Prospective Memory, Retrospective Memory, Executive Functions, and Metacognition: How they are linked longitudinally in young elementary school children

Succeeding in everyday activities often requires executive functioning (EF), metacognitive abilities (MC) and memory skills such as prospective memory (PM) and retrospective memory (RM). These cognitive abilities seem to gradually develop in childhood, possibly influencing each other during development. From a theoretical point of view, it is likely that they are closely interrelated, especially in children. Their empirical relation, however, is less clear. A model that links these cognitive abilities can help to better understand the relation between PM and RM and other cognitive processes. In this project we studied the longitudinal development of PM, RM, EF, and MC in 7-8 year old elementary school children across half a year. 119 second graders (MT1 = 95 months, SDT1, = 4.8 months) completed the same PM, RM, EF and MC tasks twice with a time-lag of 7 months. The developmental progression was analysed using paired t-tests, the longitudinal relationships were analysed using confirmatory factor analysis and all fit indices are in accordance with Hu and Bentler (1998). In general, performance improved significantly (ps < .001) and effect sizes ranged from .45 to .62 (Cohen’s d). CFA revealed a good model fit, c2(227, 119) = 242.56, p = .23, TLI = .973, CFI = .979, RMSEA = .024. At T1, significant cross-sectional links were found between PM T1 and RM T1, between PM T1 and EF T1, and between EF T1 and MC T1. Moreover, significant longitudinal links were found between EFT1 and PMT2 and between EFT1 and MCT2; EF T1 and RM T2 were marginally linked. Results underline previous findings showing that PM, RM, EF, and MC develop significantly during childhood, even within this short time period. Results also indicate that these cognitive abilities are linked not only cross-sectionally, but longitudinally. Most relevant, however, is the predictive role of EF for both metacognition and memory.

Three essays on the concept of trust and its foundations

The present dissertation focuses on trust and comprises three empirical essays on the concept itself and its foundations. All three essays investigate trust as an expectation and rely on selfreport measures of trust. Whereas the first two chapters investigate social trust, the third chapter investigates political trust. Essentially, there are three related important debates to which the following chapters contribute. A first debate discusses problems with current selfreport measures. Scholars recently started to question whether standard trust questions really measure the same across countries and languages. Chapter 1 engages in this debate. Using data from Switzerland it studies whether different trust questions measure the same latent trust constructs across individuals belonging to three different culturallinguistic regions. The second debate concerns the socalled forms or dimensions of trust. Recently, scholars started investigating whether trust is a onedimensional construct, i.e. whether an individual's trust judgment differs for categories of trustees such as strangers, neighbors, family members and friends or not. Relying on confirmatory factor analysis Chapter 2 investigates whether individuals really do make a difference between different trustee categories and to what extent these judgments can be summarized into higherorder latent trust constructs. The third debate is concerned with causes of differences in trust across humans. Chapter 3 focuses on the role of laterlife experiences, more precisely victimization experiences and investigates their causal relationship with generalized social trust. Chapter 4 focuses on the impact of direct democratic institutions on the trust relationship between citizens and political authorities.

Elucidating the Functional Relationship Between Working Memory Capacity and Psychometric Intelligence: A Fixed-Links Modeling Approach for Experimental Repeated-Measures Designs

Numerous studies reported a strong link between working memory capacity (WMC) and fluid intelligence (Gf), although views differ in respect to how close these two constructs are related to each other. In the present study, we used a WMC task with five levels of task demands to assess the relationship between WMC and Gf by means of a new methodological approach referred to as fixed-links modeling. Fixed-links models belong to the family of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and are of particular interest for experimental, repeated-measures designs. With this technique, processes systematically varying across task conditions can be disentangled from processes unaffected by the experimental manipulation. Proceeding from the assumption that experimental manipulation in a WMC task leads to increasing demands on WMC, the processes systematically varying across task conditions can be assumed to be WMC-specific. Processes not varying across task conditions, on the other hand, are probably independent of WMC. Fixed-links models allow for representing these two kinds of processes by two independent latent variables. In contrast to traditional CFA where a common latent variable is derived from the different task conditions, fixed-links models facilitate a more precise or purified representation of the WMC-related processes of interest. By using fixed-links modeling to analyze data of 200 participants, we identified a non-experimental latent variable, representing processes that remained constant irrespective of the WMC task conditions, and an experimental latent variable which reflected processes that varied as a function of experimental manipulation. This latter variable represents the increasing demands on WMC and, hence, was considered a purified measure of WMC controlled for the constant processes. Fixed-links modeling showed that both the purified measure of WMC (β = .48) as well as the constant processes involved in the task (β = .45) were related to Gf. Taken together, these two latent variables explained the same portion of variance of Gf as a single latent variable obtained by traditional CFA (β = .65) indicating that traditional CFA causes an overestimation of the effective relationship between WMC and Gf. Thus, fixed-links modeling provides a feasible method for a more valid investigation of the functional relationship between specific constructs.

Motivational profiles of sport event volunteers.

Aim of the study Due to the valuable contribution made by volunteers to sporting events, a better understanding of volunteers’ motivation is imperative for event managers in order to develop effective volunteer re-cruitment and retention strategies. The adoption of working conditions and task domains to the mo-tives and needs of volunteers is one of the key challenges in volunteer management. Conversely, an ignorance of the motives and needs of volunteers could negatively affect their performance and attitude, which will have negative consequences for the execution of events (Strigas & Jackson, 2003). In general, the motives of volunteers are located on a continuum between selflessness (e.g. helping others), and self-interest (e.g. pursuing one’s own interests). Furthermore, it should take into account that volunteers may be motivated by more than one need or goal, and therefore, configure different bundles of motives, resulting in heterogeneous types of motives for voluntary engagement (Dolnicar & Randle, 2007). Despite the extensive number of studies on the motives of sport event volunteers, only few studies focus on the analysis of individual motive profiles concerning volun-teering. Accordingly, we will take a closer look at the following questions: To what extent do volun-teers at sporting events differ in the motives of their engagement, and how can the volunteers be ade-quately classified? Theoretical Background According to the functional approach, relevant subjective motives are related to the outcomes and consequences that volunteering is supposed to lead to and to produce. This means, individuals’ mo-tives determine which incentives are anticipated in return for volunteering (e.g. increase in social contacts), and are important for engaging in volunteering, e.g. the choice between different oppor-tunities for voluntary activity, or different tasks (Stukas et al., 2009). Additionally, inter-individual differences of motive structures as well as matching motives in the reflections of voluntary activities will be considered by using a person-oriented approach. In the person-oriented approach, it is not the specific variables that are made the entities of investigation, but rather persons with a certain combination of characteristic features (Bergmann et al., 2003). Person-orientation in the field of sports event volunteers, it is therefore essential to implement an orientation towards people as a unit of analysis. Accordingly, individual motive profiles become the object of investigation. The individ-ual motive profiles permit a glimpse of intra-individual differences in the evaluation of different motive areas, and thus represent the real subjective perspective. Hence, a person will compare the importance of individual motives for his behaviour primarily in relation to other motives (e.g. social contacts are more important to me than material incentives), and make fewer comparisons with the assessments of other people. Methodology, research design and data analysis The motives of sports event volunteers were analysed in the context of the European Athletics Championships 2014 in Zürich. After data cleaning, the study sample contained a total of 1,169 volunteers, surveyed by an online questionnaire. The VMS-ISA scale developed by Bang and Chel-ladurai (2009) was used and replicated successfully by a confirmatory factor analysis. Accordingly, all seven factors of the scale were included in the subsequent cluster analysis to determine typical motive profiles of volunteers. Before proceeding with the cluster analysis, an intra-individual stand-ardization procedure (according to Spiel, 1998) was applied to take advantage of the intra-individual relationships between the motives of the volunteers. Intra-individual standardization means that every value of each motive dimension was related to the average individual level of ex-pectations. In the final step, motive profiles were determined using a hierarchic cluster analysis based on Ward’s method with squared Euclidean distances. Results, discussion and implications The results reveal that motivational processes differ among sports event volunteers, and that volunteers sometimes combine contradictory bundles of motives. In our study, four different volunteer motive profiles were identified and described by their positive levels on the individual motive dimension: the community supporters, the material incentive seekers, the social networkers, and the career and personal growth pursuers. To describe the four identified motive profiles in more detail and to externally validate them, the clusters were analysed in relation to socio-economic, sport-related, and voluntary work characteristics. This motive-based typology of sports event volunteers can provide valuable guidance for event managers in order to create distinctive and designable working conditions and tasks at sporting events that should, in relation to a person-oriented approach, be tailored to a wide range of individ-ual prerequisites. Furthermore, specific recruitment procedures and appropriate communication measures can be defined in order to approach certain groups of potential volunteers more effectively. References Bang, H., & Chelladurai, P. (2009). Development and validation of the volunteer motivations scale for international sporting events (VMS-ISE). International Journal Sport Management and Market-ing, 6, 332-350. Bergmann, L. R., Magnusson, D., & El-Khouri, B. M. (2003). Studying individual development in an interindividual context. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Dolnicar, S., & Randle, M. (2007). What motivates which volunteers? Psychographic heterogeneity among volunteers in Australia. Voluntas, 18, 135-155. Spiel, C. (1998). Four methodological approaches to the study of stability and change in develop-ment. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 3, 8-22. Stukas, A. A., Worth, K. A., Clary, E. G., & Snyder, M. (2009). The matching of motivations to affordances in the volunteer environment: an index for assessing the impact of multiple matches on volunteer outcomes. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 38, 5-28.

Using the theory of planned behaviour to model antecedents of surgical checklist use: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND Compliance with surgical checklist use remains an obstacle in the context of checklist implementation programs. The theory of planned behaviour was applied to analyse attitudes, perceived behaviour control, and norms as psychological antecedents of individuals' intentions to use the checklist. METHODS A cross-sectional survey study with staff (N = 866) of 10 Swiss hospitals was conducted in German and French. Group mean differences between individuals with and without managerial function were computed. Structural equation modelling and confirmatory factor analysis was applied to investigate the structural relation between attitudes, perceived behaviour control, norms, and intentions. RESULTS Significant mean differences in favour of individuals with managerial function emerged for norms, perceived behavioural control, and intentions, but not for attitudes. Attitudes and perceived behavioural control had a significant direct effect on intentions whereas norms had not. CONCLUSIONS Individuals with managerial function exhibit stronger perceived behavioural control, stronger norms, and stronger intentions. This could be applied in facilitating checklist implementation. The structural model of the theory of planned behaviour remains stable across groups, indicating a valid model to describe antecedents of intentions in the context of surgical checklist implementation.

Acceptance as a coping reaction: Adaptive or not?

Acceptance as a coping reaction to unchangeable negative events has been discussed controversially. While some studies suggest it is adaptive, others report negative effects on mental health. We propose a distinction between two forms of acceptance reactions: active acceptance, which is associated with positive psychological outcomes, and resigning acceptance, which is associated with negative psychological outcomes. In this study, 534 individuals were surveyed with respect to several hypothetical situations. We tested the proposed acceptance model by confirmatory factor analysis, and examined the convergent and discriminant validity using personality and coping measures (Trier Personality Questionnaire, Bernese Bitterness Questionnaire, COPE). The results support the distinction between the two forms of acceptance reactions, and, in particular, that active acceptance is an adaptive reaction to unchangeable situations.

Motivational profiles of sporting event volunteers

This article presents an approach for segmenting sporting event volunteers according to differences in their motives. Empirical data were obtained from a sample of 1169 volunteers who registered for the 2014 European Athletics Championships in Zürich. They completed the ‘Volunteer Motivation Scale for International Sporting Events’ (VMS-ISE) questionaire. The validity of the VMS-ISE was replicated by confirmatory factor analysis and the data were cluster analysed to identify distinct motivation-based volunteer profiles. These segmented volunteers on the basis of mutually exclusive motivational characteristics. The external validity of the four motivation-based types (‘community supporters’, ‘material incentive seekers’, ‘social networkers’ and ‘career and personal growth orienteers’) was confirmed with socio-economic, sport-related and volunteer activity-related variables. It is concluded that motivation-based segmentation represents a useful way of gaining a clearer understanding of the patterns underlying the heterogeneity of sporting events volunteers.

Development of a questionnaire measuring Attitudes towards Psychological Online Interventions–the APOI

BACKGROUND: Only a minority of people suffering from depression receive adequate treatment. Psychological Online Interventions (POIs) could help bridge existing treatment gaps and augment the effectiveness of current treatments. Apart from effectiveness, user acceptance of POIs must be achieved if such interventions are to be broadly implemented in existing health-care. Valid measurement tools examining attitudes towards POIs are lacking. Therefore, we examined the dimensionality of attitudes towards POIs, developed a novel questionnaire, the Attitudes towards Psychological Online Interventions Questionnaire (APOI), and gathered data to examine its reliability. METHODS: We recruited a sample of 1004 adults with mild to moderate depressive symptoms from a range of sources. We constructed a set of 35 items based on literature review as well as expert and patient queries. The initial items were subjected to an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in a randomly selected subsample. A final set of 16 items was subjected to a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to cross-validate the factor structure in a separate subsample. RESULTS: The EFA revealed four dimensions: "Scepticism and Perception of Risks", "Confidence in Effectiveness", "Technologization Threat" and "Anonymity Benefits". The model fit in the CFA was excellent relating to all applied indices (χ(2)=105.816, p=.651; SRMR=.042; RMSEA=.013; CFI=.994) and the APOI total scale showed acceptable to good internal consistency. CONCLUSIONS: Further research with the APOI might facilitate the development and dissemination of POIs and, ultimately, help improve the quality of care for people experiencing depressive symptoms.

Adolescent tobacco use: Studies of prevalence, factorial validity, and factorial invariance between African Americans and Whites

In the last thirty years, increasing efforts have been made to reduce the prevalence of adolescent tobacco use in the United States. Although the prevalence has declined dramatically over the past decade, there are still sharp differences in adolescent smoking-initiation rates across racial/ethnic groups. Large-scale surveys frequently assess smoking-related attitudes, self-efficacy, and intentions to explain the differences in smoking rates between African Americans and Whites. However, there is little agreement about which constructs are significant. Moreover, the psychometric properties of smoking-related attitude, self-efficacy, and intention constructs have not been fully examined. More studies are needed to understand existing patterns of tobacco use and to validate and fully exploit the constructs' relationship to adolescent smoking initiation across racial/ethnic groups. ^ This dissertation reports on a secondary analysis of data from a large multi-ethnic convenience sample of sixth- through eighth-grade students in 22 schools in East Texas and the city of Houston. The specific aims of this dissertation were to (1) describe smoking and alternate tobacco product use rates by race/ethnicity, gender, age, and grade level (Article 1); (2) test the factorial validity of smoking-related attitudes, self-efficacy, and intentions using confirmatory factor analysis techniques (Article 2); and (3) test the factorial invariance of smoking-related attitudes, self-efficacy, and intentions between African Americans and Whites (Article 3). ^ The prevalence findings confirm the disparities in tobacco use among African American, Hispanic, and White adolescents that other surveys have reported (Article 1). This study also demonstrates the usefulness of examining use patterns of not only cigarettes but also alternative tobacco products in younger multiethnic populations, as well as of providing epidemiological data estimates about different phases of smoking. The confirmatory factor analysis provides evidence of construct validity of attitude, self-efficacy, and intention scales for the multiethnic sample (Article 2). Finally, the factorial invariance analyses indicates that some measures representing smoking-related attitudes, self-efficacy, and intentions may not be appropriate for use among both African Americans and Whites (Article 3). Additional research is needed to further our understanding of the patterns and predictors of youth tobacco use initiation. ^

Development and preliminary validation of the cancer family impact scale for colorectal cancer

This study aimed to develop and validate The Cancer Family Impact Scale (CFIS), an instrument for use in studies investigating relationships among family factors and colorectal cancer (CRC) screening when family history is a risk factor. We used existing data to develop the measure from 1,285 participants (637 families) across the United States who were in the Johns Hopkins Colon Cancer Genetic Testing study. Participants were 94% white with an average age of 50.1 years, and 60% were women. None had a personal CRC history, and eighty percent had 1 FDR with CRC and 20% had more than one FDR with CRC. The study had three aims: (1) to identify the latent factors underlying the CFIS via exploratory factor analysis (EFA); (2) to confirm the findings of the EFA via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA); and (3) to assess the reliability of the scale via Cronbach's alpha. Exploratory analyses were performed on a split half of the sample, and the final model was confirmed on the other half. The EFA suggested the CFIS was an 18-item measure with 5 latent constructs: (1) NEGATIVE: negative effects of cancer on the family; (2) POSITIVE: positive effects of cancer on the family; (3) COMMUNICATE: how families communicate about cancer; (4) FLOW: how information about cancer is conveyed in families; and (5) NORM: how individuals react to family norms about cancer. CFA on the holdout sample showed the CFIS to have a reasonably good fit (Chi-square = 389.977, df = 122, RMSEA= 0.058 (.052-.065), CFI=.902, TLI=.877, GF1=.939). The overall reliability of the scale was α=0.65. The reliability of the subscales was: (1) NEGATIVE α = 0.682; (2) POSITIVE α = 0.686; (3) COMMUNICATE α = 0.723; (4) FLOW α = 0.467; and (5) NORM α = 0.732. ^ We concluded the CFIS to be a good measure with most fit levels over 0.90. The CFIS could be used to compare theoretically driven hypotheses about the pathways through which family factors could influence health behavior among unaffected individuals at risk due to family history, and also aid in the development and evaluation of cancer prevention interventions including a family component. ^

Translation and cultural adaptation of the Stigma-Devaluation scale for use among family caregivers of mentally ill relatives in Jordan

Background/significance. Mental illness stigma is a matter of great concern to family caregivers. Few research studies have been conducted in the Arab World on family caregivers' perception of stigma associated with caring for a mentally ill relative. Review of the literature on measurement of the concept of stigma related to caring for a mentally ill relative yielded no instrument appropriate for use in a Jordanian sample. Reliable and valid instruments to measure stigma perception among family caregivers are needed for research and practice, particularly in Arabic speaking populations. ^ Purpose. The purposes of this study were: (1) translate the Stigma-Devaluation scale (SDS) into Arabic, modifying it to accurately reflect the cultural parameters specific to Jordan, and (2) test the reliability, the content and construct validity of the Arabic version of the SDS for use among a sample of family members of mentally ill relatives in Jordan. ^ Design. Methodologic, cross-sectional. ^ Methods. The SDS was translated into Arabic language, modified and culturally adapted to the Jordanian culture by a translation model which incorporates a cultural adaptation process. The Arabic SDS was evaluated in a sample of 164 family caregivers in the outpatient mental health clinic in Irbid-Jordan. Cronbach's alpha estimation of internal consistency was used to assess the reliability of the SDS. Construct validity was determined by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Measurements of content validity and reading level of the Arabic SDS were included. ^ Findings. Content Validity Index was determined to be 1.0. Reading level of the Arabic SDS was considered at a 6th grade or lower Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the modified Arabic SDS total scale was .87. Initial results of CFA did not fully support the proposed factor structures of the SDS or its subscales. After modifications, the indices indicated that the modified model of each subscale had satisfactory fit. ^ Conclusion. This study provided psychometric evidence that the modified Arabic SDS translated and culturally adapted instrument, is valid and conceptually consistent with the content of the original English SDS in measuring stigma perception among families of mentally ill relatives in Jordan. ^

Parental influence on adolescent smoking initiation among Mexican origin youth

Smoking is often initiated in adolescence through trying or experimenting with cigarettes. Smoking initiation is the beginning critical stage in the smoking trajectory often resulting in addiction. This dissertation examined the effect of parenting variables on smoking initiation behavior among 11–14 year old Mexican origin adolescents, a largely understudied group. The participants in this study were part of a population-based cohort of Mexican origin adolescents residing in Houston, Texas. ^ Aim 1 of this study assessed the appropriateness of the Family Life Questionnaire (FLQ) among Mexican origin adolescents. Second order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was performed to examine the factor structure of the FLQ and measurement invariance testing was conducted to evaluate the cross-cultural validity of this scale. Aim 2 analyzed cross-sectional associations between parenting variables and adolescent ever tried smoking behavior while aim 3 focused on prospective examination of changes in parenting variables from baseline to final follow-up on ever tried smoking behavior among never smokers. ^ Overall, the results of the CFA indicated that the original factor structure of the FLQ, with alterations, was a good fit for the Mexican origin adolescents. The measurement invariance analysis of the modified FLQ scale indicated adequate measurement invariance. The aim 2 cross-sectional analyses indicated that family cohesion was significantly associated with lower odds of ever tried smoking. Authoritarian parenting was significantly associated with smoking initiation only at the baseline while family conflict was significantly associated with smoking initiation only at the two-year final home visit. The findings from the aim 3 prospective analysis indicated that changes in levels of family cohesion and conflict are important predictors of smoking initiation among those who have never tried smoking. Specifically, perceiving low levels of family cohesion and a decrease in the family cohesion over two years, as well as perceiving high levels of family conflict and an increase in conflict over two years was associated with smoking initiation among never smokers. ^ In general, the findings of this study provide important insights on the links between parenting and adolescent smoking and assist in designing prevention and intervention programs that emphasize the role of family bonding to prevent adolescent smoking behavior. Family education programs for Mexican culture could also highlight the positive effects of authoritarian practices and good family communication to prevent family conflict and subsequent smoking behavior.^

Behavioral decision making and the levels of change: An application of the transtheoretical model to prenatal smoking in low -income women

Despite continued research and public health efforts to reduce smoking during pregnancy, prenatal cessation rates in the United States have decreased and the incidence of low birth weight has increased from 1985 to 1991. Lower socioeconomic status women who are at increased risk for poor pregnancy outcomes may be resistant to current intervention efforts during pregnancy. The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate the determinants of continued smoking and quitting among low-income pregnant women.^ Using data from cross-sectional surveys of 323 low-income pregnant smokers, the first study developed and tested measures of the pros and cons of smoking during pregnancy. The original decisional balance measure for smoking was compared with a new measure that added items thought to be more salient to the target population. Confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation modeling showed neither the original nor new measure fit the data adequately. Using behavioral science theory, content from interviews with the population, and statistical evidence, two 7-item scales representing the pros and cons were developed from a portion (n = 215) of the sample and successfully cross-validated on the remainder of the sample (n = 108). Logistic regression found only pros were significantly associated with continued smoking. In a discriminant function analysis, stage of change was significantly associated with pros and cons of smoking.^ The second study examined the structural relationships between psychosocial constructs representing some of the levels of and the pros and cons of smoking. The cross-sectional design mandates that statements made regarding prediction do not prove causation or directionality from the data or methods analysis. Structural equation modeling found the following: more stressors and family criticism were significantly more predictive of negative affect than social support; a bi-directional relationship was found between negative affect and current nicotine addiction; and negative affect, addiction, stressors, and family criticism were significant predictors of pros of smoking.^ The findings imply reversing the trend of decreasing smoking cessation during pregnancy may require supplementing current interventions for this population of pregnant smokers with programs addressing nicotine addiction, negative affect, and other psychosocial factors such as family functioning and stressors. ^

Modelo multifactorial para optimización de la productividad en el proceso de generación de energía eléctrica : aplicación al caso de las centrales hidroeléctricas venezolanas

Las organizaciones son sistemas o unidades sociales, compuestas por personas que interactúan entre sí, para lograr objetivos comunes. Uno de sus objetivos es la productividad. La productividad es un constructo multidimensional en la que influyen aspectos tecnológicos, económicos, organizacionales y humanos. Diversos estudios apoyan la influencia de la motivación de las personas, de las habilidades y destrezas de los individuos, de su talento para desempeñar el trabajo, así como también del ambiente de trabajo presente en la organización, en la productividad. Por esta razón, el objetivo general de la investigación, es analizar la influencia entre los factores humanos y la productividad. Se hará énfasis en la persona como factor productivo clave, para responder a las interrogantes de la investigación, referidas a cuáles son las variables humanas que inciden en la productividad, a la posibilidad de plantear un modelo de productividad que considere el impacto del factor humano y la posibilidad de encontrar un método para la medición de la productividad que contemple la percepción del factor humano. Para resolver estas interrogantes, en esta investigación se busca establecer las relaciones entre las variables humanas y la productividad, vistas desde la perspectiva de tres unidades de análisis diferentes: individuo, grupo y organización, para la formulación de un modelo de productividad humana y el diseño de un instrumento para su medida. Una de las principales fuente de investigación para la elección de las variables humanas, la formulación del modelo, y el método de medición de la productividad, fue la revisión de la literatura disponible sobre la productividad y el factor humano en las organizaciones, lo que facilitó el trazado del marco teórico y conceptual. Otra de las fuentes para la selección fue la opinión de expertos y de especialistas directamente involucrados en el sector eléctrico venezolano, lo cual facilitó la obtención de un modelo, cuyas variables reflejasen la realidad del ámbito en estudio. Para aportar una interpretación explicativa del fenómeno, se planteó el modelo de los Factores Humanos vs Productividad (MFHP), el cual se analizó desde la perspectiva del análisis causal y fue conformado por tres variables latentes exógenas denominadas: factores individuales, factores grupales y factores organizacionales, que estaban relacionadas con una variable latente endógena denominada productividad. El MFHP se formuló mediante la metodología de los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales (SEM). Las relaciones inicialmente propuestas entre las variables latentes fueron corroboradas por los ajustes globales del modelo, se constataron las relaciones entre las variables latentes planteadas y sus indicadores asociados, lo que facilitó el enunciado de 26 hipótesis, de las cuales se comprobaron 24. El modelo fue validado mediante la estrategia de modelos rivales, utilizada para comparar varios modelos SEM, y seleccionar el de mejor ajuste, con sustento teórico. La aceptación del modelo se realizó mediante la evaluación conjunta de los índices de bondad de ajuste globales. Asimismo, para la elaboración del instrumento de medida de la productividad (IMPH), se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio previo a la aplicación del análisis factorial confirmatorio, aplicando SEM. La revisión de los conceptos de productividad, la incidencia del factor humano, y sus métodos de medición, condujeron al planteamiento de métodos subjetivos que incorporaron la percepción de los principales actores del proceso productivo, tanto para la selección de las variables, como para la formulación de un modelo de productividad y el diseño de un instrumento de medición de la productividad. La contribución metodológica de este trabajo de investigación, ha sido el empleo de los SEM para relacionar variables que tienen que ver con el comportamiento humano en la organización y la productividad, lo cual abre nuevas posibilidades a la investigación en este ámbito. Organizations are social systems or units composed of people who interact with each other to achieve common goals. One objective is productivity, which is a multidimensional construct influenced by technological, economic, organizational and human aspects. Several studies support the influence on productivity of personal motivation, of the skills and abilities of individuals, of their talent for the job, as well as of the work environment present in the organization. Therefore, the overall objective of this research is to analyze the influence between human factors and productivity. The emphasis is on the individual as a productive factor which is key in order to answer the research questions concerning the human variables that affect productivity and to address the ability to propose a productivity model that considers the impact of the human factor and the possibility of finding a method for the measurement of productivity that includes the perception of the human factor. To consider these questions, this research seeks to establish the relationships between human and productivity variables, as seen from the perspective of three different units of analysis: the individual, the group and the organization, in order to formulate a model of human productivity and to design an instrument for its measurement. A major source of research for choosing the human variables, model formulation, and method of measuring productivity, was the review of the available literature on productivity and the human factor in organizations which facilitated the design of the theoretical and conceptual framework. Another source for the selection was the opinion of experts and specialists directly involved in the Venezuelan electricity sector which facilitated obtaining a model whose variables reflect the reality of the area under study. To provide an interpretation explaining the phenomenon, the model of the Human Factors vs. Productivity Model (HFPM) was proposed. This model has been analyzed from the perspective of causal analysis and was composed of three latent exogenous variables denominated: individual, group and organizational factors which are related to a latent variable denominated endogenous productivity. The HFPM was formulated using the methodology of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The initially proposed relationships between latent variables were confirmed by the global fits of the model, the relationships between the latent variables and their associated indicators enable the statement of 26 hypotheses, of which 24 were confirmed. The model was validated using the strategy of rival models, used for comparing various SEM models and to select the one that provides the best fit, with theoretical support. The acceptance of the model was performed through the joint evaluation of the adequacy of global fit indices. Additionally, for the development of an instrument to measure productivity, an exploratory factor analysis was performed prior to the application of a confirmatory factor analysis, using SEM. The review of the concepts of productivity, the impact of the human factor, and the measurement methods led to a subjective methods approach that incorporated the perception of the main actors of the production process, both for the selection of variables and for the formulation of a productivity model and the design of an instrument to measure productivity. The methodological contribution of this research has been the use of SEM to relate variables that have to do with human behavior in the organization and with productivity, opening new possibilities for research in this area.

Desarrollo de un modelo integral de evaluación para instituciones de educación superior y análisis de su impacto en la planificación y gestión institucional

El propósito de esta tesis doctoral es el desarrollo de un modelo integral de evaluación de la gestión para instituciones de educación superior (IES), fundamentado en valorar la gestión de diferentes subsistemas que la integran, así como estudiar el impacto en la planificación y gestión institucional. Este Modelo de Evaluación Institucional fue denominado Modelo Integral de Evaluación de Gestión de las IES (MIEGIES), que incorpora la gestión de la complejidad, los aspectos gerenciales, el compromiso o responsabilidad social, los recursos, además de los procesos propios universitarios con una visión integral de la gestión. Las bases conceptuales se establecen por una revisión del contexto mundial de la educación superior, pasando por un análisis sobre evaluación y calidad en entornos universitarios. La siguiente reflexión conceptual versó sobre la gestión de la complejidad, de la gestión gerencial, de la gestión de responsabilidad social universitaria, de la gestión de los recursos y de la gestión de los procesos, seguida por un aporte sobre modelaje y modelos. Para finalizar, se presenta un resumen teórico sobre el alcance de la aplicación de ecuaciones estructurales para la validación de modelos. El desarrollo del modelo conceptual, dimensiones e indicadores, fue efectuado aplicando los principios de la metodología de sistemas suaves –SSM. Para ello, se identifica la definición raíz (DR), la razón sistémica de ser del modelo, para posteriormente desarrollar sus componentes y principios conceptuales. El modelo quedó integrado por cinco subsistemas, denominados: de la Complejidad, de la Responsabilidad Social Universitaria, Gerencial, de Procesos y de Recursos. Los subsistemas se consideran como dimensiones e indicadores para el análisis y son los agentes críticos para el funcionamiento de una IES. Los aspectos referidos a lo Epistemetodológico, comenzó por identificar el enfoque epistemológico que sustenta el abordaje metodológico escogido. A continuación se identifican los elementos clásicos que se siguieron para llevar a cabo la investigación: Alcance o profundidad, población y muestra, instrumentos de recolección de información y su validación, para finalizar con la explicación procedimental para validar el modelo MIEGIES. La población considerada para el estudio empírico de validación fueron 585 personas distribuidas entre alumnos, docentes, personal administrativo y directivos de una Universidad Pública Venezolana. La muestra calculada fue de 238 individuos, número considerado representativo de la población. La aplicación de los instrumentos diseñados y validados permitió la obtención de un conjunto de datos, a partir de los cuales se validó el modelo MIEGIES. La validación del Modelo MIGEIES parte de sugerencias conceptuales para el análisis de los datos. Para ello se identificaron las variables relevantes, que pueden ser constructos o conceptos, las variables latentes que no pueden ser medidas directamente, sino que requiere seleccionar los indicadores que mejor las representan. Se aplicó la estrategia de modelación confirmatoria de los Modelos de Ecuaciones Estructurales (SEM). Para ello se parte de un análisis descriptivo de los datos, estimando la fiabilidad. A continuación se aplica un análisis factorial exploratorio y un análisis factorial confirmatorio. Para el análisis de la significancia del modelo global y el impacto en la planificación y gestión, se consideran el análisis de coeficientes de regresión y la tabla de ANOVA asociada, la cual de manera global especifica que el modelo planteado permite explicar la relación entre las variables definidas para la evaluación de la gestión de las IES. Así mismo, se encontró que este resultado de manera global explica que en la evaluación institucional tiene mucha importancia la gestión de la calidad y las finanzas. Es de especial importancia destacar el papel que desarrolla la planificación estratégica como herramienta de gestión que permite apoyar la toma de decisiones de las organizaciones en torno al quehacer actual y al camino que deben recorrer en el futuro para adecuarse a los cambios y a las demandas que les impone el entorno. El contraste estadístico de los dos modelos ajustados, el teórico y el empírico, permitió a través de técnicas estadísticas multivariables, demostrar de manera satisfactoria, la validez y aplicación del modelo propuesto en las IES. Los resultados obtenidos permiten afirmar que se pueden estimar de manera significativa los constructos que definen la evaluación de las instituciones de educación superior mediante el modelo elaborado. En el capítulo correspondiente a Conclusiones, se presenta en una de las primeras instancias, la relación conceptual propuesta entre los procesos de evaluación de la gestión institucional y de los cinco subsistemas que la integran. Posteriormente se encuentra que los modelos de ecuaciones estructurales con base en la estrategia de modelación confirmatoria es una herramienta estadística adecuada en la validación del modelo teórico, que fue el procedimiento propuesto en el marco de la investigación. En cuanto al análisis del impacto del Modelo en la Planificación y la Gestión, se concluye que ésta es una herramienta útil para cerrar el círculo de evaluación institucional. La planificación y la evaluación institucional son procesos inherentes a la filosofía de gestión. Es por ello que se recomienda su práctica como de necesario cumplimiento en todas las instancias funcionales y operativas de las Instituciones de Educación Superior. ABSTRACT The purpose of this dissertation is the development of a comprehensive model of management evaluation for higher education institutions (HEIs), based on evaluating the management of different subsystems and study the impact on planning and institutional management. This model was named Institutional Assessment Comprehensive Evaluation Model for the Management of HEI (in Spanish, MIEGIES). The model incorporates the management of complexity, management issues, commitment and social responsibility and resources in addition to the university's own processes with a comprehensive view of management. The conceptual bases are established by a review of the global context of higher education, through analysis and quality assessment in university environments. The following conceptual discussions covered the management of complexity, management practice, management of university social responsibility, resources and processes, followed by a contribution of modeling and models. Finally, a theoretical overview of the scope of application of structural equation model (SEM) validation is presented. The development of the conceptual model, dimensions and indicators was carried out applying the principles of soft systems methodology (SSM). For this, the root definition (RD), the systemic rationale of the model, to further develop their components and conceptual principles are identified. The model was composed of five subsystems, called: Complexity, University Social Responsibility, Management, Process and Resources. The subsystems are considered as dimensions and measures for analysis and are critical agents for the functioning of HEIs. In matters relating to epistemology and methodology we began to identify the approach that underpins the research: Scope, population and sample and data collection instruments. The classic elements that were followed to conduct research are identified. It ends with the procedural explanation to validate the MIEGIES model. The population considered for the empirical validation study was composed of 585 people distributed among students, faculty, staff and authorities of a public Venezuelan university. The calculated sample was 238 individuals, number considered representative of the population. The application of designed and validated instruments allowed obtaining a data set, from which the MIEGIES model was validated. The MIGEIES Model validation is initiated by the theoretical analysis of concepts. For this purpose the relevant variables that can be concepts or constructs were identified. The latent variables cannot be measured directly, but require selecting indicators that best represent them. Confirmatory modeling strategy of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was applied. To do this, we start from a descriptive analysis of the data, estimating reliability. An exploratory factor analysis and a confirmatory factor analysis were applied. To analyze the significance of the overall models the analysis of regression coefficients and the associated ANOVA table are considered. This comprehensively specifies that the proposed model can explain the relationship between the variables defined for evaluating the management of HEIs. It was also found that this result comprehensively explains that for institutional evaluation quality management and finance are very important. It is especially relevant to emphasize the role developed by strategic planning as a management tool that supports the decision making of organizations around their usual activities and the way they should evolve in the future in order to adapt to changes and demands imposed by the environment. The statistical test of the two fitted models, the theoretical and the empirical, enabled through multivariate statistical techniques to demonstrate satisfactorily the validity and application of the proposed model for HEIs. The results confirm that the constructs that define the evaluation of HEIs in the developed model can be estimated. In the Conclusions section the conceptual relationship between the processes of management evaluation and the five subsystems that comprise it are shown. Subsequently, it is indicated that structural equation models based on confirmatory modeling strategy is a suitable statistical tool in validating the theoretical model, which was proposed in the framework of the research procedure. The impact of the model in Planning and Management indicates that this is a useful tool to complete the institutional assessment. Planning and institutional assessment processes are inherent in management philosophy. That is why its practice is recommended as necessary compliance in all functional and operational units of HEIs.