Messerschmitt Bf-109 Suomen ja Unkarin ilmavoimissa vuosina 1942 - 1945

Tämä laadullinen sotahistorian tutkimus käsittelee ja vertailee Messerschmitt Bf-109 -konetyypin käyttöä Suomessa ja Unkarissa toisen maailmansodan aikana. Tutkimusmenetelmänä on käytetty vertailevaa (komparatiivista) aineistoanalyysia. Suomen ja Unkarin ilmavoimat ovat tutkimuksen kohdemaita, ja tutkimuksessa perehdytään Messerschmitthävittäjän käyttöperiaatteisiin, konemallin taktiseen käyttöön, sekä lentäjien koulutukseen. Lisäksi perehdytään laivueiden ja yksittäisten lentäjien taistelukertomuksien kautta siihen, millainen konemalli oli lentää ilmataisteluissa. Tutkielmassa pyritään vastaamaan pääkysymykseen: Mitkä olivat Messerschmitt Bf-109:n käyttöperiaatteet Suomen ja Unkarin ilmavoimissa toisen maailmansodan aikana? Pääkysymystä tukevat seuraavat alatutkimuskysymykset: Miten lentäjiä koulutettiin kyseiseen konetyyppiin? Miten Messerschmitthävittäjät ryhmitettiin kohdemaiden sodan ajan organisaatioissa? Mitä viholliskalustoa vastaan Messerschmitthävittäjiä käytettiin itärintamalla? Mitä eroja ja samankaltaisuuksia ilmenee Suomen ja Unkarin hävittäjätaktiikassa Messerschmitt Bf-109:n kohdalla ja miksi? Miten näissä maissa toimintaympäristöt erosivat /muistuttivat toisiaan? Tutkielman johdannossa esitellään tutkimuksen päämäärä, rajaus, tutkimuskysymykset, viitekehys sekä lyhyesti tutkimuksen aiheena oleva Messerschmitt Bf-109 -hävittäjä. Ensimmäisessä pääluvussa käsitellään Bf-109:n käyttöä Suomessa aina hävittäjähankinnasta taktiik-kaan ja koulutukseen. Toisessa pääluvussa käsitellään vastaavasti Bf-109:n käyttöä Unkarin ilmavoimissa samalla logiikalla. Johtopäätösluvussa esitellään tutkimustulokset ja johtopäätökset, joilla vastataan tutkimuskysymyksiin. Tutkimuksen tuloksina todetaan että isoimmat käyttöperiaatteelliset erot Suomen ja Unkarin välillä liittyivät hankintaan ja koulutukseen ja taistelutapaan, kun taas samankaltaisuuksia oli havaittavissa konekaluston sijoittelussa ja toimintaympäristöissä. Unkari sai geopoliittisen asemansa ansiosta enemmän tukea saksalaiselta Luftwaffe:lta, kun taas esimerkiksi varaosien saaminen Suomeen oli usein vaikeaa.

Efeitos da independência do banco central e da taxa de rotatividade sobre a inflação brasileira

Nowadays, the belief is strong in the Brazilian federal government that operational central bank independence is a basic condition to assure price stability. The literature concerning this subject highlights that a high degree of independence and a low turnover of central bank governor are associated with low inflation. This paper analyzes the relation between central bank independence and inflation in Brazil during 1980-2002. The findings denote that there is no effect on inflation due to an increase in degree of independence and a fall in turnover rate.

Evolution of the Finnish military doctrine, 1945-1985

Finnish Defence Studies is published under the auspices of the War College, and the contributions reflect the fields of research and teaching of the College. Finnish Defence Studies will occasionally feature documentation on Finnish Security Policy. Views expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily imply endorsement by the War College.

Metas para inflação e taxa de juros no Brasil: uma análise do efeito dos preços livres e administrados

After surpassed more than half a decade since the adoption of inflation targeting in Brazil, it can be seen that maintaining a high interest rate is inherent to the strategy for the conduction of the monetary policy. The objective of this paper is to show that the present policy for defining the basic interest rate of the economy, based on the response to inflation considering both market and administered prices, is onerous for the Brazilian society. Based on findings from empirical evidence in the period 1999-2004, the adoption of a core inflation, a change in the time horizon for definition of targets, and, in common agreement between Banco Central do Brasil and National Treasury, a definition of these inflation targets, as a framework to increase efficiency of the monetary regime, creates possibilities for proposing a reduction on the Selic rate.

Inflação e deflação de ativos a partir do mercado imobiliário americano

This paper deals with the financial crisis triggered after the default of subprime mortgages in the United States which expanded to a global systemic crisis. It is divided into a brief introduction and three sections. The first section sums up the dynamics of inflation and deflation of real estate and financial assets which characterizes finance-led cycles. The second section covers major effect of financial assets deflation on the American and European banks. The third section focuses on measures implemented by central banks in order to manage this financial crisis.

Metas de inflação em perspectiva: a influência do trinômio reputação-credibilidade-transparência sobre a economia

Although inflation target regime seeks to serve as a reference for the expectation formation process of the agents, its implementation does not necessarily imply the acquisition or the best result in terms of economic growth. The present article aims the development of a model that explains, by firms' investment decisions, the product path behavior, undertaking monetary authority may present distinct situations associated with the reputation-credibility-transparency trinomial. The article also detaches different kinds of reputation and its degrees.

Metas de inflação, política monetária e investimento: um estudo para dezessete países

In this paper two hypotheses about the relationship between monetary policy and investment in the context of the inflation target system were tested. One of these hypotheses is based on the idea of neutrality of money, and the other hypothesis is based on the reject of that idea. An investment equation for seventeen economies using a piece-wise dummy variable was estimated by the Methodology of Panel Data. The results highlight that a negative correlation between current expectation of restrictive monetary policy and current investment rose after the inflation target system implementation.

Metas de inflação: lições da era Greenspan

This paper approaches the experience of monetary policy in the Greenspan period and suggests what lessons could be learnt. The adoption of inflation targeting would denote a step backward in the policymaking process in the USA, for, since the 1980s, a distinctive feature is flexibility of response to adjust to unexpected events and changing environments. The Fed was able to exercise an informed judgement in critical situations and this opens the case for the importance of not restraining policymakers' actions through the adoption of tight rules. Furthermore, that the various experiences with inflation targeting are indisputably huge successes, and that this framework represents the state of the art (therefore nothing else can alternatively be done), remains to be seen.

Salários, produtividade e lucros na indústria brasileira, 1945-1978

Wages, productivity and profits in the Brazilian manufacturing industry, 1945-1978. This article investigates the distribution between profits and wages in Brazil's manufacturing industry from 1945 to 1978. First, the article provides yearly series of average real wages and labour productivity, from which labour unit costs and the distribution between profits and wages in the manufacturing industry are estimated. Second, the article addresses the behaviour of wages, labour productivity and industrial income distribution in the context of variable economic, political and institutional conditions which prevailed in post-war Brazil. The results of the quantitative analysis allow us to assess both the trends and the yearly behaviour of the manufacturing income distribution during a key period of the Brazilian economic history.