Systemtheorie als Strukturwissenschaft: Vermittlerin zwischen Praxis und Forschung

Im Wettstreit systemtheoretischer Ansätze für klinische und psychotherapeutische Arbeit, sei es in Praxis oder Forschung, wird oft der synergetische Ansatz als »naturwissenschaftlich« gekennzeichnet – nicht selten mit einem pejorativen Unterton, dass er damit für nicht-naturwissenschaftliche Fragen weniger gut geeignet sei. Die Autoren zeigen hingegen auf, dass synergetische Systemtheorie als Strukturwissenschaft zu verstehen ist: Sie kann zwar auf Gegenstände des naturwissenschaftlichen Bereiches angewendet werden, genauso gut aber auch auf Prozesse, bei denen es um Sinn, Bedeutung, Narration, Interaktion etc. geht. Dialogisch erarbeiten die Autoren dabei Aspekte, die ihnen an der synergetischen Systemtheorie besonders wichtig sind, und erörtern, welche zentralen Fragen damit beantwortet bzw. untersucht werden können. Insbesondere wird diskutiert, was eine »strukturwissenschaftliche« Perspektive eigentlich meint und warum ein solcher Ansatz sowohl für Fragen der Forschung als auch der Praxis besonders geeignet erscheint.

Behavioral Outcomes of Home-Based Services for Children and Adolescents with Serious Emotional Disorders

The current study evaluates the effectiveness of an intensive home-based treatment program, Families First, on the behaviors of children and adolescents suffering from mental disorders and being at risk for out-ofi home placement. The sample included 85 youngsters and their families from a semi-rural community. The Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Revised (DICA-R) was administered to the children, and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) was completed by a parent at pretreatment and posttreatment. The families participated in a 4-6 week, intensive home intervention where crisis intervention, social support services, and needed psychological services were offered. The results indicated that both externalizing and internalizing behavior problems in youngsters with different diagnoses of mental disorders were significantly reduced at posttreatment as indicated by their CBCL scores. Furthermore, youngsters with a diagnosis of Oppositional Defiant Disorder seemed to benefit the most, as evidenced by the improved scores on most subscales of the CBCL. Youngsters with mood disorders and conduct disorders seemed to benefit in their most deficient areas, internalizing behavior problems and delinquent behaviors, respectively. Finally, after participating in Families First, more than half of the youngsters in the sample were able to stay home with their families

Psychosocial aspects on the treatment of HIV-infection

Psychological and social factors have a deep impact on the treatment of HIV-infection, from the readiness to start antiretroviral therapy to treatment adherence over time. Among psychological factors, anxiety may affect HIV-infected persons in all stages of disease, from the disclosure of HIV diagnosis to the decision to start and maintain treatment. This is a lifelong challenge for both patients and doctors. Psychiatric comorbidities (depression, addiction) may enhance negative psychological effects of HIV. Among social factors, stigma and discrimination may occur in families and at work, leading to a loss of social support resulting in isolation and poverty. This may prevent HIV-positive individuals from seeking medical care. These aspects are particularly important in some groups of patients as injecting drug users and migrants. Acknowledgment and consideration of psychosocial factors are therefore essential for the long term success of antiretroviral therapy.

Psychosocial aspects in cardiac rehabilitation: From theory to practice. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation of the European Society of Cardiology

A large body of empirical research shows that psychosocial risk factors (PSRFs) such as low socio-economic status, social isolation, stress, type-D personality, depression and anxiety increase the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD) and also contribute to poorer health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and prognosis in patients with established CHD. PSRFs may also act as barriers to lifestyle changes and treatment adherence and may moderate the effects of cardiac rehabilitation (CR). Furthermore, there appears to be a bidirectional interaction between PSRFs and the cardiovascular system. Stress, anxiety and depression affect the cardiovascular system through immune, neuroendocrine and behavioural pathways. In turn, CHD and its associated treatments may lead to distress in patients, including anxiety and depression. In clinical practice, PSRFs can be assessed with single-item screening questions, standardised questionnaires, or structured clinical interviews. Psychotherapy and medication can be considered to alleviate any PSRF-related symptoms and to enhance HRQoL, but the evidence for a definite beneficial effect on cardiac endpoints is inconclusive. A multimodal behavioural intervention, integrating counselling for PSRFs and coping with illness should be included within comprehensive CR. Patients with clinically significant symptoms of distress should be referred for psychological counselling or psychologically focused interventions and/or psychopharmacological treatment. To conclude, the success of CR may critically depend on the interdependence of the body and mind and this interaction needs to be reflected through the assessment and management of PSRFs in line with robust scientific evidence, by trained staff, integrated within the core CR team.

The developmental and evolutionary origins of psychological essentialism lie in sortal object individuation

Cimpian & Salomon (C&S) present promising steps towards understanding the cognitive underpinnings of adult essentialism. However, their approach is less convincing regarding ontogenetic and evolutionary aspects. In contrast to C&S's claim, the so-called inherence heuristic, though perhaps vital in adult reasoning, seems an implausible candidate for the developmental and evolutionary foundations of psychological essentialism. A more plausible candidate is kind-based object individuation that already embodies essentialist modes of thinking and that is present in infants and nonhuman primates.

The Psychological Outcome of Religious Coping with Stressful Life Events in a Swiss Sample of Church Attendees

Background: Recent research suggested thatreligious coping, based on dispositional religiousness and spirituality (R/S), is an important modulating factor in the process of dealing with adversity. In contrast to the United States, the effect of R/S on psychological adjustment to stress is a widely unexplored area in Europe. Methods: We examined a Swiss sample of 328 church attendees in the aftermath of stressful life events to explore associations of positive or negative religious coping with the psychological outcome. Applying a cross-sectional design, we used Huber’s Centrality Scale to specify religiousness and Pargament’s measure of religious coping (RCOPE) for the assessment of positive and negative religious coping. Depressive symptoms and anxiety as outcome variables were examined by the Brief Symptom Inventory. The Stress-Related Growth Scale and the Marburg questionnaire for the assessment of well-being were used to assess positive outcome aspects. We conducted Mann-Whitney tests for group comparisons and cumulative logit analysis for the assessmentof associations of religious coping with our outcome variables. Results: Both forms of religious coping were positively associated with stress-related growth (p < 0.01). However, negative religious coping additionally reduced well-being (p = 0.05, β = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.27–0.99) and increased anxiety (p = 0.02, β = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.10–3.39) and depressive symptoms (p = 0.01, β = 2.27, 95% CI = 1.27–4.06). Conclusions: The effects of religious coping on the psychological adjustment to stressful life events seem relevant. These findings should be confirmed in prospective studies.

Intelligence and the psychological refractory period: A lateralized readiness potential study

The psychological refractory period (PRP) refers to a delay of response times (RT) to the second of two stimuli when these stimuli are presented in rapid succession. If this limitation of rapidly processing the second stimulus contributes to the well-known differences in speed of information processing between individuals with higher and lower mental ability, individuals with lower mental ability should exhibit a more pronounced PRP effect than individuals with higher mental ability. Previous studies on this question, however, yielded inconsistent results. In the present study, we assessed mental ability-related differences in the PRP by measuring lateralized readiness potentials (LRPs) to separate premotor and motor aspects of speed of information processing in 95 individuals with higher and 95 individuals with lower mental ability. Although individuals with higher mental ability processed information faster than individuals with lower mental ability as indicated by shorter RTs and shorter premotor LRP latencies, the PRP effect was equally pronounced in both groups. These findings suggest that the processes underlying the PRP effect do not contribute to mental ability-related differences in speed of information processing. Rather, these differences seem to occur at an earlier stage of information processing such as stimulus encoding, stimulus analysis, or stimulus evaluation.

Differential effects of biological sex and relationship status on aspects of sociosexuality

Individuals differ in their orientation toward uncommitted sexual encounters. While previous research has given much emphasis on biological sex as important factor of influence, social determinants, such as relationship status, have been rather ignored. In the present study, the effects of biological sex and relationship status were investigated in a sample of 501 heterosexual adults (mean age: 28.1 years; 71.7 % female). Two-way analyses of variance yielded main effects of biological sex on Sociosexual Attitude and Desire implying men to be more permissive than women with regard to both facets. Relationship status had a main effect on Sociosexual Desire with singles having more permissive motivations than partnered individuals. Concerning Sociosexual Behavior, an interaction between biological sex and relationship status emerged indicating men to be more permissive than women among partnered individuals, but not among singles. Our results complement earlier research by highlighting the differential influence of biological sex and relationship status on aspects of sociosexuality.

A New Multidisciplinary Home Care Telemedicine System to Monitor Stable Chronic Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patients: A Randomized Study

BACKGROUND: Antiretroviral therapy has changed the natural history of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in developed countries, where it has become a chronic disease. This clinical scenario requires a new approach to simplify follow-up appointments and facilitate access to healthcare professionals. METHODOLOGY: We developed a new internet-based home care model covering the entire management of chronic HIV-infected patients. This was called Virtual Hospital. We report the results of a prospective randomised study performed over two years, comparing standard care received by HIV-infected patients with Virtual Hospital care. HIV-infected patients with access to a computer and broadband were randomised to be monitored either through Virtual Hospital (Arm I) or through standard care at the day hospital (Arm II). After one year of follow up, patients switched their care to the other arm. Virtual Hospital offered four main services: Virtual Consultations, Telepharmacy, Virtual Library and Virtual Community. A technical and clinical evaluation of Virtual Hospital was carried out. FINDINGS: Of the 83 randomised patients, 42 were monitored during the first year through Virtual Hospital (Arm I) and 41 through standard care (Arm II). Baseline characteristics of patients were similar in the two arms. The level of technical satisfaction with the virtual system was high: 85% of patients considered that Virtual Hospital improved their access to clinical data and they felt comfortable with the videoconference system. Neither clinical parameters [level of CD4+ T lymphocytes, proportion of patients with an undetectable level of viral load (p = 0.21) and compliance levels >90% (p = 0.58)] nor the evaluation of quality of life or psychological questionnaires changed significantly between the two types of care. CONCLUSIONS: Virtual Hospital is a feasible and safe tool for the multidisciplinary home care of chronic HIV patients. Telemedicine should be considered as an appropriate support service for the management of chronic HIV infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical-Trials.gov: NCT01117675.

LED bulbs technical specification and testing procedure for solar home systems

The definition of technical specifications and the corresponding laboratory procedures are necessary steps in order to assure the quality of the devices prior to be installed in Solar Home Systems (SHS). To clarify and unify criteria a European project supported the development of the Universal Technical Standard for Solar Home Systems (UTSfSHS). Its principles were to generate simple and affordable technical requirements to be optimized in order to facilitate the implementation of tests with basic and simple laboratory tools even on the same SHS electrification program countries. These requirements cover the main aspects of this type of installations and its lighting chapter was developed based on the most used technology at that time: fluorescent tubes and CFLs. However, with the consolidation of the new LED solid state lighting devices, particular attention is being given to this matter and new procedures are required. In this work we develop a complete set of technical specifications and test procedures that have been designed within the frame of the UTSfSHS, based on an intense review of the scientific and technical publications related to LED lighting and their practical application. They apply to lamp reliability, performance and safety under normal, extreme and abnormal operating conditions as a simple but complete quality meter tool for any LED bulb.

El tiempo como sustancia de la forma : una aproximación al Museo de Arte Romano de Mérida desde los presupuestos del vitalismo

El modelo dominante durante la Era Moderna asume la presencia del hombre como sujeto dentro del gran engranaje mecánico del Cosmos. Asimismo, recoge una idea acerca del ser natural dentro de la tradición ontológica iniciada por el eleatismo presocrático que concibe a éste como lo inmutable y estático frente al cambio y al movimiento, los cuales se constituyen como meras apariencias. Durante el periodo anterior a la aparición de los grandes filósofos griegos se produce una transformación en donde, de la inicial cosmología vinculada a un tiempo primordial, se pasará a una visión del Universo como ente indestructible, atemporal, inmutable, perfecto, geométrico y espacial. Si en Demócrito se admite un universo sometido al azar y a la necesidad, en Platón el Universo sólo atiende a la necesidad. Este modelo ontológico se pone en entredicho cuando el hombre ya no es concebido como pieza de un sistema más amplio, sino como centro radical del pensamiento. La condición radical del hombre es entonces su propia vida, siendo éste el concepto troncal del denominado vitalismo cuyo más influyente representante en España es José Ortega y Gasset. El estatismo del ser –del hombre- pierde sentido; en palabras del propio Ortega, “no es un ser sino un estar siendo” lo que caracteriza a la vida humana. La razón cartesiana es ahora la razón vital y su objeto de estudio no es la naturaleza sino el propio devenir, es decir, el tiempo, la historia. Este planteamiento es fundamental para comprender el edificio que es objeto de este estudio, el Museo de Arte Romano de Mérida (1980-1985) de Rafael Moneo. Por ello el concepto de tiempo es utilizado como marco y estructura de la presente tesis, a sabiendas del notorio y muy significativo papel que este edificio desempeñó en la carrera de su autor y en el panorama nacional e internacional de la arquitectura y de la museología. Este proyecto nos permite acercarnos al pensamiento de su autor a través de un edificio que, aun habiendo sido ampliamente reconocido, no cuenta con un estudio suficientemente exhaustivo que recoja la amplitud y riqueza que encierra. Esta tesis no es un compendio de lo que ya se ha investigado sobre Mérida; es una aproximación global e interpretativa cuyo sentido sólo puede concebirse al vislumbrar la estructura completa de la misma en sintonía con el "lógos" vital, histórico y narrativo que el proyecto encierra. Se revisará la concepción histórica según la cual, la configuración espacial de la forma habría tenido primacía respecto a su configuración temporal, al remitir esta última a una condición espacializada y circunstancial. La componente vicaria de la circunstancia será elevada por Ortega a la categoría de esencial, visualizando así una paradoja cuya reformulación nos lleva a la concepción de un tiempo sustancial. El diccionario de la RAE, en su tercera acepción, define la sustancia como “aquello que permanece en algo que cambia”, lo cual nos remite al pensamiento antiguo. Se mostrará que lo que permanece no necesariamente implica una concepción estática y eleática de la forma, que la arquitectura esencial no es unívocamente la arquitectura atemporal del platonismo y que cabe concebir la "firmitas" desde la atención a la "durée" bergsoniana. Al asociar tradicionalmente la sustancia con el referido estatismo, se margina al tiempo y a la duración a lo no sustancial; por ello, se tratará de aproximar los términos de tiempo y sustancia para definir la forma. Ello conllevará al estudio de las notables patologías derivadas de la asunción de un tiempo cronológico en nuestra contemporaneidad frente a las cuales, las intuiciones contenidas en Mérida, se alinearán con la actual actitud revisionista en el ámbito del pensamiento filosófico y científico. En Mérida, la memoria recogerá los aspectos de la conciencia así como los aspectos vinculados a la experiencia íntima y colectiva como soporte para la consecución de un discurso. La dualidad entre intuición e inteligencia será recogida por Moneo con idea de trascender su incomunicabilidad, mediante una operación que consistirá en la reivindicación de una memoria irreductible, cuya morada estaría incardinada en el propio tiempo de la duración y de la vida y no en la espacialidad coextensiva del presente y de la acción funcional sobre la materia. Moneo asumirá el papel de la memoria como condición central de una forma que se encarnará al concebirse como un teatro. En la respuesta a la contradicción entre el hecho físico y el efecto psíquico de la experiencia humana residirá la pertinencia de un tiempo narrativo. Será entonces el lenguaje el encargado de aportar sentido a la obra mediante el recurso fundado en la dramatización de la experiencia, es decir, a través de una conexión entre la conciencia íntima y el carácter social y colectivo intrínseco en la arquitectura. ABSTRACT TIME AS A SUBSTANCE OF FORM. AN APPROACH TO THE ROMAN ART MUSEUM OF MÉRIDA FROM THE VIEWPOINT OF VITALISM. The dominant model during the Modern Era placed man as a subject inside the great mechanism of the cosmos. It is also based in an idea about natural being within the ontological tradition initiated by the pre-Socratic Eleatism that conceives it as something immutable and static in respect with change and movement, which are considered as mere appearances. Prior to the emergence of the great Greek philosophers occurred a transformation where concepts of cosmology linked to a primordial time, changed to a view of the universe as indestructible, timeless, unchanging, perfect, geometric and spatial. If Democritus accepted a universe subjected to randomness and necessity, Plato thought that the universe only worked by necessity. This ontological model is called into question when man is not conceived as a piece of a broader system, but as a radical center of thinking. The radical condition of man then is his own life. This is the core concept of so-called Vitalism, whose most influential representative in Spain was José Ortega y Gasset. The stillness of being – of man - loses its meaning; in the words of Ortega, “it is not being but being in progress” that characterizes human life. The Cartesian reason is now the vital reason and its subject of study is no longer nature but its own evolution, in other words, time and history. This approach is fundamental to understand the building which is the subject of this study, the Museum of Roman Art in Mérida (1980-1985) by Rafael Moneo. The concept of time is used as a framework and structure of this thesis, demonstrating the notorious and very significant role this building has implied in the career of its author and in the national and international panorama of architecture and museology. This project allow us to approach the thought of its author through a building that, even whilst widely recognized, does not yet have a sufficiently comprehensive study covering its breadth and richness. This thesis is not a compendium of what already has been researched on Merida; it is a global and interpretative approach whose meaning can only be conceived as a study of its complete structure in line with the vital, historical and narrative logos the project implies. We will review the historical idea where spatial configuration of the form would have had primacy with respect to temporary configuration, because the latter refers to a spatial and circumstantial condition. The vicarious nature of the circumstance will be elevated by Ortega to the category of essential, thus showing a paradox which reformulation leads us to the conception of a substantial time. The dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy, in its third meaning, defines substance as "that which remains in something that changes". This is a reference to ancient thought. It will be shown that what remains does not necessarily imply a static and Eleatic conception of form. It will also be shown that the essential architecture is not uniquely the timeless architecture of Platonism and that it is possible to conceive the "firmitas" parallel to the "durée" of Henri Bergson. As a result of this traditional association between substance and stillness, it marginalizes the time and the duration to the non-substantial; for this reason, we will try to approach terms of time and substance to define the shape. This will involve studying significant pathologies resulting from an assumption of chronological time in our contemporary world against which, the insights contained in Merida, will be aligned with the current revisionist attitude in the fields of philosophical and scientific thought. In Merida, memory includes aspects of consciousness as well as aspects linked to the intimate and collective experience as a foundation for the achievement of discourse. The duality between intuition and intelligence is put forward by Moneo with the idea of transcending its lack of communication, by means of a resource consisting of the vindication of an irreducible memory, whose home would be embodied in the time of duration and life and not in the coextensive spatiality of the present and in the functional action on the matter. Moneo demonstrates the role of memory as a central condition of form as a theatre. In response to the contradiction between the physical fact and the psychological effect of human experience lies the relevance of narrative time. Language then assumes the responsibility of giving meaning to the work through the dramatization of experience, i.e., through a connection between the intimate consciousness and the intrinsic social and collective character of architecture.

Consequences of adolescent's evening preference on psychological functioning: a review

This review provides an overview of the role of circadian preference in psychological functioning of adolescents taking into account their shift to eveningness during this stage of life. After a brief explanation about morningness/eveningness and other terms related, an overview of the changes that occur on three of the most important areas in the adolescent‟s life is presented: school performance, personality styles, and health. Consequences of evening preference on school achievement are considered from the analysis of the relevance of sleep debt and time-of-day in cognition and mood aspects. In general, students who are able to choose activity times coinciding with their preferred times may have a greater opportunity to optimize their performance. The personality styles and health of morning and evening types are also important factors related to school and family adaptation. At last, some recommendations and conclusions in order to promote a healthy psychological functioning are described.

Gay Couples Who Adopt Children Who Have Been Abused: Ideas and Interventions From a Self Psychological Perspective to Facilitate the Adoption Process

here are currently hundreds of thousands of children in the US foster care system who are all in need of a stable and predictable home with parents on whom they can depend. Recently, there has been an increased interest in adoption from gay couples who want to start a family. Because the majority of children in the foster care system have some sort of abuse or neglect history, a large number of them present with difficulties such as oppositional behavior, mood dysregulation, and other kinds of mental health problems. This paper addresses the unique situation of gay couples who adopt children who have been abused. Kohut's self psychology theory is utilized to help identify strengths and potential problems that could arise from this type of situation. Particular attention is given to the three selfobject needs that are central in self psychology: mirroring, idealization, and twinship. Additionally, ideas for interventions are posed for potential adoptive parents and mental health professionals to use to help the adoption process progress more smoothly and to hopefully lead to long-term, healthy placements.

Psychological Homelessness and Enculturative Stress among US-Deported Salvadorans: A Preliminary Study with a Novel Approach

The purpose of this study was to examine the construct psychological homelessness—feelings of not belonging in one’s home country—within the context of deported Salvadorans’ enculturation to El Salvador. Participants (n = 66) who had been deported from the United States completed a set of questionnaires related to their deportation experience. Results indicated that deportees, in various degrees, experienced the phenomenon of psychological homelessness and enculturative stress related to living in El Salvador. As hypothesized, enculturative stress related to re-adapting to life in El Salvador significantly correlated with psychological homelessness after controlling for time spent in the United States, acculturation, and enculturation. Additional analyses revealed that maladaptive cognitions related to the deportation experience also predicted psychological homelessness. Our findings suggest psychological homelessness appears to be a valid construct and is experienced by many undocumented immigrants.

Vitamin content of foods : a summary of the chemistry of vitamins, units of measurement, quantitative aspects in human nutrition and occurrence in foods /

Contribution from Bureau of Home Economics.