770 resultados para Casca-preciosa
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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The production of enzymes by microorganisms using organic residues is important and it can be associated with several applications such as food and chemical industries and so on. The objective of this work is the production of CMCase, Xylanase, Avicelase and FPase enzymes by solid state fermentation (SSF) using as substrates: bagasse of coconut and dried cashew stem. The microorganisms employed are Penicillium chrysogenum and an isolated fungus from the coconut bark (Aspergillus fumigatus). Through the factorial design methodology and response surface analysis it was possible to study the influence of the humidity and pH. For Penicillium chrysogenum and the isolated fungus, the coconut bagasse was used as culture medium. In another fermentation, it was used the mixture of coconut bagasse and cashew stem. Fermentations were conducted using only the coconut bagasse as substrate in cultures with Penicillium chrysogenum fungus and the isolated one. A mixture with 50% of coconut and 50% of cashew stem was employed only for Penicillium chrysogenum fungus, the cultivation conditions were: 120 hours at 30 °C in BOD, changing humidity and pH values. In order to check the influence of the variables: humidity and pH, a 2 2 factorial experimental design was developed, and then two factors with two levels for each factor and three repetitions at the central point. The levels of the independent variables used in ascending order (-1, 0, +1), to humidity, 66%, 70.5% and 75% and pH 3, 5 and 7, respectively. The software STATISTICA TM (version 7.0, StatSoft, Inc.) was used to calculate the main effects of the variables and their interactions. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the conditions of the SSF. A chemical and a physic-chemical characterization of the coconut bagasse have determined the composition of cellulose (%) = 39.09; Hemicellulose (%) = 23.80, Total Lignin (%) = 36.22 and Pectin (%) = 1.64. To the characterization of cashew stem, the values were cellulose (g) = 15.91 Hemicellulose (%) = 16.77, Total Lignin (%) = 30.04 and Pectin (%) = 15.24. The results indicate the potential of the materials as substrate for semisolid fermentation enzyme production. The two microorganisms used are presented as good producers of cellulases. The results showed the potential of the fungus in the production of CMCase enzyme, with a maximum of 0.282 UI/mL and the Avicelase enzyme the maximum value ranged from 0.018 to 0.020 UI/ mL, using only coconut bagasse as substrate. The Penicillium chrysogenum fungus has showed the best results for CMCase = 0.294 UI/mL, FPase = 0.058 UI/mL, Avicelase = 0.010 UI/mL and Xylanase = 0.644 UI/ mL enzyme, using coconut bagasse and cashew stem as substrates. The Penicllium chrysogenum fungus showed enzymatic activities using only the coconut as substrate for CMCase = 0.233 UI/mL, FPase = 0.031 to 0.032 UI/ mL, Avicelase = 0.018 to 0.020 UI/mL and Xylanase = 0.735 UI/ mL. Thus, it can be concluded that the used organisms and substrates have offered potential for enzyme production processes in a semi-solid cultivation
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Avaliou-se o efeito de três doses de composto orgânico de três composições distintas, aplicados em dois solos [Latossolo Vermelho Escuro, textura arenosa (LE) e Areia Quartzoza (AQ)], na produção e absorção de nutrientes pela planta de alface. Conduziu-se de 02/07 a 27/08/1997 um experimento dentro de túnel plástico, pertencente à UNESP, em Botucatu, em vaso plástico, contendo quatro quilos de solo. Os solos foram corrigidos para atingirem saturação por base de 80% e todos os vasos receberam adubação fosfatada (150 mg de P kg-1 de solo), potássica (100 mg de K kg-1 de solo) e micronutrientes. Os compostos foram misturados aos solos nas quantidades de 60; 120 e 240 g de composto por vaso. Os três compostos foram originados a partir de casca de eucalipto, serragem de madeira e palhada de feijão, misturados com esterco de aves. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em três repetições, com vinte tratamentos em esquema fatorial (3 doses x 3 compostos x 2 solos) mais um tratamento testemunha para cada solo (ausência de composto orgânico). O composto de palhada de feijão aumentou a biomassa fresca da parte aérea e a quantidade de N, K, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe e Zn nas plantas de alface. Para o P e Mn o composto de palhada de feijão diferiu significativamente apenas em relação ao composto de casca de eucalipto. em todas as características avaliadas no LE houve melhores respostas da cultura em relação ao AQ. Quanto às dosagens utilizadas, as diferenças foram observadas somente nos tratamentos com palhada de feijão, onde as maiores dosagens propiciaram o aumento de biomassa fresca e seca da parte aérea, e nas quantidades de macro e micronutrientes.
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O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar algumas características físicas e a distribuição dos nutrientes nos frutos de maracujá doce (Passiflora alata Dryand.), segundo sua classificação. Os frutos classificados como tipo 8 foram maiores e mais pesados que os dos tipos 9 e 12, apresentando maior peso de casca e de polpa. Independentemente da classificação dos frutos, o N, P, B, Cu, Fe e Zn estão distribuídos em maior quantidade na polpa do que na casca dos frutos. O K, Ca, S e o Mn estão distribuídos em maior quantidade na casca do que na polpa dos frutos. O magnésio apresenta uma distribuição na casca levemente superior à da polpa. Na média dos três tipos de frutos, os valores obtidos por fruto (casca+polpa) foram: 578,6 mg de N; 81,9 mg de P; 740,6 mg de K; 56,8 mg de Ca; 64,6 mg de Mg; 98,3 mg de S; 452,3 mg de B; 302,5 mg de Cu; 1471 mg de Fe; 167,5 mg de Mn, e 644,1 mg de Zn.
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Os taninos da casca da semente de lentilha foram extraídos e purificados, levados à interação com albumina isolada de lentilha e com caseína; e estudados por turbidimetria. As interações da albumina e caseína com taninos purificados, a várias relações tanino-proteína, mostraram ser independente e dependente do pH, respectivamente. Hidrólise in vitro com tripsina das proteínas sem taninos indicou que o aquecimento a 99°C/15 min reduzia a susceptibilidade da albumina e aumentava a da caseína à tripsina. A influência de diferentes relações tanino:proteína (1:40; 1:20; 1:5; 1:2,5) na hidrólise mostrou maior inibição para caseína que para albumina de lentilha, independente de aquecimento. Após aquecimento ambas proteínas foram mais hidrolizadas para qualquer das relações tanino proteínas estudadas. A eletroforese em gel de poliacrilamida-dodecilsulfato de sódio do transcurso da hidrólise da interação tanino-albumina nativa mostra a dependência da relação tanino:proteína.
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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as mensurações de cascas de ovos de duas colônias laboratoriais e uma silvestre de P. megistus. de cada uma das colônias, 50 cascas de ovos foram mensuradas por meio de microscópio estereoscópico e sistema de análise de imagem QWin. A análise estatística foi efetuada utilizando o teste t-Student, não pareado no programa INSTAT. A largura, o comprimento e o diâmetro da abertura opercular das cascas de ovos de uma colônia silvestre foram maiores que de duas colônias laboratoriais de P. megistus.
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Ayahuasca is psychotropic beverage that has been used for ages by indigenous populations in South America, notably in the Amazon region, for religious and medicinal purposes. The tea is obtained by the decoction of leaves from the Psychotria viridis with the bark and stalk of a shrub, the Banisteriopsis caapi. The first is rich in N-N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT), which has an important and well-known hallucinogenic effect due to its agonistic action in serotonin receptors, specifically 5-HT2A. On the other hand, β-carbolines present in B. caapi, particularly harmine and harmaline, are potent monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOi). In addition, the tetrahydroharmine (THH), also present in B. caapi, acts as mild selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor and a weak MAOi. This unique composition induces a number of affective, sensitive, perceptual and cognitive changes in individuals under the effect of Ayahuasca. On the other hand, there is growing interest in the Default Mode Network (DMN), which has been consistently observed in functional neuroimaging studies. The key components of this network include structures in the brain midline, as the anterior medial frontal cortex, ventral medial frontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and some regions within the inferior parietal lobe and middle temporal gyrus. It has been argued that DMN participate in tasks involving self-judgments, autobiographical memory retrieval, mental simulations, thinking in perspective, meditative states, and others. In general, these tasks require an internal focus of attention, hence the conclusion that the DMN is associated with introspective mental activity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) changes in DMN caused via the ingestion of Ayahuasca by 10 healthy subjects while submitted to two fMRI protocols: a verbal fluency task and a resting state acquisition. In general, it was observed that Ayahuasca causes a reduction in the fMRI signal in central nodes of DMN, such as the anterior cingulate cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex, the posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus and inferior parietal lobe. Furthermore, changes in connectivity patterns of the DMN were observed, especially a decrease in the functional connectivity of the precuneus. Together, these findings indicate an association between the altered state of consciousness experienced by individuals under the effect of Ayahuasca, and changes in the stream of spontaneous thoughts leading to an increased introspective mental activity
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Given the significant share of food costs of poultry production, it is necessary to use strategies and techniques to maximize the utilization and biological value of the components of the diets, keeping constant or improving animal performance. In this context, seeking partial substitution of corn and the best use of the constituents of the diet, the present study aimed to evaluate the effects of inclusion of cashew pomace dehydrated (BCD) and enzyme complex (EC) in the diet on performance and quality eggs of Japanese quails. A total of 200 Japanese quail at 87 days of age, in 25 cages in a completely randomized design in a factorial 2 x 2 + 1 (two levels of cashew bagasse x two levels of enzymes) + control diet without cashew bagasse totaling five treatments with five replicates of eight birds each repetition. The experiment lasted 84 days, divided into four periods of 21 days. The treatments consisted of T1-Ration Control, T2-ration with 7.5% without EC BCD, T3-ration with 7.5% BCD with CE, T4-Ration with 15% BCD without EC and T5-Feed with 15% of BCD with EC. The enzyme complex (EC) is used fermentation product of Aspergillus niger, and cashew bagasse was obtained from the juice industry, passed through drying and crushing process for producing the bran. The performance and egg quality of quails, and performance variables: feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio per dozen eggs (CAKDZ) and egg mass (CAMO), egg production (OP% bird / day), average egg weight (PMO) and egg mass (MO), and variables were egg quality, specific gravity (SG), Haugh unit (HU), yolk index, and the relationships between components eggs (%albumen,% yolk and %shell). Data were analyzed with the Statistical SAEG (2007). The 7.5 and 15% of cashew bagasse, independent of the enzyme complex decreased feed intake and improved the average egg weight. The two levels with the addition of EC showed significant differences for feed conversion by egg mass. The 7.5 with the addition of enzyme complex obtained the lowest average feed conversion per dozen eggs. The inclusion of up to 15% of cashew bagasse dehydrated with or without addition of enzyme complex in the diet of Japanese quails not interfere in the internal and external quality of eggs. The 7.5 and 15% BCD without added enzyme complex gave better means for specific gravity. Under conditions in which the experiment was conducted, it can be stated that the inclusion of up to 15% of cashew bagasse dehydrated with added enzyme complex feeding quail is economically viable, with the level of 7.5% with the addition of complex enzyme presented the best economic indices
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This study conducted chemical analyzes of the fruits of Licania tomentosa Benth belonging to the Chrysobalanaceae family, order and superorder Rosiflorae Rosales. Samples were collected in February 2011 in the city of Natal - RN. The fruits were separated into peel, pulp and seed, and the samples were analyzed on moisture and ash by thermogravimetric methods, reducing and total sugars, lipids by Soxhlet extraction, minerals by ICP / OES and other analyzes by physical measurements of the fruit. The fruits for the analysis of determination of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were dried at 40 ° C and ground. For the analyzes to determine the content of phenolics and flavonols was used spectroscopy in the visible region, and also performed the characterization of ethanol extracts by high performance liquid chromatography and test for antioxidant activity hydroethanolic extracts. The results obtained are about 83.9% of the fruits have a length between 4.0 to 6.0 cm with respect to the diameter of the fruit about 97.4% of the fruits have a diameter between 2.0 - 4, 0 cm, mean weight of 36.14 g (7.86), the bark showed 60.5 (1.5)% relative humidity, the flesh 72.3 (0.9) and 44.4 seeds (0.4 )%, the bark showed 0.22 (0.00)% ash, the pulp 1.41 (0.01)% and the seed 1.18 (0.01)%, the bark showed 3.73 (0, 09) mg lipids / 100 g sample of the pulp 0.40 (0.04) and the seed 0.05 (0.00). With respect to reducing sugars and total gave the results, 16.23 (0.23) g/100g and 20.70 (0.24) g/100g. The fruit is presented with a good source of nutrients especially carbohydrates and lipids. The analysis for determining the antioxidant activity tests were performed reducing power and antioxidant capacity, the antioxidant capacity of hydroethanolic extracts of peel and pulp showed similar results, with higher concentrations however hydroethanolic bark extract. Regarding the content of phenolics and flavonoids hidroetanílico bark extract showed higher concentration values. The characterization of the extracts by high performance liquid chromatography identified the following compounds by retention time indicated by the race of the standards: galic acid, kaempferol and kaempferol derivatives. Considering the results of the fruit Licania tomentosa Benth may be an alternative food by analysis of their nutritional content and has substances with antioxidant action
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Twenty two open-pollinated Hevea progenies from different parental clones of the Asian origin were tested at five sites in the Northwestern São Paulo State Brazil to investigate the progeny girth growth, rubber yield, bark thickness and plant height. Except for the rubber yield, the analysis of variance indicated highly significant (p<0.01) genotype x environment interaction and heterogeneity of regressions among the progenies. However, the regression stability analysis identified only a few interacting progenies which had regression coefficients significantly different from the expected value of one. The linear regressions of the progeny mean performance at each test on an environmental index (mean of all the progenies in each test) showed the general stability and adaptability of most selected Hevea progenies over the test environments. The few progenies which were responsive and high yielding on different test sites could be used to maximize the rubber cultivars productivity and to obtain the best use of the genetically improved stock under different environmental conditions.
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O mercado de frutas frescas do maracujá-amarelo valoriza a qualidade interna e externa dos frutos. Assim, este trabalho teve o objetivo de avaliar o efeito do porta-enxerto e do tipo de enxertia na qualidade dos frutos de maracujazeiro-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims). O experimento foi conduzido no município de Adamantina-SP, no período de abril de 2006 a junho de 2007, adotando-se o delineamento em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 + 1 tratamento adicional, com quatro repetições. Os porta-enxertos avaliados foram: P. edulis (maracujá-amarelo), P. alata (maracujá-doce) e P. gibertii (maracujá-giberti), em dois tipos de enxertia: hipocotiledonar e convencional por garfagem tipo fenda cheia e um tratamento adicional, sem enxertia. Utilizou-se como copa o maracujazeiro-amarelo (Passiflora edulis Sims). Avaliaram-se o comprimento, o diâmetro, a massa fresca e a classificação dos frutos no período de novembro de 2006 a abril de 2007, a massa e a espessura da casca dos frutos, o rendimento do suco, o teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), a acidez total titulável (ATT) e o ratio (SST/ATT) dos frutos no mês de dezembro de 2006. O diâmetro e a massa fresca de frutos obtidos de plantas enxertadas sobre P. gibertii foram inferiores em relação aos de plantas pé-franco e aos de plantas enxertadas sobre P. alata. Os maiores comprimentos de frutos foram encontrados em plantas não enxertadas. Os porta-enxertos utilizados não influenciaram no teor de SST, na ATT e no ratio. O método de enxertia não interfere no diâmetro, no comprimento, na massa fresca dos frutos, na massa e na espessura da casca, no rendimento do suco e no teor de SST.
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Avaliou-se a contaminação da casca e do conteúdo interno de ovos inoculados com Salmonella enterica sorovar enteritidis fagotipo 4, lavados com água de torneira (AT) ou solução de amônia quaternária (AQ) e armazenados a 8ºC e 25ºC. Duzentos e cinqüenta e dois ovos foram divididos em três grupos. Os tratamentos de cada grupo consistiram de imersão em AT, AQ a 25ºC e a 43ºC. Após a secagem natural, todos os grupos foram contaminados com solução de S. enteritidis. Seguindo-se a contaminação, cada grupo tratado foi estocado a 8ºC ou 25ºC, e a presença de S. enteritidis na casca e no conteúdo interno foi avaliada após zero, 24, 96 e 168 horas. A sanitização com AQ mostrou-se eficiente na redução de S. enteritidis nas cascas dos ovos. O armazenamento dos ovos a 8ºC demonstrou ser preponderante na redução e na ausência de S. enteritidis na casca. Nos ovos lavados com AT, o armazenamento a 25ºC permitiu a permanência da bactéria nas cascas até 168 horas. Não se detectou S. enteritidis no conteúdo interno dos ovos em nenhum dos grupos.
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The so-called gravitomagnetic field arised as an old conjecture that currents of matter (no charges) would produce gravitational effects similar to those produced by electric currents in electromagnetism. Hans Thirring in 1918, using the weak field approximation to the Einsteins field equations, deduced that a slowly rotating massive shell drags the inertial frames in the direction of its rotation. In the same year, Joseph Lense applied to astronomy the calculations of Thirring. Later, that effect came to be known as the Lense- Thirring effect. Along with the de Sitter effect, those phenomena were recently tested by a gyroscope in orbit around the Earth, as proposed by George E. Pugh in 1959 and Leonard I. Schiff in 1960. In this dissertation, we study the gravitational effects associated with the rotation of massive bodies in the light of the Einsteins General Theory of Relativity. With that finality, we develop the weak field approximation to General Relativity and obtain the various associated gravitational effects: gravitomagnetic time-delay, de Sitter effect (geodesic precession) and the Lense-Thirring effect (drag of inertial frames). We discus the measures of the Lense-Thirring effect done by LAGEOS Satellite (Laser Geodynamics Satellite) and the Gravity Probe B - GPB - mission. The GPB satellite was launched into orbit around the Earth at an altitude of 642 km by NASA in 2004. Results presented in May 2011 clearly show the existence of the Lense-Thirring effect- a drag of inertial frames of 37:2 7:2 mas/year (mas = milliarcsec)- and de Sitter effect - a geodesic precession of 6; 601:8 18:3 mas/year- measured with an accuracy of 19 % and of 0.28 % respectively (1 mas = 4:84810��9 radian). These results are in a good agreement with the General Relativity predictions of 41 mas/year for the Lense-Thirring effect and 6,606.1 mas/year for the de Sitter effect.
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Avaliou-se o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos de codornas de corte de quatro grupos genéticos, utilizando-se 288 aves com 42 dias de idade, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos (grupos genéticos A, B, C e D) e seis repetições de 12 aves cada. A partir da primeira semana de alojamento, estabeleceu-se o programa de luz, iniciando-se com 14 horas diárias de fotoperíodo, com aumentos sucessivos de 30 minutos por semana até que atingisse 17 horas diárias de fotoperíodo. Semanalmente, os ovos e as sobras de ração de cada parcela foram pesados, para determinação do peso médio dos ovos e do consumo médio diário de ração. A cada 28 dias, foram coletados e analisados três ovos/parcela/dia por três dias consecutivos, para avaliação da qualidade externa e interna. Foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos genéticos para massa de ovos e peso médio dos ovos, de modo que o grupo genético B apresentou média superior à dos demais. Para gravidade específica e porcentagem de casca, foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os grupos genéticos, com médias superiores para o grupo genético D. Os grupos genéticos testados apresentaram boa produção e qualidade de ovos, comprovando que estas codornas de corte podem ser utilizadas como matrizes de pintainhos de corte.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)