The QUEST for Brazilian space research

This paper describes how QUEST 1 (QUaternion ESTimator algorithm) influenced Brazilian space research activities. Indeed, we present a short survey paper on researches in attitude determination and propagation in Brazil arising from the influence of the author of QUEST. We show how Brazilian researchers started implementing QUEST, tasting it, and later deriving other applications based on it. Some Brazilian researchers worked out further investigations through direct interaction with the QUEST author, Dr. Malcolm Shuster, addressing attitude alignment and calibration problems. Further related researches show the influence of Dr. Shuster's work on Brazilian space research.

64Cu- and 68Ga-labelled [Nle(14),Lys(40)(Ahx-NODAGA)NH2]-exendin-4 for pancreatic beta cell imaging in rats.

PURPOSE Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a molecular target for imaging of pancreatic beta cells. We compared the ability of [Nle(14),Lys(40)(Ahx-NODAGA-(64)Cu)NH2]-exendin-4 ([(64)Cu]NODAGA-exendin-4) and [Nle(14),Lys(40)(Ahx-NODAGA-(68)Ga)NH2]-exendin-4 ([(68)Ga]NODAGA-exendin-4) to detect native pancreatic islets in rodents. PROCEDURES The stability, lipophilicity and affinity of the radiotracers to the GLP-1R were determined in vitro. The biodistribution of the tracers was assessed using autoradiography, ex vivo biodistribution and PET imaging. Estimates for human radiation dosimetry were calculated. RESULTS We found GLP-1R-specific labelling of pancreatic islets. However, the pancreas could not be visualised in PET images. The highest uptake of the tracers was observed in the kidneys. Effective dose estimates for [(64)Cu]NODAGA-exendin-4 and [(68)Ga]NODAGA-exendin-4 were 0.144 and 0.012 mSv/MBq, respectively. CONCLUSION [(64)Cu]NODAGA-exendin-4 might be more effective for labelling islets than [(68)Ga]NODAGA-exendin-4. This is probably due to the lower specific radioactivity of [(68)Ga]NODAGA-exendin-4 compared to [(64)Cu]NODAGA-exendin-4. The radiation dose in the kidneys may limit the use of [(64)Cu]NODAGA-exendin-4 as a clinical tracer.

Evaluating atmospheric methane inversion model results for Pallas, northern Finland

A state-of-the-art inverse model, CarbonTracker Data Assimilation Shell (CTDAS), was used to optimize estimates of methane (CH4) surface fluxes using atmospheric observations of CH4 as a constraint. The model consists of the latest version of the TM5 atmospheric chemistry-transport model and an ensemble Kalman filter based data assimilation system. The model was constrained by atmospheric methane surface concentrations, obtained from the World Data Centre for Greenhouse Gases (WDCGG). Prior methane emissions were specified for five sources: biosphere, anthropogenic, fire, termites and ocean, of which bio-sphere and anthropogenic emissions were optimized. Atmospheric CH 4 mole fractions for 2007 from northern Finland calculated from prior and optimized emissions were compared with observations. It was found that the root mean squared errors of the posterior esti - mates were more than halved. Furthermore, inclusion of NOAA observations of CH 4 from weekly discrete air samples collected at Pallas improved agreement between posterior CH 4 mole fraction estimates and continuous observations, and resulted in reducing optimized biosphere emissions and their uncertainties in northern Finland.

Depression predicts persistence of paranoia in clinical high-risk patients to psychosis: results of the EPOS project.

BACKGROUND The link between depression and paranoia has long been discussed in psychiatric literature. Because the causality of this association is difficult to study in patients with full-blown psychosis, we aimed to investigate how clinical depression relates to the presence and occurrence of paranoid symptoms in clinical high-risk (CHR) patients. METHODS In all, 245 young help-seeking CHR patients were assessed for suspiciousness and paranoid symptoms with the structured interview for prodromal syndromes at baseline, 9- and 18-month follow-up. At baseline, clinical diagnoses were assessed by the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV, childhood adversities by the Trauma and Distress Scale, trait-like suspiciousness by the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire, and anxiety and depressiveness by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. RESULTS At baseline, 54.3 % of CHR patients reported at least moderate paranoid symptoms. At 9- and 18-month follow-ups, the corresponding figures were 28.3 and 24.4 %. Depressive, obsessive-compulsive and somatoform disorders, emotional and sexual abuse, and anxiety and suspiciousness associated with paranoid symptoms. In multivariate modelling, depressive and obsessive-compulsive disorders, sexual abuse, and anxiety predicted persistence of paranoid symptoms. CONCLUSION Depressive disorder was one of the major clinical factors predicting persistence of paranoid symptoms in CHR patients. In addition, obsessive-compulsive disorder, childhood sexual abuse, and anxiety associated with paranoia. Effective pharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment of these disorders and anxiety may reduce paranoid symptoms in CHR patients.

Gene discovery in the wood-forming tissues of poplar: Analysis of 5,692 expressed sequence tags

A rapidly growing area of genome research is the generation of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in which large numbers of randomly selected cDNA clones are partially sequenced. The collection of ESTs reflects the level and complexity of gene expression in the sampled tissue. To date, the majority of plant ESTs are from nonwoody plants such as Arabidopsis, Brassica, maize, and rice. Here, we present a large-scale production of ESTs from the wood-forming tissues of two poplars, Populus tremula L. × tremuloides Michx. and Populus trichocarpa ‘Trichobel.’ The 5,692 ESTs analyzed represented a total of 3,719 unique transcripts for the two cDNA libraries. Putative functions could be assigned to 2,245 of these transcripts that corresponded to 820 protein functions. Of specific interest to forest biotechnology are the 4% of ESTs involved in various processes of cell wall formation, such as lignin and cellulose synthesis, 5% similar to developmental regulators and members of known signal transduction pathways, and 2% involved in hormone biosynthesis. An additional 12% of the ESTs showed no significant similarity to any other DNA or protein sequences in existing databases. The absence of these sequences from public databases may indicate a specific role for these proteins in wood formation. The cDNA libraries and the accompanying database are valuable resources for forest research directed toward understanding the genetic control of wood formation and future endeavors to modify wood and fiber properties for industrial use.

Type 2 diabetes: Evidence for linkage on chromosome 20 in 716 Finnish affected sib pairs

We are conducting a genome scan at an average resolution of 10 centimorgans (cM) for type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes in 716 affected sib pairs from 477 Finnish families. To date, our best evidence for linkage is on chromosome 20 with potentially separable peaks located on both the long and short arms. The unweighted multipoint maximum logarithm of odds score (MLS) was 3.08 on 20p (location, x̂ = 19.5 cM) under an additive model, whereas the weighted MLS was 2.06 on 20q (x̂ = 57 cM, recurrence risk, λ̂s = 1.25, P = 0.009). Weighted logarithm of odds scores of 2.00 (x̂ = 69.5 cM, P = 0.010) and 1.92 (x̂ = 18.5 cM, P = 0.013) were also observed. Ordered subset analyses based on sibships with extreme mean values of diabetes-related quantitative traits yielded sets of families who contributed disproportionately to the peaks. Two-hour glucose levels in offspring of diabetic individuals gave a MLS of 2.12 (P = 0.0018) at 9.5 cM. Evidence from this and other studies suggests at least two diabetes-susceptibility genes on chromosome 20. We have also screened the gene for maturity-onset diabetes of the young 1, hepatic nuclear factor 4-a (HNF-4α) in 64 affected sibships with evidence for high chromosomal sharing at its location on chromosome 20q. We found no evidence that sequence changes in this gene accounted for the linkage results we observed.

Motivations Behind Sustainable Purchasing

Sustainability issues in purchasing are receiving greater attention. Literature is rapidly growing, with several research programs being initiated to investigate the topic. This study presents the results of a research project which aims to reveal and structure the motivating forces leading companies to make efforts in sustainability purchasing and the means used to attain achievements in some fields of sustainability. Results presented in the literature are scattered in terms of the fields of sustainability: most of the studies focus only on green or corporate social responsibility issues and there is a lack of exploratory models. Sustainability in purchasing is addressed in a comprehensive way including green, social responsibility and corporate growth issues. After presenting the results of a literature review, theoretical development was undertaken to create a framework in which it is possible to describe the means of sustainability applied and the motivating forces behind them. This framework serves as the basis for an empirical investigation among Hungarian companies. Empirical results confirm the usefulness of the theoretical framework: the number and the characteristics of sustainability activities were determined by the particular types of motivation – to avoid negative effects, to achieve compliance with expectations and to attain positive effects.

Lukion pitkä matematiikka ja wxMaxima

Tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan lukion pitkän matematiikan pakollisia kursseja ja on keskitytty juuri sellaisiin matematiikan alueisiin, joita voi ratkaista wxMaximan avulla. Tutkielmassa ei ollenkaan opeteta wxMaximan käyttöä, mutta ohessa on kirjoittajan tekemä kandin työ, wxMaximan pikaopas, jossa neuvotaan wxMaximan käyttöä. Tutkielmasta on kuitenkin jätetty pois geometrian, trigonometrian ja vektorien osuudet, koska kolmioita ja vektoreita on hankala piirtää wxMaximan avulla. Näin ollen myös trigonometriset laskut on jätetty pois raja-arvon, derivaatan ja integraalin yhteydestä. Tutkielmasta on jätetty pois myös lukujonot, lukuteoria ja todistaminen. Sen sijaan tutkielmaan on otettu pitkän matematiikan syventävistä kursseista puolisuunnikassääntö, Newtonin menetelmä ja laajennettu raja-arvon sekä integraalin osa-alueita. Ekstra asiaa kohdissa käsitellään asioita, jotka ovat kokonaan lukion pitkän matematiikan kurssien opetuksen ulkopuolella. Tutkielman toisessa luvussa kerrotaan, mitä lukion opetussuunnitelman perusteet eli OPSin (2015) kurssien sisältöjä, tutkielman luvat vastaavat. Kurssien OPS (2015) tavoitteissa kerrotaan vain se osuus OPSin kurssien sisällöistä, joita tässä tutkielmassa käsitellään. Mukaan on laadittu myös tuntisuunnitelma, kuinka monta tuntia mihinkin lukuun voisi käyttää aikaa, jos tutkielmaa käytettäisiin pitkän matematiikan kertauskurssina lukiossa. Tutkielman lopussa on kaikkiin tehtäviin vastaukset. Ensin löytyy pelkät loppuvastaukset ja sitten on täydelliset vastaukset, jotka on tehty wxMaximalla. Varmaan moniin laskuihin löytyisi toinenkin tapa ratkaista ne. Tällaisen tutkielman tekeminen on ajan kohtainen, sillä vuonna 2019 matematiikan yo-kirjoitukset muuttuvat sähköiseen muotoon. wxMaxima on valittu juuri yhdeksi ohjelmaksi, jota voi käyttää sähköisissä kirjoituksissa.

Availability, Data Privacy and Copyrights – Opening Knowledge via Contracts and Pilots

Availability, Data Privacy and Copyrights – Opening Knowledge via Contracts and Pilots, discusses how in Aviisi-project of National Library of Finland, the digital contents, and their availability topics dealt together with pilot organizations

Lukion pitkä matematiikka ja wxMaxima

Tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan lukion pitkän matematiikan pakollisia kursseja ja on keskitytty juuri sellaisiin matematiikan alueisiin, joita voi ratkaista wxMaximan avulla. Tutkielmassa ei ollenkaan opeteta wxMaximan käyttöä, mutta ohessa on kirjoittajan tekemä kandin työ, wxMaximan pikaopas, jossa neuvotaan wxMaximan käyttöä. Tutkielmasta on kuitenkin jätetty pois geometrian, trigonometrian ja vektorien osuudet, koska kolmioita ja vektoreita on hankala piirtää wxMaximan avulla. Näin ollen myös trigonometriset laskut on jätetty pois raja-arvon, derivaatan ja integraalin yhteydestä. Tutkielmasta on jätetty pois myös lukujonot, lukuteoria ja todistaminen. Sen sijaan tutkielmaan on otettu pitkän matematiikan syventävistä kursseista puolisuunnikassääntö, Newtonin menetelmä ja laajennettu raja-arvon sekä integraalin osa-alueita. Ekstra asiaa kohdissa käsitellään asioita, jotka ovat kokonaan lukion pitkän matematiikan kurssien opetuksen ulkopuolella. Tutkielman toisessa luvussa kerrotaan, mitä lukion opetussuunnitelman perusteet eli OPSin (2015) kurssien sisältöjä, tutkielman luvat vastaavat. Kurssien OPS (2015) tavoitteissa kerrotaan vain se osuus OPSin kurssien sisällöistä, joita tässä tutkielmassa käsitellään. Mukaan on laadittu myös tuntisuunnitelma, kuinka monta tuntia mihinkin lukuun voisi käyttää aikaa, jos tutkielmaa käytettäisiin pitkän matematiikan kertauskurssina lukiossa. Tutkielman lopussa on kaikkiin tehtäviin vastaukset. Ensin löytyy pelkät loppuvastaukset ja sitten on täydelliset vastaukset, jotka on tehty wxMaximalla. Varmaan moniin laskuihin löytyisi toinenkin tapa ratkaista ne. Tällaisen tutkielman tekeminen on ajan kohtainen, sillä vuonna 2019 matematiikan yo-kirjoitukset muuttuvat sähköiseen muotoon. wxMaxima on valittu juuri yhdeksi ohjelmaksi, jota voi käyttää sähköisissä kirjoituksissa.

Towards a 21st-century roadmap for biomedical research and drug discovery: consensus report and recommendations

Decades of costly failures in translating drug candidates from preclinical disease models to human therapeutic use warrant reconsideration of the priority placed on animal models in biomedical research. Following an international workshop attended by experts from academia, government institutions, research funding bodies, and the corporate and nongovernmental organisation (NGO) sectors, in this consensus report, we analyse, as case studies, five disease areas with major unmet needs for new treatments. In view of the scientifically driven transition towards a human pathway-based paradigm in toxicology, a similar paradigm shift appears to be justified in biomedical research. There is a pressing need for an approach that strategically implements advanced, human biology-based models and tools to understand disease pathways at multiple biological scales. We present recommendations to help achieve this.