Avaliação da produção de biodiesel de microalga Isochrysis galbana via transesterificação in situ

Microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms that grow rapidly and in different environmental conditions due to their simple cellular structure. The cultivation of microalgae is a biological system capable of storing solar energy through the production of organic compounds via photosynthesis, and these species presents growth faster than land plants, enabling higher biomass yield. Thus, it is understood that the cultivation of these photosynthetic mechanisms is part of a relevant proposal, since, when compared to other oil producing raw materials, they have a significantly higher productivity, thus being a raw material able to complete the current demand by biodiesel . The overall aim of the thesis was to obtain biofuel via transesterification process of bio oil from the microalgae Isochrysis galbana. The specific objective was to estimate the use of a photobioreactor at the laboratory level, for the experiments of microalgae growth; evaluating the characteristics of biodiesel from microalgae produced by in situ transesterification process; studying a new route for disinfection of microalgae cultivation, through the use of the chemical agent sodium hypochlorite. The introduction of this new method allowed obtaining the kinetics of the photobioreactor for cultivation, besides getting the biomass needed for processing and analysis of experiments in obtaining biodiesel. The research showed acceptable results for the characteristics observed in the bio oil obtained, which fell within the standards of ANP Resolution No. 14, dated 11.5.2012 - 18.5.2012. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the photobioreactor designed meet expectations about study culture growth and has contributed largely to the development of the chosen species of microalgae. Thus, it can be seen that the microalgae Isochrysis galbana showed a species with potential for biodiesel production

Estudo de técnicas para o tratamento alternativo de efluentes oleosos oriundos da industrialização da castanha de caju

An evaluation project was conducted on the technique of treatment for effluent oil which is the deriving process to improve cashews. During the evaluation the following techniques were developed: advanced processes of humid oxidation, oxidative processes, processes of biological treatment and processes of adsorption. The assays had been carried through in kinetic models, with an evaluation of the quality of the process by means of determining the chemical demand of oxygen (defined as a technique of control by means of comparative study between the available techniques). The results demonstrated that the natural biodegradation of the effluent ones is limited, as result using the present natural flora in the effluent one revealed impracticable for an application in the industrial systems, independent of the evaluation environment (with or without the oxygen presence). The job of specific microorganisms for the oily composite degradation developed the viability technique of this route, the acceptable levels of inclusion in effluent system of treatment of the improvement of the cashew being highly good with reasonable levels of removal of CDO. However, the use combined with other techniques of daily pay-treatment for these effluent ones revealed to still be more efficient for the context of the treatment of effluent and discarding in receiving bodies in acceptable standards for resolution CONAMA 357/2005. While the significant generation of solid residues the process of adsorption with agroindustrial residues (in special the chitosan) is a technical viable alternative, however, when applied only for the treatment of the effluent ones for discarding in bodies of water, the economic viability is harmed and minimized ambient profits. Though, it was proven that if used for ends of I reuse, the viability is equalized and justifies the investments. There was a study of the photochemistry process which have are applicable to the treatment of the effluent ones, having resulted more satisfactory than those gotten for the UV-Peroxide techniques. There was different result on the one waited for the use of catalyses used in the process of Photo. The catalyses contained the mixing oxide base of Cerium and Manganese, incorporated of Potassium promoters this had presented the best results in the decomposition of the involved pollutants. Having itself an agreed form the gotten photochemistry daily paytreatment resulted, then after disinfection with chlorine the characteristics next the portability to the water were guarantee. The job of the humid oxidation presented significant results in the removal of pollutants; however, its high cost alone is made possible for job in projects of reuses, areas of low scarcity and of raised costs with the capitation/acquisition of the water, in special, for use for industrial and potable use. The route with better economic conditions and techniques for the job in the treatment of the effluent ones of the improvement of the cashew possesses the sequence to follow: conventional process of separation water-oil, photochemistry process and finally, the complementary biological treatment

Avaliação da eficiência de lagoas de estabilização no tratamento de resíduos esgotados de fossas sépticas

Because of disability in public policy development in mind to attend issues of sanitation in the municipalities, companies known as "clean-blue" appeared proposing to solve a simple collection and management of wastewater produced in single or multifamily residences, commercial, hospitals, etc. In the case of an activity in which there are no worries about the fate of sewage, emerged some doubts about the degree of health and environmental safety in these companies. Traditionally, most of them makes the provision of waste depleted soil or wetland, open, usually located on the outskirts of cities (MENESES, 2001). In turn, the sludge from septic tanks exhausted, provided no technical criteria - in the soil, rivers and as an agricultural fertilizer put in risk the health of the population and environmental quality. This work was entered in the search network 5 of the Notice of the Research Program in Sanitation - PROSAB-5, aimed to study the theme 'Characterization and study of alternative ways of treating sludge from septic tanks in the city of Natal, RN', proposing to evaluate the performance of the use of stabilization ponds as a system to handle waste from septic tanks exhausted. A series of lakes studied belong to one of the largest clean-pit of Natal, consisting of two anaerobic ponds, one facultative and maturation, and a tank disinfection, the wastewater being released in the Potengi River. Samples were collected between the months of October 2007 to October 2008, at six points previously defined and judged as more appropriate to what is proposed study. The analysis results in field and laboratory showed the most significant removal of COD (88.93%), total suspended solids (94.87%), organic nitrogen (66.87%) and thermotolerant coliforms (99.88%). Some results have not reached the expected because the system under study had operating problems that have undermined the efficiency of the reactors

The presence of fungi on contact electrical stimulation electrodes and ultrasound transducers in physiotherapy clinics

Objectives To evaluate the presence of fungi on contact electrodes and ultrasound transducers from physiotherapy clinics.Design Quantitative study conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology of Piaui - NOVAFAPI, Teresina, Brazil.Setting Sample collection was performed in 10 clinics ( 20 ultrasound transducers and 20 contact electrodes).Main outcome measures Swabs were soaked with saline solution, inoculated in culture and incubated for filamentous fungi and yeast growth.Results Fourteen taxons were identified: Acremomium hyalinulum (Sacc.), Aspergillus terreus, Candida albicans, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Cladosporium elatum, Cladosporium oxysporum, Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Cladosphialophora bantiana, Curvularia clavata, Curvularia senegalensis, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium decumbens, Scopulariopsis candida and Sporothrix schenckii. Aspergillus terreus, Cladosporium oxysporum, Sporothrix shenckii and Candida albicans were found most often on contact electrodes, and Penicillium decumbens and Cladosporium cladosporioides were found most often on ultrasound transducers.Conclusion Fungi were found on all of the contact electrodes and ultrasound transducers. Physiotherapy professionals need to improve the disinfection procedures for this equipment. (C) 2010 Chartered Society of Physiotherapy. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Consumo e digestibilidade aparente de dietas com níveis crescentes do subproduto do caju em ovinos

The present study was conducted to evaluate the intake and digestibility of diets containing increasing levels of byproduct of cashew in sheep. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design were evaluated in four levels (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%) by product of cashew with four replicates, making up 16 observations. The indicator used was the Purified Lignin and Enriched - LIPE ®. The scorer was orally administered directly into the mouth of the animals, in the form of capsules 250mg/animal/dia for a period of two days and five days of adaptation samples being the same supplied with the aid of a hose polyethylene and a device allowing the release of the capsule in the esophagus of sheep. With the estimate made by the indicator LIPE was observed a reduction for DM, OM, CP, NDF, EE, NFC and MM along the inclusion of byproduct of cashew. The results of nutrient digestibility were not satisfactory with the inclusion of byproduct of cashew, reducing linearly with the inclusion of the diets. The use of increasing levels of byproduct of cashew in the diets of sheep did not provide satisfactory results, it is not feasible to use the animals studied in this experiment

Uso de antibióticos para o controle de bactérias endógenas visando à micropropagação da figueira

A descontaminação dos explantes é um dos princípios básicos para o sucesso da cultura de tecidos. Um dos problemas diagnosticados na propagação in vitro da figueira, através de gemas apicais, é a contaminação endógena dos explantes por bactérias. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de alguns antibióticos em meio de cultura para o controle de bactérias endógenas em gemas apicais de figueira. Foram avaliados os seguintes tratamentos: T1(sem adição de antibiótico); T2 (30 mg L-1 de cloranfenicol); T3 (250 mg L-1 de ampicilina sódica); T4 (500 mg L-1 de ácido nalidícico); T5 (150 mg L-1 de cefalotina sódica); T6 (500 mg L-1 de tetraciclina), e T7 (400 mg L-1 de norfloxacina). Após coletados em campo, os segmentos de ramos contendo as gemas foram colocados em recipiente com água corrente. Posteriormente, as gemas apicais foram imersas em álcool etílico a 70% e hipoclorito de sódio a 2,5%. Todo procedimento de desinfestação externa dos explantes foi realizado em câmara de fluxo laminar. Os explantes foram inoculados em tubos de ensaio contendo 15 mL de meio básico MS suplementado, após a autoclavagem, com as doses de antibióticos de acordo com os tratamentos estabelecidos. Após a inoculação, os explantes foram mantidos em sala de crescimento por quatro dias no escuro e, em seguida, sob fotoperíodo de 16 horas de luz branca fria e irradiância de 25 µmol m s-1, na temperatura de 22 ± 3ºC. A assepsia realizada externamente nos explantes foi suficiente para o controle de contaminação fúngica, e a adição de antibióticos ao meio, após autoclavagem, foi eficiente para o controle de bactérias endógenas, cujo antibiótico ampicilina sódica proporcionou mais de 90% de explantes sobreviventes.

Sobrevivência de Salmonella enteritidis em Ovos Contaminados Artificialmente, Após Desinfecção e Armazenados em Diferentes Temperaturas

Avaliou-se a contaminação da casca e do conteúdo interno de ovos inoculados com Salmonella enterica sorovar enteritidis fagotipo 4, lavados com água de torneira (AT) ou solução de amônia quaternária (AQ) e armazenados a 8ºC e 25ºC. Duzentos e cinqüenta e dois ovos foram divididos em três grupos. Os tratamentos de cada grupo consistiram de imersão em AT, AQ a 25ºC e a 43ºC. Após a secagem natural, todos os grupos foram contaminados com solução de S. enteritidis. Seguindo-se a contaminação, cada grupo tratado foi estocado a 8ºC ou 25ºC, e a presença de S. enteritidis na casca e no conteúdo interno foi avaliada após zero, 24, 96 e 168 horas. A sanitização com AQ mostrou-se eficiente na redução de S. enteritidis nas cascas dos ovos. O armazenamento dos ovos a 8ºC demonstrou ser preponderante na redução e na ausência de S. enteritidis na casca. Nos ovos lavados com AT, o armazenamento a 25ºC permitiu a permanência da bactéria nas cascas até 168 horas. Não se detectou S. enteritidis no conteúdo interno dos ovos em nenhum dos grupos.

Influence of a Parafunctional Oral Habit on Root Fracture Development After Trauma to an Immature Tooth

Root fractures in immature teeth are rare because the resilience of the alveolar bone is more favorable to the occurrence of luxation. This article reports a case of traumatic injury in an immature permanent tooth that progressed to root fracture, having a parafunctional oral habit as the possible modifying factor of case evolution. A 12-year-old boy presented for treatment complaining of a defective restoration and mild pain on the maxillary right central incisor. The patient had a history of crown fracture in this tooth due to trauma 2 years before. The clinical examination showed healthy gingival tissues and no abnormal tooth mobility, whereas radiographic projections revealed healthy periradicular tissues, incomplete root formation, and no visible root fracture. As pulp necrosis was diagnosed, calcium hydroxide therapy was started for canal disinfection and subsequent obturation. However, after 4 weeks of treatment, a horizontal fracture line was observed radiographically in the root's middle third. The patient denied a new traumatic injury, but revealed the habit of chewing on a pencil. Refraining from the deleterious oral habit was strongly advised, and root canal filling with mineral trioxide aggregate was performed to treat the root fracture. After 4 years of follow-up, the tooth has normal function and no abnormal mobility. Images suggestive of remodeling at the apical end of the coronal segment and replacement resorption of the apical segment are seen radiographically. This case demonstrates the need of following cases of dental trauma and the possible influence of parafunctional oral habits as modifying factors of case progression.

Efeito da desinfecção por aerossóis sobre a capacidade de umedecimento de moldes de poliéter por gesso tipo IV

A desinfecção de todo e qualquer molde obtido é medida de biossegurança obrigatória na atividade clínica. Tão importante quanto a desinfecção é a seleção do método e da solução desinfetante a ser utilizada para cada material de moldagem. É imperativo que a capacidade de reprodução de detalhes, a estabilidade dimensional e o grau de umedecimento (ou molhabilidade) não sejam criticamente afetados. O propósito deste trabalho foi avaliar o grau de umedecimento de uma marca comercial de poliéter (Impregum F) por três diferentes marcas comerciais de gesso tipo IV (Herostone, Durone e Polirock), após sua desinfecção por aerossóis de hipoclorito de sódio 1% (líquido de Milton) ou glutaraldeído 2% (Glutalabor II). Foram confeccionados 45 moldes de poliéter, os quais, em grupos de 15, receberam aerossóis de água (Grupo Controle), Líquido de Milton ou Glutalabor II. em seguida, sobre a superfície dos moldes foram confeccionados modelos de gesso tipo IV, em número de 5 para cada marca de gesso. Após seu seccionamento mediano e preparo da superfície de corte, os modelos foram levados ao microscópio Carl Zeiss para leitura do ângulo de contato. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que: a) a capacidade de umedecimento do poliéter por diferentes marcas comerciais de gesso tipo IV variou para os gessos estudados; b) o gesso Durone adaptou-se melhor aos moldes de poliéter do que os gessos Herostone e Polirock; c) a desinfecção dos moldes com aerossóis de hipoclorito de sódio 1% (líquido de Milton) ou glutaraldeído 2% (Glutalabor) não afetou a adaptação entre os gessos e o poliéter.

Care and Cleaning of Maxillofacial Prostheses

Both the cleaning and care of the prosthesis are fundamental for maintaining its quality. Therefore, the aim of this study was to show the methods of cleaning and care the patient needs to take as regards the prosthesis and adjacent tissue, starting with correct instruction and training by the professional. It has been verified that among the materials for fabricating maxillofacial prostheses, silicone was considered the major retainer of microorganisms on its surface. Therefore, for cleaning prostheses, the use of water and neutral soap, as well as chlorhexidine, is recommended. As regards care of the adjacent tissues, it is recommended to remove the prosthesis before going to sleep, in addition to washing the prosthesis receptor tissues with water and neutral soap or with a mixture of hydrogen peroxide and water. Whereas for the mucosal surfaces of the ophthalmic cavity, cleaning with filtered and boiled water or physiological solution at least 3 times a day is recommended.

Influence of Pigment and Opacifier on Dimensional Stability and Detail Reproduction of Maxillofacial Silicone Elastomer

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Influence of opacifiers on dimensional stability and detail reproduction of maxillofacial silicone elastomer

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

The effect of disinfectant solutions on the hardness of acrylic resin denture teeth

This investigation studied the effects of disinfectant solutions on the hardness of acrylic resin denture teeth. The occlusal surfaces of 64 resin denture teeth were ground flat with abrasives up to 400-grit silicon carbide paper. Measurements were made after polishing and after the specimens were stored in water at 37 degreesC for 48 h. The specimens were then divided into four groups and immersed in chemical disinfectants (4% chlorhexidine; 1% sodium hypochlorite and sodium perborate) for 10 min. The disinfection methods were performed twice to simulate clinical conditions and hardness measurements were made. Specimens tested as controls were immersed in water during the same disinfection time. Eight specimens were produced for each group. After desinfection procedures, testing of hardness was also performed after the samples were stored at 37 degreesC for 7, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Data were analysed using two-way analysis of variance (anova) and Tukey's test at 95% confidence level. According to the results, no significant differences were found between materials and immersion solutions (P > 0.05). However, a continuous decrease in hardness was noticed after ageing (P < 0.05). It was conclude that the surfaces of both acrylic resin denture teeth softened upon immersion in water regardless the disinfecting solution.

Photodynamic inactivation of microorganisms present on complete dentures. A clinical investigation

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Effect of Incorporation of Disinfectant Solutions on Setting Time, Linear Dimensional Stability, and Detail Reproduction in Dental Stone Casts

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to analyze the influence of incorporation of disinfectants during the cast die stone-setting time. Setting time, linear dimensional stability, and reproduction details on casts were measured.Materials and Methods: Die stone type IV specimens with disinfection solutions (sodium hypochlorite 1%, glutaraldehyde 2%, chlorhexidine 2%) were incorporated in two concentrations (50%, 100%). The detail reproduction, dimensional stability, and setting time were tested in accordance with ADA recommendations.Results: Disinfecting solutions promoted an increase in setting time compared to control; sodium hypochlorite was responsible for the highest setting time. The addition of undiluted sodium hypochlorite 1.0% led to contraction during setting, but the groups with 50% diluted sodium hypochlorite 1.0% and undiluted chlorhexidine 2.0% resulted in intermediate values compared to the other groups, thus matching the control. The others did not demonstrate any effect on expansion. For detail reproduction, it was observed that the control group presented results similar to the others, except those where sodium hypochlorite was added.Conclusions The addition of sodium hypochlorite in both dilutions significantly altered, negatively, all the evaluated properties. But the addition of glutaraldehyde and chlorhexidine did not promote any significant alterations in the evaluated properties.