The enterprise face to the environmental challenge: straddling the fence between social responsibility and penal responsibility

This contribution aims to analyse how to incur companies' criminal liability when they violate environmental protection globally. In Switzerland, companies' criminal liability has already been provided for to fight against money launder- ing (Article 102 CP). Could a similar liability be incurred, in Switzerland, for companies that infringe environmental protection? This is what our contribution is all about. Since the company is at the heart of our subject, the point is to see to what extent criminal liability could be transposed to cases of violation by companies of the environmental principles promoted by the CSR concept.

Aphtes récidivants: comment faire face [How to cope with recurrent aphthous stomatitis].

Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is the most common oral mucosa ailment. This condition is frequently considered as idiopathic due to the doubts about its etiology, probably related to a minor immunological dysregulation in a context of genetic predisposition. However, ulcers that resemble recurrent aphthous stomatitis in some respects can be found in systemic disorders that must be ruled out for the differential diagnosis of SAR, particularly when they appear after adolescence and/or when associated lesions exist out of the oral cavity. SAR management lies on the elimination of predisposing factors (drugs, oral trauma, food allergies...) and if needed, topical corticosteroids are the first choice regimen. More severe cases may require systemic regimens.

L'anthropologie face aux demandes du terrain : deux exemples d'implication dans le milieu médical

Cet article présente les implications particulières de deux expériences de terrain faisant émerger la problématique des apports et de l'utilité de l'anthropologie dans le domaine de la santé. Face aux attentes fortes des interlocuteurs de terrain (demandes d'expertise anthropologique dans le domaine de la prévention du suicide et dans celui de la recherche en soins palliatifs), les chercheuses se sont laissé en partie « détourner » en ne travaillant plus seulement « sur », mais « avec » leurs interlocuteurs. Tout en prenant en compte les risques d'instrumentalisation par le domaine médical, la réflexivité du chercheur face à son implication sur le terrain est considérée comme un outil indispensable pour préserver sa distance critique. Par ailleurs, ces expériences de terrain sont l'occasion de réfléchir à la possibilité de créer des échanges discursifs avec les interlocuteurs du terrain et de favoriser ainsi le changement social depuis l'intérieur.

Écrire la musique. Baudelaire face à Wagner

Baudelaire a consacré un seul essai à la musique, dans les dernières années de sa vie. Cet essai porte sur un unique compositeur, Richard Wagner, à une époque où l'esthétique du regard du poète est déjà formée depuis longtemps. De plus, Baudelaire « ne sait pas la musique », comme il l'écrit lui-même au musicien dans une longue lettre. Et pourtant, l'essai sur Wagner s'inscrit parfaitement dans les textes critiques de Baudelaire consacrés à l'art : l'image et l'imagination tiennent lieu, ici aussi, de modèles épistémologiques. La méconnaissance du langage musical est ainsi rachetée par la connaissance de l'image - mais la connaissance de l'image, de sa dimension scripturale, demeure quant à elle impensée. Ce point aveugle caractérise ce que l'on peut appeler l'esthétique de la Modernité.

Averting risk in the face of large losses: Bernoulli vs. Tversky and Kahneman

We experimentally question the assertion of Prospect Theory that people display risk attraction in choices involving high-probability losses. Indeed, our experimental participants tend to avoid fair risks for large (up to ? 90), high-probability (80%) losses. Our research hinges on a novel experimental method designed to alleviate the house-money bias that pervades experiments with real (not hypothetical) loses.Our results vindicate Daniel Bernoulli?s view that risk aversion is the dominant attitude,But, contrary to the Bernoulli-inspired canonical expected utility theory, we do find frequent risk attraction for small amounts of money at stake.In any event, we attempt neither to test expected utility versus nonexpected utility theories, nor to contribute to the important literature that estimates value and weighting functions. The question that we ask is more basic, namely: do people display risk aversion when facing large losses, or large gains? And, at the risk of oversimplifying, our answer is yes.

[Défilé de la Victoire à Londres le 19 juillet 1919 devant le Victoria Memorial face à Buckingham Palace] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 55139

Face Short-Term Memory-Related Electroencephalographic Patterns can Differentiate Multi- versus Single-Domain Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) is characterized by memory deficits alone (single-domain, sd-aMCI) or associated with other cognitive disabilities (multi-domain, md-aMCI). The present study assessed the patterns of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during the encoding and retrieval phases of short-term memory in these two aMCI subtypes, to identify potential functional differences according to the neuropsychological profile. Continuous EEG was recorded in 43 aMCI patients, whose 16 sd-aMCI and 27 md-aMCI, and 36 age-matched controls (EC) during delayed match-to-sample tasks for face and letter stimuli. At encoding, attended stimuli elicited parietal alpha (8-12 Hz) power decrease (desynchronization), whereas distracting stimuli were associated with alpha power increase (synchronization) over right central sites. No difference was observed in parietal alpha desynchronization among the three groups. For attended faces, the alpha synchronization underlying suppression of distracting letters was reduced in both aMCI subgroups, but more severely in md-aMCI cases that differed significantly from EC. At retrieval, the early N250r recognition effect was significantly reduced for faces in md-aMCI as compared to both sd-aMCI and EC. The results suggest a differential alteration of working memory cerebral processes for faces in the two aMCI subtypes, face covert recognition processes being specifically altered in md-aMCI.

Rockfall monitoring by Terrestrial Laser Scanning ¿ case study of the basaltic rock face at Castellfollit de la Roca (Catalonia, Spain)

This case study deals with a rock face monitoring in urban areas using a Terrestrial Laser Scanner. The pilot study area is an almost vertical, fifty meter high cliff, on top of which the village of Castellfollit de la Roca is located. Rockfall activity is currently causing a retreat of the rock face, which may endanger the houses located at its edge. TLS datasets consist of high density 3-D point clouds acquired from five stations, nine times in a time span of 22 months (from March 2006 to January 2008). The change detection, i.e. rockfalls, was performed through a sequential comparison of datasets. Two types of mass movement were detected in the monitoring period: (a) detachment of single basaltic columns, with magnitudes below 1.5 m3 and (b) detachment of groups of columns, with magnitudes of 1.5 to 150 m3. Furthermore, the historical record revealed (c) the occurrence of slab failures with magnitudes higher than 150 m3. Displacements of a likely slab failure were measured, suggesting an apparent stationary stage. Even failures are clearly episodic, our results, together with the study of the historical record, enabled us to estimate a mean detachment of material from 46 to 91.5 m3 year¿1. The application of TLS considerably improved our understanding of rockfall phenomena in the study area.