Chemical study of leaves of Chrysophyllum marginatum (Hook. & Arn.) Radlk (Sapotaceae)

The fractionation of the antioxidant ethyl acetate extract obtained from the dried leaves of Chrysophyllum marginatum afforded six substances identified as: alpha-amirin, gallic acid, myricitrin, quercitrin, (-)-epigallocatechin and (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate. This study contributes to the knowledge of the secondary metabolites produced by one more species of the Brazilian Flora, until now not investigated. Moreover, this study allowed the identification of three substances with antioxidant activity previously detected in this species.

Organochlorine pesticides in Piracicaba river basin (São Paulo/Brazil): a survey of sediment, bivalve and fish

The main objective of this paper was to evaluate the level of occurrence of the organochlorine compounds in samples of sediments, bivalves and two fish species collected in the Piracicaba River basin (São Paulo, Brazil). The isomers alpha and gamma of HCH and Heptachlor were most frequently detected in samples of sediments and specimens of bivalve and fish. Therefore, although the levels of these compounds found were not critically high, they are still found in the environment. This fact suggests that they are still being used, despite the fact that the use of these compounds was outlawed more than twenty years ago.

Determination of moisture content and water activity in algae and fish by thermoanalytical techniques

The water content in seafoods is very important since it affects their sensorial quality, microbiological stability, physical characteristics and shelf life. In this study, thermoanalytical techniques were employed to develop a simple and accurate method to determine water content (moisture) by thermogravimetry (TG) and water activity from moisture content values and freezing point depression using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The precision of the results suggests that TG is a suitable technique to determine moisture content in biological samples. The average water content values for fish samples of Lutjanus synagris and Ocyurus chrysurus species were 76.4 ± 5.7% and 63.3 ± 3.9%, respectively, while that of Ulva lactuca marine algae species was 76.0 ± 4.4%. The method presented here was also successfully applied to determine water activity in two species of fish and six species of marine algae collected in the Atlantic coastal waters of Bahia, in Brazil. Water activity determined in fish samples ranged from 0.946 - 0.960 and was consistent with values reported in the literature, i.e., 0.9 - 1.0. The water activity values determined in marine algae samples lay within the interval of 0.974 - 0.979.

Crystallographic studies of fish hemoglobins

The present work reports our succesfull experience concerning crystallization of four fish hemoglobins from three Brazilian species of Teleosts: Liposarcus anisitsi, Brycon cephalus and Piaractus mesopotamicus. The data shown here is part of a systematic functional and structural study of fish hemoglobins with the aim of better understanding the outstanding range of functional and structural properties exhibited by these proteins. We also present a reduced sparse-matrix method for crystallization of fish hemoglobins, which can reduce the amount of hemoglobin initially used in the crystallization experiments.

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Resistência natural da madeira de Corymbia maculata (Hook.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S. Johnson a fungos e cupins xilófagos, em condições de laboratório

A pesquisa teve o objetivo de avaliar a resistência natural da madeira de Corymbia maculata a fungos e a cupins xilófagos, em condições de laboratório. De peças radiais (tábuas) que continham o cerne e o alburno intactos foram retirados corpos-de-prova de 2,00 x 2,00 x 1,00 cm, com a menor dimensão na direção tangencial (ensaio com fungos), e de 2,54 x 2,00 x 0,64 cm, com a maior dimensão na direção das fibras (ensaio com cupins), em quatro posições na direção medula-casca. As amostras foram submetidas à ação dos fungos Postia placenta, Neolentinus lepideus e Polyporus fumosus por 12 semanas, ou à ação de cupins do gênero Nasutitermes por 30 dias. Constatou-se que a resistência da madeira ao apodrecimento foi dependente da posição na direção medula-casca e dos fungos utilizados. As amostras retiradas nas posições mais externas do tronco foram mais deterioradas que as internas. Dentro de cada posição, os fungos causaram deterioração semelhante à madeira, exceto para a posição mais externa (alburno), em que o fungo P. fumosus causou menos deterioração que os demais. De modo geral, a madeira de C. maculata foi altamente resistente (posições internas) ou resistente (posições externas) aos fungos ensaiados. Somente para o fungo N. lepideus a posição mais externa foi moderadamente resistente. Quanto aos cupins, a resistência da madeira não foi afetada pela posição na direção medula-casca e apresentou uma baixa perda de massa para as posições analisadas. Além disto, os cupins causaram somente desgaste superficial à madeira, e morreram durante o ensaio, o que permitiu classificar a madeira de C.maculata como resistente aos cupins ensaiados.

Caracterização morfológica, viabilidade e vigor de sementes de Tabebuia aurea (Silva Manso) Benth. & Hook. f. ex. S. Moore

A espécie Tabebuia aurea é encontrada em áreas de Cerrado, Caatinga, Floresta Amazônica e Pantanal, sendo utilizada para fins ornamentais, medicinais, construção civil, carpintaria e produção de carvão, entre outros. Por apresentar ampla utilização e distribuição, os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar morfologicamente e analisar a viabilidade e o vigor das sementes dessa espécie quando colhidas e armazenadas por diferentes períodos. As sementes foram germinadas recém-colhidas, 30, 60 e 90 dias após o armazenamento em laboratório e em campo, sendo também submetidas ao teste de tetrazólio. As sementes mediram, em média, 57,8 x 20,6 x 3,1 mm (com alas) e 17,3 x 13,3 x 1,7 mm (sem alas), sendo assimétricas. Seu peso médio foi de 13,18 g (com alas) e 11,55 g (sem alas). As sementes apresentaram maior viabilidade quando recém-colhidas, maior porcentagem de germinação em laboratório após 30 dias de armazenamento e maior porcentagem de germinação acumulada a campo quando semeadas na superfície. A viabilidade das sementes, medida através do teste de tetrazólio, apresentou resultados similares aos obtidos por meio do teste de germinação em laboratório, indicando ser esse teste adequado para medir a viabilidade desta espécie.

Superação da dormência das sementes de Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.

Delonix regia (flamboyant) é uma espécie arbórea amplamente utilizada no Brasil, de alto valor ornamental. Sua propagação ocorre por meio de sementes, que apresentam dormência pela impermeabilidade do tegumento à água. Com o objetivo de determinar a melhor metodologia para a superação da dormência, as sementes da espécie foram submetidas a diferentes tratamentos: 1) imersão em água fervente por 1 min; 2) imersão em água a 80 °C e a 90 °C por 1 e 3 min; 3) escarificação manual com lixa; e 4) imersão em ácido sulfúrico concentrado por 15, 30, 45 e 60 min, além da testemunha. Após cada tratamento, as sementes foram colocadas para germinar em rolo de papel, na temperatura de 25 ºC. Em uma segunda etapa, os tratamentos mais efetivos na quebra de dormência das sementes foram aplicados e a germinação, testada à temperatura de 30 °C. Em ambas as temperaturas, as contagens de germinação (plântulas normais) foram realizadas diariamente. O tratamento das sementes de flamboyant em água quente a 90 ºC por 1 min foi o mais eficiente na promoção da germinação, sendo prático e dispensando o uso de tratamentos químicos. O teste de germinação realizado à temperatura de 30 °C não forneceu resultados satisfatórios, com menores porcentagens de plântulas normais e IVG que os testes a 25 ºC. Foram descritas como plântulas normais as que possuíam visíveis dois cotilédones semiabertos, hipocótilo alongado, raiz primária bem desenvolvida e raízes adventícias curtas. Conclui-se que sementes de Delonix regia germinam melhor a 25 ºC após a imersão por 1 min em água a 90 ºC, sendo este indicado como tratamento para superação da dormência da espécie.

VALORES LIMÍTROFES PARA TRANSPIRAÇÃO, DESENVOLVIMENTO E CRESCIMENTO DE Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson EM RESPOSTA À DEFICIÊNCIA HÍDRICA NO SOLO1

RESUMO Quando a disponibilidade de água no solo é reduzida, as plantas respondem diminuindo a taxa de transpiração, o crescimento e o desenvolvimento, na tentativa de aclimatação à deficiência hídrica. Com o objetivo de quantificar essas respostas em mudas de Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, foi utilizada a metodologia da fração de água transpirável no solo (FATS), em um experimento conduzido em casa de vegetação, sob o delineamento inteiramente casualizado, sendo dois níveis de suplementação hídrica, duas épocas de aplicação da deficiência hídrica e nove repetições. A FATS e os parâmetros de transpiração, crescimento e desenvolvimento foram medidos diariamente durante a aplicação da deficiência hídrica. A FATS crítica, em que a transpiração, o crescimento e desenvolvimento começam a ser reduzidos, foi distinta nas épocas de aplicação da deficiência hídrica devido à diferença das condições meteorológicas. Os valores elevados de FATS indicaram que a espécie possuiu boa aclimatação à deficiência hídrica no solo, quando comparada com as espécies anuais e outras perenes.

Linfadenectomia no câncer gástrico com hook laparotômico

O câncer gástrico é uma neoplasia frequente e de tratamento cirúrgico. Gastrectomia com linfadenectomia D2 é o procedimento padrão com intuito curativo. Os autores relatam o uso do hook laparotômico como alternativa técnica para linfadenectomia.

Identification and application of bile metabolites to assess the exposure of fish to pharmaceuticals in the environment

Thousands of tons of pharmaceuticals are consumed yearly worldwide. Due to the continuous and increasing consumption and their incomplete elimination in wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), pharmaceuticals and their metabolites can be detected in receiving waters, although at low concentrations (ng to low μg/L). As bioactive molecules the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic environment must be considered potentially hazardous for the aquatic organisms. In this thesis, the biotransformation and excretion of pharmaceuticals in fish was studied. The main biotransformation pathways of three anti‐inflammatory drugs, diclofenac, naproxen and ibuprofen, in rainbow trout were glucuronidation and taurine conjugation of the parent compounds and their phase I metabolites. The same metabolites were present in fish bile in aquatic exposures as in fish dosed with intraperitoneal injection. Higher bioconcentration factor in bile (BCFbile) was found for ibuprofen when compared to diclofenac and naproxen. Laboratory exposure studies were followed by a study of uptake of pharmaceuticals in a wild fish population living in lake contaminated with WWTP effluents. Of the analyzed 17 pharmaceuticals and six phase I metabolites, only diclofenac, naproxen and ibuprofen was present in bream and roach bile. It was shown, that diclofenac, naproxen and ibuprofen excreted by the liver can be found in rainbow trout and in two native fish species living in the receiving waters. In the bream and roach bile, the concentrations of diclofenac, naproxen and ibuprofen were roughly 1000 times higher than those found in the lake water, while in the laboratory exposures, the bioconcentration of the compounds and their metabolites in rainbow trout bile were at the same level as in wild fish or an order of magnitude higher. Thus, the parent compounds and their metabolites in fish bile can be used as a reliable biomarker to monitor the exposure of fish to environmental pharmaceuticals present in water receiving discharges from WWTPs.

Molecular characterization of virulence factors in Aeromonas hydrophila obtained from fish

Multiple factors can be involved in the virulence processes of Aeromonas hydrophila. The objective of the present paper was to verify the presence of aerolysin, hidrolipase, elastase and lipase virulence genes through the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in A. hydrophila isolates obtained from fish of the São Francisco River Valley, and to evaluate virulence according to the presence of these genes in Nile tilapia fingerlings. One hundred and fourteen isolates from the bacteria were used. DNA was heat extracted and PCR undertaken using specific primers described in the literature. For in vivo tests Nile tilapia fingerlings were used. From the PCR tests, negative isolates for all genes tested were selected, positive isolates for two genes (aerolysin and elastase) and positive for the four genes tested. These were inoculated at a concentration of 10(8) UFC/ml into the tilapias, considered as treatments; another group of animals was used as control (with inoculation of saline solution). In all, 12 distinct standards regarding the presence of virulence factors in isolates from A. hydrophila, were observed. Of the 114 isolates analyzed, 100 (87.72%) presented at least one of the virulence factors under study. The virulence factors were widely distributed among the A. hydrophila isolates. Aerolysin was the most frequent virulence factor present in the isolates analyzed. A. hydrophila led to the mortality of the Nile tilapia fingerlings, regardless of the absence or quantity of virulence genes tested.

Parasites of the freshwater fish trade in Brazil: science metric study

This paper presents a science metric study of parasites of fish farming in Brazil, including a significant review of the literature. The methodology used was based on researching articles in three different databases, carried out ​on May 2012: ISI (Institute for Scientific Information), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online), and Google Academic. The number of articles on fish parasites is mounting (currently over 110), having much increased since 1995. However, the quantity is still low compared with the amount of papers on parasites of fish from natural environments. In Brazil, the farmed fish that have been studied the most are pacu, tilapia and tambaqui. Monogeneans represent the most prevalent group, followed by protozoa and crustaceans. The regions most researched were the southeast and south, making up 84% of the total literature. The main issue addressed in articles was pathology, followed by treatment and record. In conclusion, the treatment of parasitic diseases of farmed fish in Brazil is still incipient, highlighting the importance and usefulness of management practices to prevent the occurrence of health problems.

Effects of the 2,4-D herbicide on gills epithelia and liver of the fish Poecilia vivipara

The 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, usually named 2,4-D is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Acute toxicity of 2,4-D herbicide was investigated through its effects on guppies (Poecilia vivipara Bloch et Schneider 1801). Fish were exposed to the herbicide at concentrations of 10, 20 and 40µl per liter of water for 24 hours to determine its effects on gills and liver epithelia. The estimated LC50 was 34.64µl of 2,4-D per liter of water. Histochemical analyses and Feulgen's reaction were conducted to detect glycoconjugates and DNA, respectively, in gills and liver epithelia. Histochemistry revealed qualitative variations of glycoconjugates present on mucous cells and granules. The four types of mucous cells contained neutral granules, acids, or both. Increasing amounts of syalomucins were observed from the control group to the group exposed to the highest concentration of 2,4-D, suggesting increased mucous viscosity and the formation of plaques that could inhibit gas exchange and osmoregulation. Lamellar fusion observed in the group exposed to 40µl of 2,4-D suggests a defense mechanism. Hepatocytes showed vacuolization in the 10 and 20µl/L groups. The 40 µl/L group showed normal hepatocytes as well as changed ones, many Ito cells, micronuclei, and nuclear swelling. These effects may be associated with toxicity or adaptative processes to cellular stress. The data from this study indicates the importance of assessing similar risks to aquatic species and suggests that Poecilia vivipara is an adequate biological model for analysis of environmental contamination.

Light and storage on the germination of spores of Dicksonia sellowiana (Presl.) Hook., Dicksoniaceae

Spores of Dicksonia sellowiana are positively photoblastic and reach the maximum percentage of germination at 23 ± 2°C in white light after seven days of imbibition. The pre-induction phase for spores induced by white or red light for 24 hours was 72 hours. Gametophytes grown in white light were plane and bidimensional, while those grown under red light were filamentous. The higher the number of hours of light applied per day during 10 days, the higher the percentage of germination. Germination was higher for long white light treatments applied on a daily basis. The effect of different light intensities on germination was also investigated here. The lower percentages of germination were observed for spores kept under 43% and 2% of full sunlight, while those kept under 26, 19 and 4% presented higher percentages. Spores presented circa 82% of germination after 731 days of storage under refrigeration at aproximately 10°C.