Gene therapy for long-term expression of erythropoietin in rats.

The injection of recombinant erythropoietin (Epo) is now widely used for long-term treatment of anemia associated with chronic renal failure, cancer, and human immunodeficiency virus infections. The ability to deliver this hormone by gene therapy rather than by repeated injections could provide substantial clinical and economic benefits. As a preliminary approach, we investigated in rats the expression and biological effects of transplanting autologous vascular smooth muscle cells transduced with a retroviral vector encoding rat Epo cDNA. Vector-derived Epo secretion caused increases in reticulocytes, with peak levels of 7.8-9.6% around day 10 after implantation. The initial elevation in reticulocytes was followed by clinically significant increases in hematocrit and hemoglobin for up to 11 weeks. Ten control and treated animals showed mean hematocrits of 44.9 +/- 0.4% and 58.7 +/- 3.1%, respectively (P < 0.001), and hemoglobin values of 15.6 +/- 0.1 g/dl and 19.8 +/- 0.9 g/dl, respectively (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences between control and treated animals in the number of white blood cells and platelets. Kidney and to a lesser extent liver are specific organs that synthesize Epo in response to tissue oxygenation. In the treated animals, endogenous Epo mRNA was largely down regulated in kidney and absent from liver. These results indicate that vascular smooth muscle cells can be genetically modified to provide treatment of anemias due to Epo deficiency and suggest that this cell type may be targeted in the treatment of other diseases requiring systemic therapeutic protein delivery.

Ultrassonografia vascular comparada à intravascular no diagnóstico das obstruções venosas ilíacas em portadores de insuficiência venosa crônica

Introdução: O tratamento da Insuficiência Venosa Crônica (IVC) é baseado na correção dos refluxos e obstruções ao fluxo sanguíneo venoso. A detecção, a gravidade e o tratamento dessas obstruções venosas, responsáveis pelos sinais e sintomas da IVC, têm sido recentemente estudados e melhor compreendidos. Estes estudos não definem qual o grau de obstrução significativa nem os critérios ultrassonográficos para sua detecção. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar critérios ultrassonográficos para o diagnóstico das obstruções venosas ilíacas, avaliando a concordância deste método com o ultrassom intravascular (UI) em pacientes portadores de IVC avançada. Métodos: Foram avaliados 15 pacientes (30 membros; 49,4 ± 10,7 anos; 1 homem) com IVC inicial (Classificação Clínica-Etiológica-Anatômica-Physiopatológica - CEAP C1-2) no grupo I (GI) e 51 pacientes (102 membros; 50,53 ± 14,5 anos; 6 homens) com IVC avançada (CEAP C3-6) no grupo II (GII) pareados por sexo, idade e etnia. Todos pacientes foram submetidos à entrevista clínica e à ultrassonografia vascular com Doppler (UV-D), sendo obtidas as medidas de fasicidade de fluxo, os índices de fluxo e velocidades venosas femorais, e as relações de velocidade e de diâmetro da obstrução ilíaca. Foi analisado o escore de refluxo multisegmentar. Os indivíduos do GI foram avaliados por 3 examinadores independentes. Os pacientes do GII foram submetidos ao UI, sendo obtidos a área dos segmentos venosos comprometidos e comparados com os resultados obtidos pelo UV-D, agrupados em 3 categorias: obstruções < 50%; obstruções entre 50-79% e obstruções >= 80%. Resultados: A classe de severidade clinica CEAP predominante no GI foi C1 em 24/30 (80%) membros, e C3 em 54/102 (52,9%) membros no GII. O refluxo foi severo (escore de refluxo multisegmentar >= 3) em 3/30 (10%) membros no grupo I, e em 45/102 (44,1%) membros no grupo II (p<0,001). Houve uma concordância moderadamente elevada entre o UV-D e o UI, quando agrupadas em 3 categorias (K=0,598; p<0,001), e uma concordância elevada quando agrupadas em 2 categorias (obstruções <50% e >= 50%) (K= 0,784; p<0,001). Os melhores pontos de corte e sua correlação com o UI foram: índice de velocidade (0,9; r=-0,634; p<0,001); índice de fluxo (0,7; r=-0,623; p<0,001); relação de obstrução (0,5; r=0,750; p<0,001); relação de velocidade (2,5; r= 0,790; p<0,001); A ausência de fasicidade de fluxo esteve presente em 88,2% dos pacientes com obstrução >=80% ao UV-D. Foi construído um algoritmo ultrassonográfico vascular, utilizando as medidas e os pontos de corte descritos obtendo-se uma acurácia de 79,6% para 3 categorias (K=0,655; p<0,001) e de 86,7% para 2 categorias (k=0,730; p<0,001). Conclusões: O UV-D apresentou uma concordância elevada com o UI na detecção de obstruções >= 50%. A relação de velocidade na obstrução >= 2,5 é o melhor critério para detecção de obstruções venosas significativas em veias ilíacas.

Emerging roles of urotensin-II in cardiovascular disease

Urotensin-II (UII) is a highly potent endogenous peptide within the cardiovascular system. Through stimulation of Galphaq-coupled UT receptors, UII mediates contraction of vascular smooth muscle and endothelial-dependent vasorelaxation, and positive inotropy in human right atrium and ventricle. A pathogenic role of the UT receptor system is emerging in cardiovascular disease states, with evidence for upregulation of the UT receptor system in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF), pulmonary hypertension, cirrhosis and portal hypertension, and chronic renal failure. In vitro and in vivo studies show that under pathophysiological conditions, UII might contribute to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, extracellular matrix production, enhanced vasoconstriction, vascular smooth muscle cell hyperplasia, and endothelial cell hyper-permeability. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the UII gene may also impart a genetic predisposition of patients to diabetes. Therefore, the UT receptor system is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of cardiac, pulmonary, and renal diseases. UT receptor antagonists are currently being developed to prevent and/or reverse the effects of over-activated UT receptors by the endogenous ligand. This review describes UII peptide and converting enzymes, and UT receptors in the cardiovascular system, focusing on pathophysiological roles of UII in the heart and blood vessels. (C) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved,

História oral de vida de pessoas com úlcera venosa nos serviços de atenção primária à saúde

The Chronic Venous insufficiency is characterized as a set of physical changes including how most serious complication of venous ulcers, characterized by irregular and progressive loss of continuity of the skin. The occurrence of venous ulcers in people with chronic venous insufficiency generates dependence on them with health services, with long-term treatments that cause limitations and high-impact changes, affecting their quality of life, affecting the physical, psychological, social, cultural and spiritual as an important public health problem. This study aimed to describe the experience of having a venous ulcer, in the scenario of primary health care services to Health, which includes Primary Care Units and Family Health Strategy in the city of Natal / RN, based on the life histories of users. This is a qualitative study, exploratory and descriptive, with the Oral History of Life as a methodological framework. From the ponto zero was the recruitment of participants who formed the network, totaling six employees, of both sexes and aged between 57 and 79 years. After approval by the Research Ethics Committee - UFRN under the Protocol 653 788/2014 and CAAE 30408014.0.0000.5537 was held data collection, between the months of July and August, through interviews, using identification and characterization of the instrument employees and open questions. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, transcriadas and returned to employees for a conference. The narratives were subjected to Content thematic analysis technique, according to Bardin, allowing the construction of three themes that encompass categories, namely: Axis I - Perspectives on the changes: the impact wound in social relations (changes with ulcer venous, venous ulcer and social and family relationships); Axis II - Brands in body and soul: the story of being hurt (conceptions of the body injured; therapeutic itinerary in primary care services); and Axis III - Reconstruction of being hurt: coping mechanisms (redefinition of the wounded body, resilience to chronic wound). The impact of having a chronic venous ulcer generates impact of physical, psychological and social order. As aspects related to changes after the appearance of venous ulcers, survey participants reported the presence of pain, physical limitations, psychological distress, social and emotional isolation, incapacity, aesthetic discomfort and dependency on health services; the family was the aspect thatshowed no significant change after the occurrence of wound for most participants, an ally in the therapeutic process as a support network. The redefinition of the body and the wound are the main coping mechanism of chronic condition. The services in the Primary Care Network play a fundamental role in the rehabilitation of patients with venous ulcers, although there are difficulties in accessing appropriate treatment and need for expanded services, with permanent professional training of health teams and providing the resources managers to strengthen the comprehensive care of people with venous ulcers in Health Primary Care.

Peripheral Artery Disease Patients May Benefit More from Aggressive Secondary Prevention than Aneurysm Patients to Improve Survival

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although it has become clear that aneurysmal and occlusive arterial disease represent two distinct etiologic entities, it is still unknown whether the two vascular pathologies are prognostically different. We aim to assess the long-term vital prognosis of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysmal disease (AAA) or peripheral artery disease (PAD), focusing on possible differences in survival, prognostic risk profiles and causes of death. METHODS: Patients undergoing elective surgery for isolated AAA or PAD between 2003 and 2011 were retrospectively included. Differences in postoperative survival were determined using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis. Prognostic risk profiles were also established with Cox regression analysis. RESULTS: 429 and 338 patients were included in the AAA and PAD groups, respectively. AAA patients were older (71.7 vs. 63.3 years, p < 0.001), yet overall survival following surgery did not differ (HR: 1.16, 95% CI: 0.87-1.54). Neither was type of vascular disease associated with postoperative cardiovascular nor cancer-related death. However, in comparison with age- and gender-matched general populations, cardiovascular mortality was higher in PAD than AAA patients (48.3% vs. 17.3%). Survival of AAA and PAD patients was negatively affected by age, history of cancer and renal insufficiency. Additional determinants in the PAD group were diabetes and ischemic heart disease. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term survival after surgery for PAD and AAA is similar. However, overall life expectancy is significantly worse among PAD patients. The contribution of cardiovascular disease towards mortality in PAD patients warrants more aggressive secondary prevention to reduce cardiovascular mortality and improve longevity.

Queijo minas padrão com reduzido teor de sódio: composição e caracterização sensorial

Sodium is an essential nutrient with important functions in the organism, however, its ingestion in excess may cause various health problems such as arterial hypertension, brain diseases, heart failure and chronic renal failure. In this context, the present study proposes to prepare Minas Padrão cheese with different contents of sodium with the objective of evaluating the effect of the addition of potassium chloride in sensory characteristics and hysicochemical properties, as well as in the proximal composition and in microbiological quality. The cheeses were elaborate in concentrations of 100% of NaCl (C), 80% of NaCl + 20% of KCl (T1), 60% of NaCl + 40% of KCl (T2), 40% of NaCl + 60% of KCl (T3) and 20% of NaCl + 80% of KCl (T4) and stored for 20 days at 10 ºC. The proximal composition and physicochemical was based on the determination of moisture content, fat, protein, ash, chloride, sodium, potassium, titratable acidity and pH of all treatments after 20 days of storage. The microbiological quality of the samples was monitored through the count of Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., mold and yeast in the first and fifteenth day of storage. The sensorial characterization was performed by the technique of Free Profile choice. The results showed that the replacement of sodium chloride by potassium in the Minas Padrão cheese in concentration higher than 40% presented significantly higher moisture contents. Cheese with a reduction greater than 60% of sodium obtained significantly effect in the titratable acidity, presenting higher values compared to the other treatments. The cheese with 20% of salt replacement did not differ statistically in relation to the control. When the proportion of substituent was increased, a significant reduction of the sodium content of up to 73% was observed. As the sodium was replaced by potassium in cheese, the potassium content increased significantly, stablishing a reduction of 82% in relation to the control. There was no effect to sodium substitution by potassium in fat, protein, ash and chlorides, as well as the pH values. The microbiological results were in accordance with the current legislation, therefore suitable to be eaten. According to the Free Profile Choice technique it was observed that the control C cheese (100% of NaCl) showed results very close to the other treatments, differing only in flavor attributes. The replacement of sodium by potassium in proportions of 20% contributed to a bitter taste detected by the tasters. Whereas, the appearance, flavor and texture attributes showed no significant differences compared to the Minas Padrão cheese.

Why badly treat what you can well prevent?

Transplantation is one of the medical activities with more expectation of success. For patients with end stage renal disease, kidney transplantation provides a better quality of life compared with those on dialysis, even for those with advanced age or co-morbidities. Greater access to food since the Second World War, high exposure to chemical and toxic, associated with changes in lifestyles, increased diabetes, hypertension, obesity, cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure and transplantation demands. The dream of replacing damaged parts in the human body materialized with the transplants, but the hope in transplantation reached much higher levels than the actual results deserve. The transplant was used as flags of technical and scientific differentiation and success. Nonetheless transplantation was faced with shortage of organs and increased demand. The claim to the right to treatment quickly was confused and understood as the right to transplantation.

Studies of antihypertensive drug persistence and adherence in the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic

Hypertension (HTN) is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases including stroke, coronary heart disease (CHD), chronic renal failure, peripheral vascular disease, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and premature death. The prevalence of HTN in Scotland is very high and although a high proportion of the patients receive antihypertensive medications, blood pressure (BP) control is very low. Recommendations for starting a specific antihypertensive class have been debated between various guidelines over the years. Some guidelines and HTN studies have preferred to start with a combination of an antihypertensive class instead of using a single therapy, and they have found greater BP reductions with combination therapies than with monotherapy. However, it has been shown in several clinical trials that 20% to 35% of hypertensive patients could not achieve the target BP, even though they received more than three antihypertensive medications. Several factors were found to affect BP control. Adherence and persistence were considered as the factors contributing the most to uncontrolled hypertension. Other factors such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), alcohol intake, baseline systolic BP (SBP), and the communication between physicians and patients have been shown to be associated with uncontrolled BP and resistant hypertension. Persistence, adherence and compliance are interchangeable terms and have been used in the literature to describe a patient’s behaviour with their antihypertensive drugs and prescriptions. The methods used to determine persistence and adherence, as well as the inclusion and exclusion criteria, vary between persistence and adherence studies. The prevalence of persistence and adherence have varied between these studies, and were determined to be high in some studies and low in others. The initiation of a specific antihypertensive class has frequently been associated with an increase or decrease in adherence and persistence. The tolerability and efficacy of the initial antihypertensive class have been the most common methods of explaining this association. There are also many factors that suggest a relationship with adherence and persistence. Some factors in previous studies, such as age, were frequently associated with adherence and persistence. On the other hand, relationships with certain factors have varied between the studies. The associations of age, sex, alcohol use, smoking, baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP), the presence of comorbidities, an increase in the number of pills and the relationship between patients and physicians with adherence and persistence have been the most commonly investigated factors. Most studies have defined persistence in terms of a patient still taking medication after a period of time. A medication possession ratio (MPR) ≥ 80 has been used to define compliance. Either of these terminologies, or both, have been used to estimate adherence. In this study, I used the same definition for persistence to identify patients who have continued with their initial treatment, and used persistence and MPR to define patients who adhered to their initial treatment. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of persistence and adherence in Scotland. Also, factors that could have had an effect on persistence and adherence were studied. The number of antihypertensive drugs taken by patients during the study and factors that led to an increase in patients being on a combination therapy were also evaluated. The prevalence of resistance and BP control were determined by taking the BP after the last drug had been taken by persistent patients during five follow-up studies. The relationship of factors such as age, sex, BMI, alcohol use, smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and albumin levels with BP reductions for each antihypertensive class were determined. Information Services Division (ISD) data, which includes all antihypertensive drugs, were collected from pharmacies in Scotland and linked to the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic (GBPC) database. This database also includes demographic characteristics, BP readings and clinical results for all patients attending the GBPC. The case notes for patients who attended the GBPC were reviewed and all new antihypertensive drugs that were prescribed between visits, BP before and after taking drugs, and any changes in the hypertensive drugs were recorded. A total of 4,232 hypertensive patients were included in the first study. The first study showed that angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) and beta-blockers (BB) were the most prescribed antihypertensive classes between 2004 and 2013. Calcium channel blockers (CCB), thiazide diuretics and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) followed ACEI and BB as the most prescribed drugs during the same period. The prescription trend of the antihypertensive class has changed over the years with an increase in prescriptions for ACEI and ARB and a decrease in prescriptions for BB and diuretics. I observed a difference in antihypertensive class prescriptions by age, sex, SBP and BMI. For example, CCB, thiazide diuretics and alpha-blockers were more likely to be prescribed to older patients, while ACEI, ARB or BB were more commonly prescribed for younger patients. In a second study, 4,232 and 3,149 hypertensive patients were included to investigate the prevalence of persistence in the Scottish population in 1- and 5-year studies, respectively. The prevalence of persistence in the 1-year study was 72.9%, while it was only 62.8% in the 5-year study. Those patients taking ARB and ACEI showed high rates of persistence and those taking diuretics and alpha blockers had low rates of persistence. The association of persistence with clinical characteristics was also investigated. Younger patients were more likely to totally stop their treatment before restarting their treatment with other antihypertensive drugs. Furthermore, patients who had high SBP tended to be non-persistent. In a third study, 3,085 and 1,979 patients who persisted with their treatment were included. In the first part of the study, MPR was calculated, and patients with an MPR ≥ 80 were considered as adherent. Adherence rates were 29.9% and 23.4% in the 1- and 5-year studies, respectively. Patients who initiated the study with ACEI were more likely to adhere to their treatments. However, patients who initiated the study with thiazide diuretics were less likely to adhere to their treatments. Sex, age and BMI were different between the adherence and non-adherence groups. Age was an independent factor affecting adherence rates during both the 1- and 5-year studies with older patients being more likely to be adherent. In the second part of the study, pharmacy databases were checked with patients' case notes to compare antihypertensive drugs that were collected from the pharmacy with the antihypertensive prescription given during the patient’s clinical visit. While 78.6% of the antihypertensive drugs were collected between clinical visits, 21.4% were not collected. Patients who had more days to see the doctor in the subsequent visit were more likely to not collect their prescriptions. In a fourth study, 3,085 and 1,979 persistent patients were included to calculate the number of antihypertensive classes that were added to the initial drug during the 1-year and 5-year studies, respectively. Patients who continued with treatment as a monotherapy and who needed a combination therapy were investigated during the 1- and 5-year studies. In all, 55.8% used antihypertensive drugs as a monotherapy and 44.2% used them as a combination therapy during the 1-year study. While 28.2% of patients continued with treatment without the required additional therapy, 71.8% of the patients needed additional therapy. In all, 20.8% and 46.5% of patients required three different antihypertensive classes or more during the 1-year and 5-year studies, respectively. Patients who started with ACEI, ARB and BB were more likely to continue as monotherapy and less likely to need two more antihypertensive drugs compared with those who started with alpha-blockers, non-thiazide diuretics and CCB. Older ages, high BMI levels, high SBP and high alcohol intake were independent factors that led to an increase in the probability of patients taking combination therapies. In the first part of the final study, BPs were recorded after the last drug had been taken during the 5 year study. There were 815 persistent patients who were assigned for this purpose. Of these, 39% had taken one, two or three antihypertensive classes and had controlled BP (controlled hypertension [HTN]), 29% of them took one or two antihypertensive classes and had uncontrolled BP (uncontrolled HTN), and 32% of the patients took three antihypertensive classes or more and had uncontrolled BP (resistant HTN). The initiation of an antihypertensive drug and the factors affecting BP pressure were compared between the resistant and controlled HTN groups. Patients who initiated the study with ACEI were less likely to be resistant compared with those who started with alpha blockers and non-thiazide diuretics. Older patients, and high BMI tended to result in resistant HTN. In the second part of study, BP responses for patients who initiated the study with ACEI, ARB, BB, CCB and thiazide diuretics were compared. After adjusting for risk factors, patients who initiated the study with ACEI and ARB were more respondent than those who took CCB and thiazide diuretics. In the last part of this study, the association between BP reductions and factors affecting BP were tested for each antihypertensive drug. Older patients responded better to alpha blockers. Younger patients responded better to ACEI and ARB. An increase in BMI led to a decreased reduction in patients on ACEI and diuretics (thiazide and non-thiazide). An increase in albumin levels and a decrease in eGFR led to decreases in BP reductions in patients on thiazide diuretics. An increase in eGFR decreased the BP response with ACEI. In conclusion, although a high percentage of hypertensive patients in Scotland persisted with their initial drug prescription, low adherence rates were found with these patients. Approximately half of these patients required three different antihypertensive classes during the 5 years, and 32% of them had resistant HTN. Although this study was observational in nature, the large sample size in this study represented a real HTN population, and the large pharmacy data represented a real antihypertensive population, which were collected through the support of prescription data from the GBPC database. My findings suggest that ACEI, ARB and BB are less likely to require additional therapy. However, ACEI and ARB were better tolerated than BB in that they were more likely to be persistent than BB. In addition, users of ACEI, and ARB have good BP response and low resistant HTN. Linkage patients who participated in these studies with their morbidity and mortality will provide valuable information concerning the effect of adherence on morbidity and mortality and the potential benefits of using ACEI or ARB over other drugs.

Aluminum and bone: Review of new clinical circumstances associated with Al(3+) deposition in the calcified matrix of bone

International audience

La résistance à l’insuline en insuffisance rénale chronique et le risque de développer un diabète de type 2 : un cercle vicieux

L’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) est caractérisée par de multiples déséquilibres homéostatiques tels que la résistance à l’insuline. Peu d’études se sont intéressées aux mécanismes sous-jacents à cette résistance à l’insuline en IRC. De plus, il est méconnu si cette résistance à l’insuline peut mener au développement d’un diabète de type II chez des patients prédisposés. Dans un modèle d’IRC, le rat Sprague-Dawley (CD) néphrectomisé 5/6e, on observe une corrélation entre la gravité de l’atteinte rénale, évaluée par la créatinine sérique, et l’hyperglycémie, évaluée par la fructosamine sérique (R2 = 0.6982, p < 0.0001). Cependant, cet état hyperglycémique n’est pas observable lors d’une glycémie à jeun. Lors d’un test de tolérance au glucose, on observe une plus grande élévation de la glycémie (AUC 1.25 fois, p < 0.0001) chez le rat atteint d’IRC. Par contre, la sécrétion d’insuline au cours de ce même test n’augmente pas significativement (AUC ≈ 1.30 fois, N.S.) en comparaison aux rats témoins. Malgré une élévation des taux d’insuline en IRC suivant un bolus de glucose, les tissus périphériques ne montrent pas d’augmentation de la captation du glucose sanguin suggérant un défaut d’expression et/ou de fonction des transporteurs de glucose chez ces rats. En effet, on observe une diminution de ces transporteurs dans divers tissus impliqués dans le métabolisme du glucose tel que le foie (≈ 0.60 fois, p < 0.01) et le muscle (GLUT1 0.73 fois, p < 0.05; GLUT4 0.69 fois, p < 0.01). En conséquence, une diminution significative du transport insulinodépendant du glucose est observable dans le muscle des rats atteint d’IRC (≈ 0.63 fois, p < 0.0001). Puisque les muscles sont responsables de la majorité de la captation insulinodépendante du glucose, la diminution de l’expression du GLUT4 pourrait être associée à la résistance à l’insuline observée en IRC. La modulation de l’expression des transporteurs de glucose pourrait être à l’origine de la résistance à l’insuline en IRC. Cela dit, d’autres mécanismes peuvent aussi être impliqués. En dépit de cette importante perturbation du transport du glucose, nous n’avons pas observé de cas de diabète de type II chez le rat CD atteint d’IRC. Dans un modèle de rat atteint d’un syndrome métabolique, le rat Zucker Leprfa/fa, l’IRC provoque une forte hyperglycémie à jeun (1.5 fois, p < 0.0001). De plus, l’IRC chez le rat Zucker provoque une réponse glycémique (AUC 1.80 fois, p < 0.0001) exagérée lors d’un test de tolérance au glucose. Une forte résistance à l’insuline est mesurée au niveau des muscles puisque la dose usuelle d’insuline (2mU/mL) n’est pas suffisante pour stimuler la captation du glucose chez le rat Zucker atteint d’IRC. De plus, une modulation similaire des transporteurs de glucose peut être observée chez ces deux espèces. Par contre, environ 30% (p < 0.001) des rats Zucker atteints d’IRC avaient une glycosurie. L’IRC en soi ne mènerait donc pas au développement d’un diabète de type II. Par contre, lorsqu’une résistance à l’insuline est présente antérieurement au développement d’une IRC, cela pourrait précipiter l’apparition d’un diabète de type II chez ces patients prédisposés.

La résistance à l’insuline en insuffisance rénale chronique et le risque de développer un diabète de type 2 : un cercle vicieux

L’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) est caractérisée par de multiples déséquilibres homéostatiques tels que la résistance à l’insuline. Peu d’études se sont intéressées aux mécanismes sous-jacents à cette résistance à l’insuline en IRC. De plus, il est méconnu si cette résistance à l’insuline peut mener au développement d’un diabète de type II chez des patients prédisposés. Dans un modèle d’IRC, le rat Sprague-Dawley (CD) néphrectomisé 5/6e, on observe une corrélation entre la gravité de l’atteinte rénale, évaluée par la créatinine sérique, et l’hyperglycémie, évaluée par la fructosamine sérique (R2 = 0.6982, p < 0.0001). Cependant, cet état hyperglycémique n’est pas observable lors d’une glycémie à jeun. Lors d’un test de tolérance au glucose, on observe une plus grande élévation de la glycémie (AUC 1.25 fois, p < 0.0001) chez le rat atteint d’IRC. Par contre, la sécrétion d’insuline au cours de ce même test n’augmente pas significativement (AUC ≈ 1.30 fois, N.S.) en comparaison aux rats témoins. Malgré une élévation des taux d’insuline en IRC suivant un bolus de glucose, les tissus périphériques ne montrent pas d’augmentation de la captation du glucose sanguin suggérant un défaut d’expression et/ou de fonction des transporteurs de glucose chez ces rats. En effet, on observe une diminution de ces transporteurs dans divers tissus impliqués dans le métabolisme du glucose tel que le foie (≈ 0.60 fois, p < 0.01) et le muscle (GLUT1 0.73 fois, p < 0.05; GLUT4 0.69 fois, p < 0.01). En conséquence, une diminution significative du transport insulinodépendant du glucose est observable dans le muscle des rats atteint d’IRC (≈ 0.63 fois, p < 0.0001). Puisque les muscles sont responsables de la majorité de la captation insulinodépendante du glucose, la diminution de l’expression du GLUT4 pourrait être associée à la résistance à l’insuline observée en IRC. La modulation de l’expression des transporteurs de glucose pourrait être à l’origine de la résistance à l’insuline en IRC. Cela dit, d’autres mécanismes peuvent aussi être impliqués. En dépit de cette importante perturbation du transport du glucose, nous n’avons pas observé de cas de diabète de type II chez le rat CD atteint d’IRC. Dans un modèle de rat atteint d’un syndrome métabolique, le rat Zucker Leprfa/fa, l’IRC provoque une forte hyperglycémie à jeun (1.5 fois, p < 0.0001). De plus, l’IRC chez le rat Zucker provoque une réponse glycémique (AUC 1.80 fois, p < 0.0001) exagérée lors d’un test de tolérance au glucose. Une forte résistance à l’insuline est mesurée au niveau des muscles puisque la dose usuelle d’insuline (2mU/mL) n’est pas suffisante pour stimuler la captation du glucose chez le rat Zucker atteint d’IRC. De plus, une modulation similaire des transporteurs de glucose peut être observée chez ces deux espèces. Par contre, environ 30% (p < 0.001) des rats Zucker atteints d’IRC avaient une glycosurie. L’IRC en soi ne mènerait donc pas au développement d’un diabète de type II. Par contre, lorsqu’une résistance à l’insuline est présente antérieurement au développement d’une IRC, cela pourrait précipiter l’apparition d’un diabète de type II chez ces patients prédisposés.

Impacto de la implementación de un modelo de gestión integral de atención de la enfermedad y cuidado coordinado en la población en diálisis en Colombia

La atención hospitalaria en el costo global de la atención de los pacientes en diálisis es muy importante. Este estudio se realizó con el fin de evaluar resultados posteriores a la implementación de un modelo de gestión de la enfermedad y cuidado coordinado en una red de diálisis en Colombia, evaluando los cambios específicos en las tasas de hospitalización de una cohorte de pacientes renales con dos años de seguimiento. El modelo se enfoca básicamente en mejorar la atención de los pacientes en diálisis protocolizando en el manejo de comorbilidades (diabetes, riesgo cardiovascular, patologías infecciosas) y en el cuidado coordinado entre el tratamiento ambulatorio y hospitalario de los pacientes en diálisis asegurando la continuidad en el proceso de atención de los pacientes. El Estudio observacional analítico de cohortes compuesto por 2 fases una primera cohorte histórica retrospectiva y una segunda con dos cohortes prospectivas, incluyó pacientes mayores de 18 años, con más de 90 días en diálisis, con al menos tres meses de intervención con el modelo de gestión de enfermedad en la red Renal Therapy Services (RTS®). En conclusión, la realización de este estudio, se pudo asociar a la reducción en la atención hospitalaria de pacientes en diálisis y a una menor mortalidad, modelos como este y otras soluciones para mejorar los desenlaces en salud en los pacientes en diálisis deben seguir siendo implementados para aliviar la carga de la enfermedad y reducir los costos de la atención en salud de esta población.

Baseline serum lipids and renal function in chronic kidney disease patients entering the LORD trial

Objective: Previous studies investigating associations between serum lipids and renal disease have generally not taken into account dietary intake or physical activity - both known to influence circulating lipids. Furthermore, inclusion of patients on HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors may also have influenced findings due to the pleiotropic effect of this medication. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the relationships between serum lipids and renal function in a group of patients not taking lipid-lowering medication and taking into account dietary intake and physical activity. Methods: Data from 100 patients enrolled in the Lipid Lowering and Onset of Renal Disease (LORD) trial were used in this study. Patients were included with serum creatinine > 120 mu mol/l, and excluded if they were taking lipid-lowering medication. Unadjusted and adjusted relationships were determined between fasting serum lipid concentrations (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total cholesterol/HDL ratio) and measures of renal function (estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), creatinine clearance and serum creatinine) and urinary protein excretion. Results: Significant (p < 0.05) negative unadjusted relationships were found between lipids (total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol) and serum creatinine. In support of these findings, logarithmically-transformed lipids (total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol) were significantly associated with eGFR and creatinine clearance although the effects were of a smaller magnitude. Adjustment for dietary saturated fat intake and physical activity did not substantially change these effects. Conclusion: These data do not support the premise that lipids are associated with renal dysfunction in patients with normocholesterolemia.

Increased tubulointerstitial recruitment of human CD141(hi) CLEC9A(+) and CD1c(+) myeloid dendritic cell subsets in renal fibrosis and chronic kidney disease

Dendritic cells (DCs) play critical roles in immune-mediated kidney diseases. Little is known, however, about DC subsets in human chronic kidney disease, with previous studies restricted to a limited set of pathologies and to using immunohistochemical methods. In this study, we developed novel protocols for extracting renal DC subsets from diseased human kidneys and identified, enumerated, and phenotyped them by multicolor flow cytometry. We detected significantly greater numbers of total DCs as well as CD141(hi) and CD1c(+) myeloid DC (mDCs) subsets in diseased biopsies with interstitial fibrosis than diseased biopsies without fibrosis or healthy kidney tissue. In contrast, plasmacytoid DC numbers were significantly higher in the fibrotic group compared with healthy tissue only. Numbers of all DC subsets correlated with loss of kidney function, recorded as estimated glomerular filtration rate. CD141(hi) DCs expressed C-type lectin domain family 9 member A (CLEC9A), whereas the majority of CD1c(+) DCs lacked the expression of CD1a and DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing nonintegrin (DC-SIGN), suggesting these mDC subsets may be circulating CD141(hi) and CD1c(+) blood DCs infiltrating kidney tissue. Our analysis revealed CLEC9A(+) and CD1c(+) cells were restricted to the tubulointerstitium. Notably, DC expression of the costimulatory and maturation molecule CD86 was significantly increased in both diseased cohorts compared with healthy tissue. Transforming growth factor-β levels in dissociated tissue supernatants were significantly elevated in diseased biopsies with fibrosis compared with nonfibrotic biopsies, with mDCs identified as a major source of this profibrotic cytokine. Collectively, our data indicate that activated mDC subsets, likely recruited into the tubulointerstitium, are positioned to play a role in the development of fibrosis and, thus, progression to chronic kidney disease.

Avaliação da disnatremia em pacientes com indicação de suporte renal em unidades de terapia intensiva

As disnatremias são os distúrbios hidroeletrolíticos mais comuns, sendo relatados em cerca de 30-40% dos pacientes hospitalizados. Quando presentes na admissão em Unidade de Tratamento Intensivo (UTI) são fatores de risco independentes de pior prognóstico, estando associadas à maior letalidade hospitalar. Mesmo disnatremias limítrofes (130 135 mEq/l na hiponatremia e 145 a 150 mEq/L na hipernatremia) têm sido associadas a um maior tempo de internação na UTI e a um aumento de letalidade hospitalar, independente da gravidade da doença de base. A concentração sérica do sódio é mantida por um fino controle, por meio da regulação renal do sal e da água. Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) em tratamento conservador ou em terapia renal substitutiva, apresentam maior prevalência de disnatremia. Embora a hiponatremia seja mais frequente nessa população, o diagnóstico de hipo- ou hipernatremia tem sido associado a uma maior mortalidade. Não há relato claro na literatura da prevalência de disnatremias na injúria renal aguda (IRA), em especial nos casos mais graves, em que há indicação de suporte dialítico. O presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a prevalência da disnatremia e o seu impacto no prognóstico de pacientes gravemente enfermos com IRA e necessidade de suporte renal (SR) na UTI.Em um período de 44 meses (de dezembro de 2004 a julho 2008) foram incluídos de forma prospectiva todos os pacientes que iniciaram SR em 14 UTIs de 3 hospitais terciários do Rio de Janeiro. Dados clínicos e laboratoriais foram coletados prospectivamente e lançados em uma planilha eletrônica para posterior análise com o software R. Os desfechos de interesse foram letalidade na UTI e no hospital. As variáveis que, além do sódio, apresentavam associação com os desfechos de interesse na análise bivariada, foram selecionadas e incluídas no modelo de regressão logística múltipla.Um total de 772 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. A mediana da idade foi de 75 [IIQ: 61-82 anos]; 81,5% (IC: 78,4%-84%) foram admitidos na UTI por complicações clínicas. A presença de pelo menos uma comorbidade (hipertensão, diabetes, doença coronariana, insuficiência cardíaca, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica ou cirrose) esteve presente em 84% dos pacientes. A maior parte dos pacientes (72,5%, IC: 69,2%-75,7%) apresentava o diagnóstico de sepse. Os principais fatores contribuinte para IRA foram sepse (72%) e isquemia/choque (66%). A mortalidade na UTI foi de 64,6% (IC: 61,1%-68%) e a hospitalar foi de 69,7% (IC: 66,3%-72,9%). O diagnóstico de disnatremia foi frequente, estando presente em 47,3% (IC: 43,7%-50,9%) dos pacientes. A hipernatremia foi significantemente mais frequente do que a hiponatremia (33,7% X 13,6%, p=0.001) na população estudada. Na análise multivariada, os pacientes mais idosos, a admissão clínica, o número de comorbidades e o número de disfunções orgânicas estiveram associados a uma maior letalidade hospitalar. Os paciente com hipernatremia grave (>155 mEq/l) apresentaram maior associação com o óbito na UTI e no hospital [odds ratio (OR) ajustado de 3.39 (1,48-7,8) e 2,87 (1,2-6,89), respectivamente], apesar de todos terem sido submetidos ao SR durante a internação na UTI. O estudo demonstrou que as disnatremias são altamente prevalentes em pacientes com IRA e necessidade de diálise na UTI. Diferente do que tem sido demonstrado na população de UTI e na com DRC, a hipernatremia é o distúrbio do sódio mais frequentemente observado na população estudada. A idade mais avançada, a admissão clínica, o número de comorbidades e o número de disfunções orgânicas e a hipernatremia grave estão associados a um pior desfecho na IRA com necessidade de SR na UTI.