Transitional justice, demobilization, and peacebuilding amid political violence: Examining individual preferences in the Caribbean coast of Colombia

The conventional wisdom in the transitional justice literature is that there is no one-size-fits-all approach. This article suggests that this may also be true within a given state. The current paper reports on quantitative and qualitative data from 184 participants in a survey conducted in the Caribbean coast of Colombia. Results suggest widespread support for transitional justice mechanisms – such as perpetrator accountability, public acknowledgement and structural change – but dissatisfaction with national-level initiatives, specifically the 2005 Justice and Peace Law. Yet, despite a distrust of the national government and protracted conflict, individuals report social trust, community cohesion and reliance on local government institutions. These attitudes and behaviours suggest that decentralised transitional justice mechanisms may be more effective in meeting victims' needs. Moreover, analyses indicate that individual preferences are influenced by community factors, such as the presence of demobilised paramilitaries, which can be addressed through more localised approaches to promote peacebuilding. The paper concludes with best practices derived from the findings.

Beyond Attribution: Responsibility of Armed Non-State Actors for Reparations in Northern Ireland, Colombia and Uganda

This chapter explores the responsibility of armed non-state actors for reparations to victims. Traditionally international law has focused on the responsibility of the state, and more recently the responsibility of convicted individuals before the International Criminal Court, to provide reparations for international crimes. Yet despite the prevalence of internal armed conflict over the past few decades, there responsibility of armed groups for reparations has been neglected in international law. Although there is a tentative emerging basis for armed groups to provide reparations under international law, such developments have not yet crystallized into hard law. However, when considering the more substantive practice of states in Northern Ireland, Colombia and Uganda, a greater effort can be discerned in ensuring that such organizations are responsible for reparations. This paper finds that not only can armed non-state actors be held collectively responsible for reparations, but due to the growing number of internal armed conflict they can play an important role in ensuring the effectiveness of reparations in remedying victims’ harm. Yet, finding armed groups responsible for reparations is no panacea for accountability, due to the nature of armed conflicts, responsibility may not be distinct, but overlapping and joint, and such groups may face difficulties in meeting their obligations, thus requiring a holistic approach and subsidiary role for the state.

Impact of political violence, social trust, and depression on civic participation in Colombia

Civic participation is important for peacebuilding and democratic development; however, the role of mental health has been largely overlooked by policymakers aiming to stimulate engagement in civil society. This study investigated antecedents of civic participation in Colombia, a setting of protracted political conflict, using bootstrapped mediation in path analysis. Past exposure to violence, experience with community antisocial behavior, and perceived social trust were all significantly related to civic participation. In addition, depression mediated the impact of past exposure to political violence and perceived social trust, but not community antisocial behavior, on civic participation. In this context, findings challenged depictions of helpless victims and instead suggested that when facing greater risk (past violence exposure and community antisocial behavior), individuals responded in constructive ways, taking on agency in their communities. Social trust in one’s neighbors and community also facilitated deeper engagement in civic life. Relevant to the mediation test, interventions aiming to increase civic participation should take mental health into account. Limitations and possible future research are discussed.

Reconstructing the Social Fabric amid On-going Violence: Attitudes toward Reconciliation and Structural Transformation in Colombia

Given the increase of reconciliation processes initiated amid on-going violence, this study focuses on community reconciliation and its relation to structural transformation, or social reconstruction through reforming unjust institutions and practices that facilitate protracted violent conflict. Drawing lessons from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, mixed method analyses include eight in-depth interviews and 184 surveys. Four key dimensions of reconciliation – truth, justice, mercy, peace – are examined. In the interviews, participants prioritize reconstructing the truth and bringing perpetrators to justice as essential aspects of reconciliation. Notions of mercy and forgiveness are less apparent. For the participants, sustainable peace is dependent on structural transformation to improve livelihoods. These data, however, do not indicate how this understanding of reconciliation may relate to individual participation in reconciliation processes. Complementing the qualitative data, quantitative analyses identify some broad patterns that relate to participation in reconciliation events. Compared to those who did not participate, individuals who engaged in reconciliation initiatives report higher levels of personal experience with violence, live alongside demobilized paramilitaries, are more engaged in civic life, and express greater preference for structural transformation. The paper concludes with policy implications that integrate reconciliation and structural transformation to deepen efforts to rebuild the social fabric amid violence.

Grupos étnicos de Colombia: Etnografía y bibliografía

El presente trabajo quiere presentar un panorama de los grupos étnicos indígenas que hoy pueblan el territorio colombiano. La "visión etnológica sobre los grupos étnicos indígenas actuales de Colombia con su bibliografía" tiene como objeto presentar la riqueza étnica de las minorías indígenas que, junto con los negros y blancos, conforman el pueblo colombiano. Como lo indica el título, esta no es una investigación profunda sobre cada grupo, pero es una recopilación de datos, informes y libros ya existentes para dar una visión de cada grupo étnico mencionado, aunque sobre algunos los datos son escasos, por varias razones que especialmente debido a la poca literatura eústente en la etnología actual. Después del índice, la introducción y agradecimientos, se encuentra la bibliografia general, a la cual sigue la presentación de los deparamentos, intendencias y comisarías donde existen los resguardos y las reservas indígenas, complementados al final del trabajo con su respectivo mapa; en cada resguardo o reserva aparece entre paréntesis el número bajo el cual se puede buscar en el mapa. A continuación se éncuentta la clasificación de los grupos étnicos por familias lingüísticas y la descripción de cada uno, ordenados alfabéticamente, divididos en subtítulos como nominación, o bajo cuales nombres se conoce el grupo, localización, resguardos y/o reservas indígenas, lengua y/o familia linguística a Ia cual pertenece, vivienda, economía, vestidos y adornos, organización socio-política, creencias y rituales, aculturación. Aunque los subtítulos no se compaften siempre, debido a la escasez de trabajos sobre algunos grupos y/o a su falta de disponibilidad, espero que aún de este modo el presente trabajo será de utilidad y por ello despuás de cada gupo se menciona la bibliografía de los trabajos existentes sobre el mismo, para quienes quieran profundizar sus conocimientos sobre el tema.

Estudio de factibilidad para la creación de una empresa productora y exportadora de tomate de árbol, hacia Alemania, ubicada en la parroquia de San José de Minas, al noroccidente de Pichincha

El presente proyecto lo hemos realizado con la finalidad de determinar la factibilidad de la creación de una empresa productora y exportadora de tomate de árbol hacia Alemania. Empezamos con un Estudio de Mercado, en el cual determinamos que existe un mercado potencial, pese a que la demanda del tomate de árbol en los últimos cinco años ha sido variable, en su proyección se ha establecido que será creciente para los próximos años, esto nos da un primer indicio de que sería favorable el proyecto; los datos obtenidos de la oferta de esta fruta nos indican que las importaciones de tomate de árbol por parte de Alemania no presentan un gran volumen y los principales proveedores son Colombia y España. Con los datos anteriormente establecidos hemos determinado que la demanda insatisfecha presenta un volumen considerable y que pese a que nuestros principales competidores y nosotros presentemos un gran volumen de exportaciones futuras no se llegaría a cubrir en su totalidad dicha demanda, lo cual quiere decir que tenemos la oportunidad de llegar a este mercado y tener la posibilidad de aumentar nuestras exportaciones. Por las cualidades nutricionales del tomate de árbol hemos estimado que es un producto exportable; y que con los cuidados y controles necesarios podremos ingresar a un mercado exigente como es el de Alemania. Para su exportación se utilizarán cajas de cartón corrugado, que completamente empacadas tienen un peso de 2.5 kg.; y su precio de exportación será de 6,25 dólares el kg. Para dar a conocer nuestro producto participaremos en ferias promocionales. El canal de distribución que vamos a utilizar para nuestro producto es productor-importador.

Campilobacteriose em bovinos de carne no Alentejo – avaliação preliminar

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of infection by Campylobacter fetus in beef cattle reared in extensive systems in Alentejo region by direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT), a technique widely used for determining the prevalence of this disease.

Avaliação da espectroscopia de infravermelho para determinação de características físico-químicas da carne suína

Dissertação de mest., Tecnologia de Alimentos, Instituto Superior de Engenharia, Univ. do Algarve, 2013

The Advancing MOOCs for Development Initiative: An examination of MOOC usage for professional workforce development outcomes in Colombia, the Philippines, & South Africa

The potential of online learning has long afforded the hope of providing quality education to anyone, anywhere in the world. The recent development of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) heralded an exciting new breakthrough by providing free academic instruction and professional skills development from the world’s leading universities to anyone with the sufficient resources to access the internet. The research in Advancing MOOCs for Development Initiative study was designed to analyze the MOOC landscape in developing countries and to better understand the motivations of MOOC users and afford insights on the advantages and limitations of MOOCs for workforce development outcomes. The key findings of this study challenge commonly held beliefs about MOOC usage in developing countries, defying typical characterizations of how people in resource constrained settings use technology for learning and employment. In fact, some of the findings are so contrary to what has been reported in the U.S. and other developed environments that they raise new questions for further investigation.

Gold, power, protest: Digital and social media and protests against large-scale mining projects in Colombia

Colombia’s Internet connectivity has increased immensely. Colombia has also ‘opened for business’, leading to an influx of extractive projects to which social movements object heavily. Studies on the role of digital media in political mobilisation in developing countries are still scarce. Using surveys, interviews, and reviews of literature, policy papers, website and social media content, this study examines the role of digital and social media in social movement organisations and asks how increased digital connectivity can help spread knowledge and mobilise mining protests. Results show that the use of new media in Colombia is hindered by socioeconomic constraints, fear of oppression, the constraints of keyboard activism and strong hierarchical power structures within social movements. Hence, effects on political mobilisation are still limited. Social media do not spontaneously produce non-hierarchical knowledge structures. Attention to both internal and external knowledge sharing is therefore conditional to optimising digital and social media use.

Caprinocultura de carne, produtos e mercado.

A caprinocultura de carne no Nordeste, apesar da demanda insuficiente e crescente tem ainda um longo período a percorrer para conquistar o seu próprio mercado na região e se credenciar no mercado nacional.

Avaliação de fatores determinantes e da taxa de incidência da condição DFD (Dark, Firm, Dry) na carne de bovinos abatidos no matadouro da ilha Terceira

Dissertação de Mestrado, Engenharia Zootécnica, 13 de Junho de 2014, Universidade dos Açores.

Estratégia de avaliação do risco de lesões músculo-esqueléticas de membros superiores ligadas ao trabalho aplicada na indústria de abate e desmancha de carne em P

RESUMO - Objectivo: As lesões músculo-esqueléticas ligadas ao trabalho (LMELT) são doenças profissionais frequentes. Neste estudo ensaiou-se uma estratégia de diagnóstico do risco e de vigilância da saúde dos trabalhadores numa empresa de abate e desmancha de carne. Métodos: Utilizou-se uma estratégia de obtenção de informação em todos os postos de trabalho e trabalhadores da empresa. Utilizaram-se: (i) adaptação do Questionário Nórdico Músculo-Esquelético, incluindo caracterização da exposição biomecânica; (ii) protocolo de avaliação clínica de LMELT; (iii) filtro RSI e método Strain Index; (iv) instrumentação, como electrogoniometria e sensores de força em postos de risco elevado. Resultados: Identificou-se a presença de sintomas e sinais de LMELT principalmente nos punhos/mãos (n=27) e região lombo-sagrada (n=32), uma importante prevalência de casos relacionados com a actividade de trabalho (30%) e níveis de risco elevados com base nas classificações do Strain Index (n=26 MSDto e n=7 MSEsq). A utilização da instrumentação permitiu obter detalhes da repetitividade, das posturas e dos momentos de aplicação de força, úteis para a intervenção. Conclusões: A prevenção só é possível através da aplicação de programas/estratégias integradas de diagnóstico e gestão do risco de LMELT que sejam eficazes no sentido da intervenção sobre a actividade e as condições de trabalho.--------------------------ABSTRACT – Background: Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorders (WRMSD) are common occupational diseases. The present study aims at examining an integrated perspective of risk assessment and health surveillance at a meatpacking plant. Methods: The strategy adopted was of obtaining information about WRMSDs awareness at all workstations and from all their workers. This was based on: (i) questionnaire application - an adaptation of the Nordic musculoskeletal questionnaire, including a biomechanical item, (ii) WRMSDs clinical protocol (iii) RSI risk filter and Strain Index application, (iv) instrumentation with electrogoniometry and force sensors at previously classified as high risk workstations. Results: WRMSDs signs and symptoms mainly in wrist/hands (n=27) and in lumbar region (n=32) were identified. Results revealed an important prevalence of WRULMSDs associated to meatpacking industry activities (30%) and high risk scores based on Strain Index (n=26 Right UL; n=7 Left UL). Instrumentation showed details of recurrency, of postures and of force, which can be used for intervention. Conclusions: It’s necessary to develop ergonomic strategies and approaches on WRMSDs prevention (risk assessment and manage

Influência de diferentes sistemas alimentares nos atributos da carcaça e da carne de novilhos.

Objetivou-se avaliar as características da carcaça e da carne de novilhos submetidos a diferentes sistemas alimentares.