisis efectuades per a valorar la resposta del proc��s (an��lisi de blancor, an��lisi d'imatge i an��lisi de la concentraci�� efectiva de tinta residual) estan descrites en el cap��tol de material i m��todes. La posada en marxa permet obtenir unes primeres conclusions respecte la necessitat de treballar amb una mat��ria primera homog��nia i respecte la no significaci�� de la temperatura de desintegraci�� dins l'interval de treball perm��s al laboratori (20-50��C). L'an��lisi de les variables mec��niques de desintegraci��: consist��ncia de desintegraci�� (c), velocitat d'agitaci�� en la desintegraci�� (N) i temps de desintegraci�� (t), permet de discernir que la consist��ncia de desintegraci�� ��s una variable fonamental. El valor de consist��ncia igual al 10% marca el l��mit d'exist��ncia de les forces d'impacte mec��nic en la suspensi�� fibrosa. A consist��ncies superiors, les forces viscoses i d'acceleraci�� dominen l'etapa de desintegraci��. Existeix una interacci�� entre la consist��ncia i el temps de desintegraci��, optimitzant-se aquesta darrera variable en funci�� del valor de la consist��ncia. La velocitat d'agitaci�� ��s significativa nom��s per a valors de consist��ncia de desintegraci�� inferiors al 10%. En aquests casos, incrementar el valor de N de 800 a 1400 rpm representa una disminuci�� de 14 punts en el factor de destintabilitat. L'an��lisi de les variables qu��miques de desintegraci��: concentraci�� de silicat s��dic (% Na2SiO3), per��xid d'hidrogen (% H2O2) i hidr��xid s��dic (% Na2OH), proporciona resultats for��a significatius. El silicat s��dic presenta un efecte altament dispersant corroborat per les corbes de distribuci�� dels di��metres de part��cula de tinta obtingudes mitjan��ant an��lisi d'imatges. L'hidr��xid s��dic tamb�� presenta un efecte dispersant tot i que no ��s tant important com el del silicat s��dic. Aquests efectes dispersants s��n deguts principalment a l'increment de les repulsions electrost��tiques que aporten a la suspensi�� fibrosa aquests reactius qu��mics fent disminuir l'efic��cia d'eliminaci�� de l'etapa de flotaci��. El per��xid d'hidrogen utilitzat generalment com agent blanquejant, actua en aquests casos com a neutralitzador dels grups hidroxil provinents tant del silicat s��dic com de l'hidr��xid s��dic, disminuint la repulsi�� electrost��tica dins la suspensi��. Amb l'an��lisi de les variables hidrodin��miques de flotaci��: consist��ncia de flotaci�� (c), velocitat d'agitaci�� durant la flotaci�� (N) i cabal d'aire aplicat (q), s'aconsegueix la seva optimitzaci�� dins el rang de treball perm��s al laboratori. Valors elevats tant de la velocitat d'agitaci�� com del cabal d'aire aplicat durant la flotaci�� permeten eliminar majors quantitats de tinta. La consist��ncia de flotaci�� assoleix valors ��ptims depenent de les condicions de flux dins la cel��la de flotaci��. Les metodologies d'an��lisi emprades permeten obtenir diferents factors de destintabilitat. Entre aquests factors existeix una correlaci�� important (determinada pels coeficients de correlaci�� de Pearson) que permet assegurar la utilitzaci�� de la blancor com a par��metre fonamental en l'an��lisi del destintatge de papers vells, sempre i quan es complementi amb an��lisis d'imatge o b�� amb an��lisi de la concentraci�� efectiva de tinta residual. S'aconsegueixen expressions emp��riques tipus exponencial que relacionen aquests factors de destintabilitat amb les variables experimentals. L' estudi de les cin��tiques de flotaci�� permet calcular les constants cin��tiques (kBlancor, kERIC, kSupimp) en funci�� de les variables experimentals, obtenint un model emp��ric de flotaci�� que relacionant-lo amb els par��metres microsc��pics que afecten realment l'eliminaci�� de part��cules de tinta, deriva en un model fonamental molt m��s dif��cil d'interpretar. Mitjan��ant l'estudi d'aquestes cin��tiques separades per classes, tamb�� s'aconsegueix determinar que l'efic��cia d'eliminaci�� de part��cules de tinta ��s m��xima si el seu di��metre equivalent ��s superior a 50 μm. Les part��cules amb di��metres equivalents inferiors a 15 μm no s��n eliminades en les condicions de flotaci�� analitzades. Es pot dir que ��s f��sicament impossible eliminar part��cules de tinta de di��metres molt diferents amb la mateixa efici��ncia i sota les mateixes condicions de treball. El rendiment del proc��s analitzat en funci�� de l'eliminaci�� de s��lids per l'etapa de flotaci�� no ha presentat relacions significatives amb cap de les variables experimentals analitzades. ��nicament es pot concloure que addicionar quantitats elevades de silicat s��dic provoca una disminuci�� tant de s��lids com de mat��ria inorg��nica presents en les escumes de flotaci��.

Functional and molecular characterization of Tachykinins and tachykinin receptors in the mouse uterus

The aim of this study was to analyze the function and expression of tachykinins, tachykinin receptors, and neprilysin (NEP) in the mouse uterus. A previous study showed that the uterotonic effects of substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B (NKB) in estrogen-treated mice were mainly mediated by the tachykinin NK, receptor. In the present work, further contractility studies were undertaken to determine the nature of the receptors mediating responses to tachykinins in uteri of late pregnant mice. Endpoint and real-time quantitative RTPCR were used to analyze the expression of the genes that encode the tachykinins SP/NKA, NKB, and hemokinin-1 (HK-1) (Tac1, Tac2, and Tac4); and the genes that encode tachykinin NK1 (Tacr1), NK2 (Tacr2), and NK3 (Tacr3) receptors in uteri from pregnant and nonpregnant mice. The data show that the mRNAs of tachykinins (particularly NKB and HK-1), tachykinin receptors, and NEP are locally expressed in the mouse uterus, and their expression changes during the estrous cycle and during pregnancy. The tachykinin INK, receptor is the predominant tachykinin receptor in the nonpregnant and early pregnant mouse and may mediate tachykinin-induced uterine contractions in the nonpregnant mouse. The tachykinin NK, receptor is predominant in the late pregnant mouse and is the main receptor mediating uterotonic responses to tachykinins at late pregnancy. The tachykinin NK, receptor is expressed in considerable amounts only in uteri from nonpregnant diestrous animals, and its physiological significance remains to be clarified.

Supramolecular materials for inkjet printing: self-assembling polymer networks

Electronically complementary, low molecular weight polymers that self-assemble through tuneable ��-�� stacking interactions to form extended supramolecular polymer networks have been developed for inkjet printing applications and successfully deposited using three different printing techniques. Sequential overprinting of the complementary components results in supramolecular network formation through complexation of ��-electron rich pyrenyl or perylenyl chain-ends in one component with ��-electron deficient naphthalene diimide residues in a chain-folding polyimide. The complementary ��-�� stacked polymer blends generate strongly coloured materials as a result of charge-transfer absorptions in the visible spectrum, potentially negating the need for pigments or dyes in the ink formulation. Indeed, the final colour of the deposited material can be tailored by changing varying the end-groups of the �� electron rich polymer component. Piezoelectric printing techniques were employed in a proof of concept study to allow characterisation of the materials deposited, and a thermal inkjet printer adapted with imaging software enabled a detailed analysis of the ink-drops as they formed, and of their physical properties. Finally, continuous inkjet printing allowed greater volumes of material to be deposited, on a variety of different substrate surfaces, and demonstrated the utility and versatility of this novel type of ink for industrial applications.

Innate immune response in the sea urchin Echinometra lucunter (Echinodermata)

Echinometra lucunter, (Pinda) is a sea urchin encountered in the Brazilian coast and exposed to high and low temperatures related to low and high tides. Despite their great distribution and importance, few studies have been done on the biological function of their coelomocytes. Thus, Echinometra lucunter perivisceral coelomocytes were characterized under optical and transmission electron microscopy. Phagocytic amoebocytes in the perivisceral coelom were labelled by injecting ferritin, and ferritin labelled phagocytic amoebocytes were found in the peristomial connective tissue after injecting India ink into the tissue, indicating the amoebocytes ability to respond to an inflammatory stimulus. Results showed that the phagocytic amoebocytes were the main inflammatory cells found in the innate immune response of E lucunter. While other works have recorded these phenomena in sea urchins found in moderate and constant temperature, this study reports on these same phenomena in a tropical sea urchin under great variation of temperature, thus providing new data to inflammatory studies in invertebrate pathology. (C) 2007 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Watch-and-Comment as a Paradigm toward Ubiquitous Interactive Video Editing

The literature reports research efforts allowing the editing of interactive TV multimedia documents by end-users. In this article we propose complementary contributions relative to end-user generated interactive video, video tagging, and collaboration. In earlier work we proposed the watch-and-comment (WaC) paradigm as the seamless capture of an individual`s comments so that corresponding annotated interactive videos be automatically generated. As a proof of concept, we implemented a prototype application, the WACTOOL, that supports the capture of digital ink and voice comments over individual frames and segments of the video, producing a declarative document that specifies both: different media stream structure and synchronization. In this article, we extend the WaC paradigm in two ways. First, user-video interactions are associated with edit commands and digital ink operations. Second, focusing on collaboration and distribution issues, we employ annotations as simple containers for context information by using them as tags in order to organize, store and distribute information in a P2P-based multimedia capture platform. We highlight the design principles of the watch-and-comment paradigm, and demonstrate related results including the current version of the WACTOOL and its architecture. We also illustrate how an interactive video produced by the WACTOOL can be rendered in an interactive video environment, the Ginga-NCL player, and include results from a preliminary evaluation.

Section of Television Laboratory at the New York Trade School

Several students are shown working in a section of the Television Laboratory at the New York Trade School. Black and white photograph with some damage due to writing in red ink along the long edges.

Utredning om huruvida Dalarnas Tidningars produktion passar en KBA Cortina

This degree project illustrates newsprint and waterless offset. A new news press was introduced at Drupa-00, Cortina from KBA, which is the first news press dedicated the waterless technique. With actual statistics from the company in question an investigation was made whether their production fits this press. It came out in the investigation that the production of the company, from statistics, fits this press very good. A table was made where different timeschedules were accounted for the new press, with semi- and full automatic plate changing for present and to be added papers. The waterless technology is compared to conventional offset with the difference that the plate is based on a sort of laminatetechnology. Like conventional plates this plate has a base made of aluminium. Lightsensitive photopolymer isunited as a layer or coat on top of the aluminium and a 2��m thin oleophobic siliconlayer is applied on top of the photopolymer. Considering the print, the waterless method has a higher qualitygrade than conventional offset. No water is emulsifiedin the ink, and therefore the printed dot gets a higher density. The loss of dampening solution and higher tack of the ink gives sharper dots. This makes the colourspace bigger why a greater range of colours can be printed. The loss of dampening solution gives a more stable dotgain, which contributes to that a higher screen can be used. The disadvantage is that the plate can't do as many rotations as the conventional plate. A waterless plate makes around 100 000-500 000 rotations before it needs to be removed owing to type- and manufacturer of the plate. The plate is also slightly more sensitive and expensive than conventional plates, around 1,4 - 1,7 �� aluminium printing plates. A waterless system can be installed in a conventional printing press by degrees and when large editions are being printed a cooler needs to be installed in the oscillationrollers of the press, since an increase in temperature can make the oleophobic parts of the plate oleophilic. The Cortina is however equipped with a temperature controlsystem at the beginning. To avoid picking, caused by the tacky ink, a blanket with a high ���quick release��� should be used.

Utv��rdering av ICC-profiler och profil-inst��llningar f��r HP Indigo Press 1000

Det nystartade digitaltryckeriet Digaloo planerar att inom en snar framtid inf��ra ICC-hantering i sittarbetsfl��de. Med anledning av detta har en studie utf��rts d��r antalet erfordrade ICC-profiler unders��ktssamt vilka akromatiska inst��llningar som b��st l��mpar sig f��r tryckeriets HP Indigo Press 1000.Testtryckning utf��rdes p�� sex av Digaloos mest anv��nda papperskvaliteter. Genom inl��sning av testkartorhar de olika papperskvaliteternas reproducerbara f��rgrymder ��sk��dliggjorts. Grundat p�� resultatetfr��n denna testtryckning framst��lldes ICC-profiler f��r valda papperskvaliteter. Dessa genereradesmed olika inst��llningar f��r akromatisk repro och TIC (Total Ink Coverage). Vid en andra testtryckninganv��ndes dessa ICC-profiler f��r konvertering av mellanton-, natt- och sn��bilder, vilka trycktesp�� olika papperskvaliteter.Resultatet fr��n den f��rsta testtryckningen visar att HP Indigo Press 1000 ��terger st��rst f��rgrymd p��papperskvaliteten Silverblade Silk, t��tt f��ljd av Silverblade Art. De minsta f��rgrymderna reproducerasp�� Lessebo Linn�� Gultonat och Lessebo Linn�� Naturvit.Vid perceptuell bed��mning av de olika bilderna blev resultatet att b��st tryckresultat uppn��s medpappersspecifika ICC-profiler. Detta g��ller dock endast i tv�� av tre fall. Vid bed��mning av b��st l��mpadTIC ans��gs den idag p�� Digaloo anv��nda niv��n som mycket d��lig. Genom att antingen s��nka eller h��jadenna niv�� bed��mdes tryckresultatet ��ka i kvalitet.Slutligen visar studien ��ven att akromatik i form av UCR ger b��st bild��tergivning i mellanton- ochnattbilder p�� de valda papperskvaliteterna. De olika graderna av GCR i sn��bilder anses dock passaolika bra beroende p�� vilken papperskvalitet som anv��nds.

ICC-profilers funktionalitet vid byte av tryckf��rgskvalitet

This degree theme work aims to evaluate the present ICC-profile and printing ink of Dalarnas Tidningar AB. The companyhas changed printing ink quality and wants to evaluate how the present ICC-profile work with the new printingink. Four different ICC-profiles were included in the comparison.One test printing was accomplished with two different separations. Two new ICC-profile was created, as a comparingmaterial. An densitometer was used to measure the technical parameters of the printing. IT8-charts and RGB-chartswas measured with spectrophotometer. La*b*-values, CMYK-values, graybalance curves, color deflections and colorgamuts was compared on screen and on the printed material.Materials from an earlier testprinting and evalution, made by Stora Enso Kvarnsveden AB 2003, was used to evaluatethe function of Dalarnas Tidningar AB��s ICC-profile with the present printing ink quality. The IT8-chart from todaystestprinting was oppened in a program for textediting to have access to La*b*- and CMYK values. The values from theearlier testprinting was supplied from Stora Enso Kvarnsveden AB.The result of this work shows that the ICC-profile from the company, compared with de other profiles, reproduce darkershadow regions which can make loss of details. An higher saturation is recieved in the red and yellow area while thegreen and blue area lose its intensity. The profile gave images which are some contrastless and with a flat reproduction.Today printing ink quality gives more saturation and intensity in the yellow and blue area compared with former printingink. The dark tone reproduces with decreased luminance, however.

Conqueror f��r Indigo

Conqueror for Indigo is production treated with an active chemical to maximize the ink adhesion.ArjoWiggins has found that another chemical, the candidate compound, would improve the propertiesof the paper. ArjoWiggins therefore wish to replace the current compound. To strengthenthe patent requirements for ink adhesion needs to be determined. A theory is developed to whychemicals with certain properties maximize the ink adhesion. Experiments are performed but theresults are inaccurate. The reason for ink adhesion is still unknown.Paper treated with the candidate compound is produced in a production trial and the paper evaluated.The paper shows decreased ink adhesion compared to paper treated with current compoundbut gives higher whiteness, longer shelf life and the formulation is preferred by the milldue to health and safety reasons.

Deltack, Blanket Study

There are two objectives of this study.The first one was to study the new instrument Deltack fromPrufbau, and with the new knowledge, study the interaction between blanket and paper.Deltack is a new instrument to measure the ink splitting force. Blankets from an earlier study doneby GATF have been montered on 12 different Deltack print forms and those have together with Deltackbeen the base for this project.This study together with information from GATF���s study shows that some of the blankets have ahigher capability to adsorb ink. Those blankets generate a sharper shape on the force curve, they havea lower dot gain, but they print not as good solid.

Vitpunktsf��rskjutningens p��verkan p�� ICC-profiler vid anv��ndande av optiska vitmedel

The connection between fluorescence and color management still is a relatively unexplored area. Thefollowing composition analyses the theory that when printing on fluorescent ink jet paper using ICCprofilesa more yellow print will appear. In theory the ICC-profile compensate for blue light that fluorescefrom the paper with the complementary color, yellow. The human eye apprehands this fluorescentlight as white.When categorizing a number of ink jet qualities some tests to indicate change of color in the final printwere made. Five qualities were chosen for further analyses, each with different white point. TheTC3.5CMYK target was prined on an ink jet printer and measured with different filters for the measurementequipment, GretagMacbeth Spectrolino. U- and UV-filters were used during the testings.From the measurement data ICC-profiles were made to make it possible to watch how the profiles compensatefor the blue change of color that appeared in the data. Although a distinct change of color intoblue were discernible in the measured data there is no evident proof that this cause a final print thatis more yellow. Other conclusions and results are to be read at the end of this composition.

Reproduktionens inverkan p�� det slutliga tryckresultatet med djuptryck p�� MF-papper

To get an optimal print result with rotogravure on improved newsprint, MF-paper, knowledge aboutwhat adjustment that should be done through the whole production is needed. This degree project investigatesthe reproduction���s effect on the final print result.A test print is done at Quebecor World Nordic Interprint��s regular print unit. The evaluation of theprint shows how important the use of a unit adjusted ICC-profile is for the print quality. A comparisonbetween the two separation methods GCR and UCR shows that Interprint��s present ICC-profile, usingUCR as separation method, gives less missing dots. When the cylinder that prints the black ink isengraving whit a slower speed than normal the result shows that the colour becomes a little darker, thedetails becomes clear but the difference is very small.

Troubleshooting med avseende p�� avs��ttningar p�� gummiduk, Bobergs tryckeri AB

Bobergs printing house in Falun has during some time had problems regarding deposits on blankets intheirs M��ller Martini UV-printing presses. Deposits appear in both image areas and non-image areas.These areas have been analyzed and the deposits on non-image areas contain chalk, clay and talc. Thequestion remains how these material bond to the blanket surface. The chalk and clay comes from thepaper. The talc comes from the ink. Deposits from image areas contain pigment and talc from the printingink. The dampening water has also been analyzed. The result shows some sort of problem with thehardness regulator for the clean water. The pH-level should be increased a few steps.