Desempenho ponderal de novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu submetidas a duas estratégias de suplementação mineral

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Composição e digestibilidade in vitro de genótipos de capim-elefante, aos 56 dias de rebrota

Twelve elephant grass genotypes were evaluated in a randomized blocks design with three repetitions. The experimental parcel was of 4 lines with 3m of length, spaced of 1 m and fertilized with 100 kg of P2O5, 100 kg of N, 60 kg of K2O and 25 kg of micronutrients/ha. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes for neutral detergent fiber (FND), acid detergent fiber (FAD) and lignin. The genotypes CNPGL 92-70-02, CNPGL 91-25-01 and CNPGL 93-32-02 showed low values for FND, FAD and lignin, simultaneously, outstanding between the others. There were no significant differences in the levels of dry matter and crude protein contents and in in vitro dry matter digestibility between the genotypes.

Diferentes níveis de torta de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) como aditivo na silagem de capim elefante

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of different levels of turnip cake (TNF) on the chemical composition, digestibility and quality of elephant grass silage. Due to the quality of the oil extracted from the seeds, the turnip is being considered as an important option for the biodiesel industry in Brazil. The turnip cake is obtained from the mechanical pressing of the seeds to produce oil, and it differs from the meal by the content of fat. In the meal the fat is less than 1%, due to the use of solvents for the oil extraction. Experimental silos were used in a completely randomized design, in factorial arrangement 2 x 3 (two types of material and four levels of inclusion). The materials were represented for original material (fresh) and ensiled material, with four levels of inclusion of TNF (0, 3, 6, and 9%). Dry matter (DM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), nitrogen indigestible neutral detergent (NIDN), nitrogen indigestible acid detergent (NIDA), ash (MM), lignin (LIG), buffer power (PT), calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDDM) were determined in all materials. In silage, additionally, were determined pH and amoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N). There were effects of inclusion of TNF and the type of material on the DM, CP, ADF, NIDA, P, and MM contents and on IVDDM. The interaction of the two factors was observed to the contents of CP, NDF, ADF, NIDA, Ca and IVDDM. In silage, the DM levels were lower (P < 0.05) than in original material. The values of DM were increased linearly as increased levels of inclusion of TNF. The fibrous components, including NIDN and NIDA, decreased linearly when the TNF increased. In all treatments, values of pH and N-NH3 considered ideal for good silage were observed. The IVDDM was reduced, linearly, with the addition of increasing levels of TNF. A negative correlation (-0.95) between IVDDM and content of EE may explain the tendency of this variable, due to the EE content increased linearly with the addition of TNF. The addition of TNF as an additive in silage of elephant diminished IVDDM. Considering the changes observed in the chemical composition and digestibility of elephant grass silage with TNF as additive, suggests that this should not be included at levels exceeding 3%. On the other hand, the silages with TNF as additive showed appropriate fermentation characteristics.

Degradação ruminal e síntese de proteína microbiana em bovines alimentados com silagem de sorgo contendo tanino suplementado com concentrado ou uréia

This work aimed to determine ruminal parameters of dry mater (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and protein synthesis in the rumen of animals fed diets based on sorghum with different tannin levels. In situ degradation was evaluated by rumen incubation of level 1 (L1) and level 2 (L2) sorghum silages during 0, 6, 24, 48 and 96 hours. A duplicated 4 × 4 Latin Square was used. Potential degradability (PD) of DM was similar among silages, whereas the effective degradability (ED) decreased when the diets were supplemented with concentrate. Microbial nitrogen flux and microbial synthesis efficiency were not affected by roughage source. The synthesis efficiency, expressed in organic matter and crude protein digested in rumen, was higher in L1 tannin diets supplemented with concentrate. There was not relationship between the presence of tannins and the parameters of ruminal degradation.

Influência de fontes de nitrogênio no consumo e digestibilidade aparente total e parcial de novilhos alimentados com cana- deaçúcar

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen sources, using sugarcane supplemented with urea, corn gluten meal-60 or soybean meal. It was evaluated Intake, total and partial apparent digestibility were evaluated using four rumen and duodenal cannulated crossbred steers. The treatments were evaluated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The total feces were collected to determine the apparent digestibility on the total intestinal tract. The indigestible acid detergent fiber (iADF) was used as marker of duodenal flux to determine ruminal and intestinal digestibility and dry matter daily flux. The DM, OM, CP, EE, DE, NDF, ADF and TC intakes and digestibility rates were influenced by nitrogen sources, and lower intake was observed in animals fed exclusively with cane sugar compared to animals fed the other experimental diets. Meanwhile the sources of nitrogen did not affect the total digestible nutrients (TDN) values. The RDP sources did not affect the total, ruminal, and intestinal nutrients apparent digestibility. However, the total, ruminal, and intestinal dry matter, and protein apparent digestibility were affected by the RDP sources.

Massa seca e composição bromatológica de quatro espécies de braquiárias semeadas na linha ou a lanço, em consórcio com milho no sistema plantio direto na palha

The objective of this research was to evaluate the dry mass yield and chemical composition of four Brachiaria species in different options for sowing, exclusively or in intercrop with corn crop, under a no-tillage system. The experiment was carried out during the growing seasons of 2006 at FEPE (FE/Unesp, Ilha Solteira Campus) located in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The soil of the experimental area was classified as distroferric Red Latosol (Oxisol). The experimental design was in randomized blocks, in a factorial scheme (4 × 4), with five replications. The treatments consisted of four Brachiaria species (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, Brachiaria decumbens, Brachiaria ruziziensis and Mulato II grass) grown in rows and spread on total area, exclusively or intercropped simultaneously with corn crop sowing. The study evaluated the dry mass yield and total digestible nutrients, crude protein, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin content of forage. The spread on total area intercrop of forages with corn crop proved to be viable by presenting similar dry mass yield to exclusive sowing arrangements, conversely to what happened with intercrop in row of corn crop, which decreased such yield. Brachiaria ruziziensis showed superior chemical composition and the intercrops increased energy and crude protein contents, and decreased cell wall components.

Human interferon B1 ser17: Coding DNA synthesis, expression, purification and characterization of bioactive recombinant protein

A protocol to produce large amounts of bioactive homogeneous human interferon β1 expressed in Escherichia coli was developed. Human interferon β1 ser17 gene was constructed, cloned and subcloned, and the recombinant protein expressed in E. coli cells. Solubilization of recombinant human interferon β1 ser17 (rhIFN-β1 ser17) was accomplished by employing a brief shift to high alkaline pH in the presence of non-ionic detergent. The recombinant protein was purifi ed by three chromatographic steps. N-terminal amino acid sequencing and mass spectrometry analysis provided experimental evidence for the identity of the recombinant protein. Reverse phase liquid chromatography demonstrated that the content of deamidates and sulphoxides was similar to a commercial standard. Size exclusion chromatography demonstrated the absence of high molecular mass aggregates and dimers. The protocol represents an effi cient and high-yield method to obtain bioactive homogeneous monomeric rhIFN-β1 ser17 protein. It may thus represent an important step towards scaling up for rhIFN-β1 ser17 large-scale production. © 2010 Villela AD, et al.

Dry matter yield and nutritional value of Marandu grass under nitrogen fertilization and irrigation in cerrado in São Paulo

The aim of this study was to evaluate dry matter yield and nutritional value of palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu) using nitrogen doses and sprinkler irrigation in two periods of the year, aiming at reducing seasonality of forage production. It was used a randomized block design in a split-plot scheme, with five doses of nitrogen (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg/ha/cut), and the sub-plots were defined by the seasons of the year (wet and dry season), with and without irrigation. During the wet season, in the plots with and without irrigation, doses of 175 and 161 kg/ha/cut promoted the highest dry matter yields. During the dry season, 171 kg ha -1N with irrigation resulted in the highest dry matter yield. During the same season, there was no response to N fertilization in the lack of irrigation. Average contents of CP were 10% with and without irrigation. Contents of neutral detergent fiber decreased with nitrogen doses, while acid detergent fiber was not affected by fertilization. Plots under irrigation reached the maximal acid detergent fiber content at N dose of 60 kg ha -1. Irrigation promotes increase of 15% increase in dry matter yield and it increases contents of neutral detergent fiber. © 2010 Sociedade Brasileira de Zootecnia.

Estudo da eficácia de espuma para a depopulação de aves para situações de emergência sanitaria

There are several difficulties in the control of quick spreading and highly contagious poultry diseases such as avian influenza and Newcastle disease, which require large numbers of poultry to be rapidly killed inside the poultry houses in order to minimize human exposure and disease spreading. We have built and tested an equipment that uses a waterbased foam from high expansion fire detergent that induces poultry anoxia measured by sensorial signs, time to death, lethality and macro and microscopically lesions. Two hundred 78-weeks old hens were divided into ten groups and exposed to different times of death according to exposure to water-foam varying from 5min30s to 8min15s. All poultry died after six minutes of water-foam cover. Foam bubbles were observed in oral cavity and trachea of all poultry at each time of exposure to foam, revealing physical asphyxia. Macroscopically, congestion in oral cavity and in trachea mucosa was observed. Histopathology revealed diffuse and moderate hemorrhage in lungs and no lesion in trachea. The efficacy of water-foam procedure for poultry depopulation was demonstrated validating its recommendation in case of emergency.

Digestibilidade e Parâmetros Ruminais de Bovinos Consumindo Brachiaria Brizantha Cv. Marandu

This experiment aimed to evaluate nutrient intake, total and partial digestibility of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral (NDF) and acid (ADF) detergent fiber and ruminal parameters, ammonia concentration and volatile fatty acids, in beef cattle fed palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu) at two regrowth ages, 30 and 60 days, at two times of year (January and February). The intake of DM, OM and CP was influenced by forage age of regrowth with high values for 30 days; this was influenced by time of year, being observed in February the higher intake by animals. DM digestibility average was 60.7 and 59.4% for 30 and 60 days of forage regrowth, respectively, however, was observed effect of interaction between regrowth and time of year, the same comportment was observed for OM, averages were 63.9 and 63% for respective ages of regrowth. CP digestibility was higher for 30 days, 70.8%, than for 60 days of regrowth, 57%. The NDF and ADF digestibilities were influenced by the interaction between regrowth and time of year; their average for 60 days of regrowth in January were respectively 54.8 and 48.5%, being the lower values and, in February, the higher values: 64.9 and 60.4%. The ruminal average digestibility was 79.5, 86.2, 99.4 and 96.7% of the total degradable for DM, OM, NDF and ADF, respectively. Effects of regrowth and time of year there were not recorded. Two hours after the morning meal was observed the ammonia ruminal concentration peak. The acetate:propionate: butirate ruminal ratio observed was 74:18:8(%).

Composição Química e Características Fermentativas de Silagens de Cana-de-Açúcar Contendo Farelo de Babaçu

The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of babassu meal addition on chemical composition and fermentative characteristics of sugar cane silages. The addition of three concentrations of babassu meal (0; 15 and 30% in fresh matter) was evaluated in a completely randomized design with four replicates. As experimental silos 12 plastic buckets were used, provided with filter closing to allow the exit of fermentation gases. After 45 days, the silos were opened and samples were taken for the determination of dry matter (MS), crude protein (PB), neutral and acid detergent fibers (FDN, FDA) and hemicelluloses (Hem) content, pH values, total acidity quantification (ATT), losses by gases (PG) and effluents (PE). The addition of babassu meal increased the MS contents (38.4% e 40.6%), PB (7.8 e 8.9%), FDN (68.8% e 70.9%) and FDA (43.0% and 45.1%), respectively, with the addition of 15 and 30% of the by-product. The pH values, averaged 4.4, were not affected by the addition of babassu meal. The percentage of ATT increased 89.2%. PG and PE were reduced in 44.8 and 58.8%, respectively. The addition of babassu meal have contributed to the improvement of fermentative parameters and the concentration of CP in the sugar cane silages. However, its use as additive becomes limited due to the increase in fiber content that provides to the silages, depreciating its nutritive value.

Produção, composição bromatológica e índice de clorofila de braquiárias após o consórcio com milho

We evaluated the effect of fertilization with 0, 50, 100 and 200 kg/ha of N, applied in each four growth intervals in the winter/spring season on dry matter yield in 30 days (DMY), leaf chlorophyll index (LCI) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin contents, and correlation equations of LCI with DMY and CP content in the marandu and ruziziensis grasses after intercrop arrangements with corn in Red Latosol (Oxisol) under irrigation. The major DMY occurred with photoperiod increasing, however, there were different responses to this attribute over of growth intervals, between and among the grasses with the N fertilization. In irrigated croplivestock integration under savannah soil is technicality viable the cultivation of marandu and ruziziensis grasses, established by intercrop with corn at sowing or at the N fertilization. As even, in the N fertilization absence, produced satisfactory amounts of forage, with 1733 kg/ha (DMY), at the time of greatest scarcity of roughage to animals (winter/spring season). However, after the corn harvest, the N fertilization increase the DMY and improves the chemical composition, increasing the LCI, and CP and TDN contents, and decreasing NDF and ADF contents in the winter/spring season.The best correlation equations in function of LCI were logatithmica for DMY and potential for CP of the marandu grass and potential for both attributes of the ruziziensis grass.

Perfil Fermentativo e Valor Nutritivo de Silagem de Capim-Elefante Inoculada com Streptococcus Bovis

The experiment was developed to evaluate the effect of strains of Streptococcus bovis (HC5 and JB1) on pH, ammonia production and nutritional value in elephant-grass silages (Pennisetum purpureum Schum). The experimental design was entirely randomized, with three treatments: T1 - elephant- grass, T2 - grass-elephant inoculated with Streptococcus bovis HC5, T3 - elephant grass inoculated with Streptococcus bovis JB1, totaling five replicates per treatment. The smallest value of ammonia was observed in the silage treated with inoculante the base Streptococcus bovis JB1 (5.90% N-total). Inoculation increased the levels of lactic acid and decreased levels of acetic, propionic and butyric acids, and the silages inoculated with Streptococcus bovis JB1 and HC5 were those with the highest values of lactic acid. There were not statistical differences for the tenors of dry matter (MS) and crude protein (PB). For the values of the fibers, the grass-elephant silage inoculated with Streptococcus bovis JB1, it presented the smallest value of neutral detergent fiber (59.77 %) and Hemicellulose (26.71 %). The largest value of in vitro dry matter digestibility (DIVMS) was observed in the silage with Streptococcus bovis JB1, showing superiority of four percentile points (64.23 %) in relation to the treatment without bacterial inoculante (60.35 %). The use Streptococcus bovis JB1 was efficient in the process fermentativo besides promoting would get better in the quality of the fiber and DIVMS in the studied silage.

Indicadores na estimativa do fluxo de digesta em bovinos de corte

single and double marker methods were compared in seven Nellore steers with average body weight 250 kg, and previously canullated in the rumen and duodenum. The animals were fitted with continuous-infusion pump that administered CoEDTA solutions intraruminally. In addition, a capsule containing Cr 2O 3, and other, containing external n-alkanes C 32, C 36 were inserted into the rumen of each steer. Internal markers indigestible neutral-detergent fiber and acid-detergent fiber (iNDF and iADF after 144 h in situ incubation) and internal n-alkanes C 31, C 33, C 35 were components of the diet. Steers were fed with palisade grass (Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu) in two age of regrowth, 30 and 60 days. The duodenal flow experimental design was a factorial 2×2×12 while omasal experimental design was a factorial 2×2×4. Markers iNDF, CoEDTA and the combination Co+iNDF were efficacious to estimate duodenal dry matter flow whereas iNDF, iADF and the Co+iADF combination were all efficacious to predict omasal dry matter flow. In conclusion, the double marker method for estimation of omasal and duodenal dry matter flow was the most appropriate considering the ruminal fiber digestibility.

Caracterização radiométrica de ácidos fosfóricos e seus produtos industriais

The addition of phosphoric acids and their (by)products became a common practice in areas like metal treatment, detergent production, water and effluent treatment, as well by food, beverage and pharmaceutical industries. The phosphoric acids exhibit different radionuclides activity concentration, being important to evaluate the implications for the human and animal health. The 238U concentration in almost all raw acid phosphoric are within the worldwide range and the mean exposure rate for the filtration cake is 10 nGy/h, which is mainly attributed to 40K. The results obtained for total and (bio)available uranium concentration in filtration cake indicate that only 40% is (bio)available for plants. The radionuclides present in phosphoric acid food grade and filtration cake do not raise their concentration in human food chain or soils to harmful levels, consequently, not offering hazard to the ecosystem and animal or human health.