Continuum-continuum coupling and polarization potentials for weakly bound systems

We investigate the influence of couplings among continuum states in collisions of weakly bound nuclei. For this purpose, we compare cross sections for complete fusion, breakup, and elastic scattering evaluated by continuum discretized coupled channel (CDCC) calculations, including and not including these couplings. In our study, we discuss this influence in terms of the polarization potentials that reproduces the elastic wave function of the coupled channel method in single channel calculations. We find that the inclusion of couplings among continuum states renders the real part of the polarization potential more repulsive, whereas it leads to weaker absorption to the breakup channel. We show that the noninclusion of continuum-continuum couplings in CDCC calculations may lead to qualitative and quantitative wrong conclusions.

Local approximations for polarization potentials

We discuss the derivation of an equivalent polarization potential independent of angular momentum l for use in the optical Schrodinger equation that describes the elastic scattering of heavy ions. Three different methods are used for this purpose. Application of our theory to the low energy scattering of light heavy-ion systems at near-barrier energies is made. It is found that the notion of an l-independent polarization potential has some validity but cannot be a good substitute for the l-dependent local equivalent Feshbach polarization potential.

Barrier distributions for weakly bound systems

We discuss the use of reduced fusion cross sections in the derivation of fusion barrier distributions. We show that the elimination of static effects associated with system sizes and optical potentials obtained by the recently introduced fusion functions can be extended to barrier distributions. This can be a useful tool for systematic studies of breakup coupling effects in fusion processes.

Nitrogen removal in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor with liquid circulation: Effect of feed strategy and carbon source in the denitrifying step

Ammonium nitrogen removal from a synthetic wastewater by nitrification and denitrification processes were performed in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor containing immobilized biomass on polyurethane foam with circulation of the liquid-phase. It was analyzed the effect of four external carbon sources (ethanol, acetate, carbon synthetic medium and methanol) acting as electron donors in the denitrifying process. The experiments were conducted with intermittent aeration and operated at 30+/-1 degrees C in 8-h cycles. The synthetic wastewater (100 mgCOD/L and 50 mgNH(4)(+)-N/L) was added batch-wise, while the external carbon sources were added fed-batch-wise during the periods where aeration was suspended. Ammonium nitrogen removal efficiencies obtained were 95.7, 94.3 and 97.5% for ethanol, acetate and carbon synthetic medium, respectively. As to nitrite, nitrate and ammonium nitrogen effluent concentrations, the results obtained were, respectively: 0.1, 5.7 and 1.4 mg/L for ethanol; 0.2, 4.1 and 1.8 mg/L for acetate and 0.2, 6.7 and 0.8 for carbon synthetic medium. On the other hand using methanol, even at low concentrations (50% of the stoichiometric value calculated for complete denitrification), resulted in increasing accumulation of nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in the effluent over time.

Effect of Organic Load on the Performance and Methane Production of an AnSBBR Treating Effluent from Biodiesel Production

Currently, there is an increasing demand for the production of biodiesel and, consequently, there will be an increasing need to treat wastewaters resulting from the production process of this biofuel. The main objective of this work was, therefore, to investigate the effect of applied volumetric organic load (AVOL) on the efficiency, stability, and methane production of an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor applied to the treatment of effluent from biodiesel production. As inert support, polyurethane foam cubes were used in the reactor and mixing was accomplished by recirculating the liquid phase. Increase in AVOL resulted in a drop in organic matter removal efficiency and increase in total volatile acids in the effluent. AVOLs of 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 g COD L(-1) day(-1) resulted in removal efficiencies of 92%, 81%, 67%, and 50%, for effluent filtered samples, and 91%, 80%, 63%, and 47%, for non-filtered samples, respectively, whereas total volatile acids concentrations in the effluent amounted to 42, 145, 386 and 729 mg HAc L(-1), respectively. Moreover, on increasing AVOL from 1.5 to 4.5 g COD L(-1) day(-1) methane production increased from 29.5 to 55.5 N mL CH(4) g COD(-1). However, this production dropped to 36.0 N mL CH(4) g COD(-1) when AVOL was increased to 6.0 g COD L(-1) day(-1), likely due to the higher concentration of volatile acids in the reactor. Despite the higher concentration of volatile acids at the highest AVOL, alkalinity supplementation to the influent, in the form of sodium bicarbonate, at a ratio of 0.5-1.3 g NaHCO(3) g COD (fed) (-1) , was sufficient to maintain the pH near neutral and guarantee process stability during reactor operation.

Effect of specific feed volume on the performance of an anaerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (AnSBBR) with circulation treating different wastewaters under different organic loads

The objective of this research was to study the behavior of two anaerobic sequencing batch reactors, containing immobilized biomass (AnSBBR), as a function of the ratio of the volume of treated medium in each cycle to the total volume of reaction medium. The reactors, in which mixing was accomplished by recirculation of the liquid phase, were maintained at 30 +/- 1 degrees C and treated different wastewaters in 8-h cycles. The operational conditions imposed had the objective to investigate whether maintenance of a residual volume in the reactor would affect, at the end of each cycle, process efficiency and stability, as well as to verify the intensity of the effect for different types of wastewaters and organic loading rates. The first reactor, with work volume of 2.5 L, treated reconstituted cheese whey at an organic loading rate of 12 g COD.L(-1).d(-1) and presented similar effluent quality for the four conditions under which it was operated: renewal of 100, 70, 50 and 25 % of its work volume at each cycle. Despite the fact that reduction in the renewed volume did not significantly affect effluent quality, in quantitative terms, this reduction resulted in an increase in the amount of organic matter removed by the first reactor. The second reactor, with work volume of 1.8 L, treated synthetic wastewater at organic loading rates of 3 and 5 g COD.L(-1).d(-1) and operated under two conditions for each loading: renewal of 100 and 50 % of its work volume. At the organic loading rate of 3 g COD.L(-1).d(-1), the results showed that both effluent quality and amount of organic matter removed by the second reactor were independent of the treated volume per cycle. At the organic loading rate of 5 g COD.L(-1).d(-1), although the reduction in the renewed volume did not affect the amount of organic matter removed by the reactor, effluent quality improved during reactor operation with total discharge of its volume. In general, results showed process stability under all conditions, evidencing reactor flexibility and the potential to apply this technology in the treatment of different types of wastewater.

Temperature and feed strategy effects on sulfate and organic matter removal in an AnSBB

The objective of this work was to analyze the interaction effects between temperature, feed strategy and COD/[SO(4)(2-)] levels, maintaining the same ratio, on sulfate and organic matter removal efficiency from a synthetic wastewater. This work is thus a continuation of Archilha et al. (2010) who studied the effect of feed strategy at 30 degrees C using different COD/[SO] ratios and levels. A 3.7-L anaerobic sequencing batch reactor with recirculation of the liquid phase and which contained immobilized biomass on polyurethane foam (AnSBBR) was used to treat 2.0 L synthetic wastewater in 8 h cycles. The temperatures of 15, 22.5 and 30 degrees C with two feed strategies were assessed: (a) batch and (b) batch followed by fed-batch. In strategy (a) the reactor was fed in 10 min with 2 L wastewater containing sulfate and carbon sources. In strategy (b) 1.2 L wastewater (containing only the sulfate source) was fed during the first 10 min of the cycle and the remaining 0.8 L (containing only the carbon source) in 240 min. Based on COD/[SO(4)(2-)] = 1 and on the organic matter (0.5 and 1.5 gCOD/L) and sulfate (0.5 and 1.5 gSO(4)(2-)/L) concentrations, the sulfate and organic matter loading rates applied were 1.5 and 4.5 g/L.d, i.e., same COD/[SO(4)(2-)] ratio (=1) but different levels (1.5/1.5 and 4.5/4.5 gCOD/gSO(4)(2-)). When reactor feed was 1.5 gCOD/L.d and 1.5 gSO(4)(2-)/L.d, gradual feeding (strategy b) showed to favor sulfate and organic matter removal in the investigated temperature range, indicating improved utilization of the electron donor for sulfate reduction. Sulfate removal efficiencies were 87.9; 86.3 and 84.4%, and organic matter removal efficiencies 95.2; 86.5 and 80.8% at operation temperatures of 30; 22.5 and 15 degrees C, respectively. On the other hand, when feeding was 4.5 gCOD/L.d and 4.5 gSO(4)(2-)/L.d, gradual feeding did not favor sulfate removal, indicating that gradual feeding of the electron donor did not improve sulfate reduction. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Feasibility of a Sequencing Reactor Operated in Batch and Fed-batch Mode Applied to Nitrification and Denitrification Processes

The objective of this work was to study the operational feasibility of nitrification and denitrification processes in a mechanically stirred sequencing batch reactor (SBR) operated in batch and fed-batch mode. The reactor was equipped with a draft-tube to improve mass transfer and contained dispersed (aerobic) and granulated (anaerobic) biomass. The following reactor variables were adjusted: aeration time during the nitrification step; dissolved oxygen concentration, feed time defining batch and fed-batch phases, concentration of external carbon source used as electron donor during the denitrification stage and volumetric ammonium nitrogen load in the influent. The reactor (5 L volume) was maintained at 30 +/- 1 degrees C and treated either 1.0 or 1.5 L wastewater in 8-h cycles. Ammonium nitrogen concentrations assessed were: 50 (condition 1) and 100 mgN-NH(4)(+).L(-1) (condition 2), resulting in 29 and 67 mgN-NH(4)(+).L-1-d(-1), respectively. A synthetic medium and ethanol were used as external carbon sources (ECS). Total nitrogen removal efficiencies were 94.4 and 95.9% when the reactor was operated under conditions 1 and 2, respectively. Low nitrite (0.2 and 0.3 mgN-NO(2)(-).L(-1), respectively) and nitrate (0.01 and 0.3 mgN-NO(3)(-).L(-1), respectively) concentrations were detected in the effluent and ammonium nitrogen removal efficiencies were 97.6% and 99.6% under conditions 1 and 2, respectively.

Evaluation of two round baling systems for harvesting understory biomass

The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance and to estimate costs of two round baling systems for harvesting understory biomass. One system was a cutter-shredderbaler prototype (Bio-baler). The other system required two successive operations. The first operation was cutting and shredding with a Supertrak tractor equipped with a Fecon mulcher head. The second operation was baling with a Claas baler. The machines were evaluated in three different pine stands on the Osceola National Forest in Florida, United States. Data collection included time study, fuel consumption and bale measurements. Material was collected from a sample of bales for heat and moisture content determination. On the most representative site (Site 2), the Bio-baler recovered 8.05 green t ha(-1) while the mulcher and the Claas baler recovered 9.75 green t ha(-1) (43 and 52 percent of original understory biomass, respectively). Productivity was 0.30 ha h(-1) for the Bio-baler and 0.51 ha h(-1) for the Claas baler. Density of the bales was 321 green kg m(-3) for the Bio-baler and 373 green kg m(-3) for the Claas baler. Average net heat content was 6263 MJ bale(-1) for the Bio-baler and 6695 MJ bale(-1) for the Claas baler with biomass containing 38 percent of moisture content on a wet basis. cost per unit area was less with the Bio-baler (US$320.91 ha(-1)) than with the mulcher-baler system (US$336.62-US$596.77 ha(-1)). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Influence of decortication of the recipient graft bed on graft integration and tissue neoformation in the graft-recipient bed interface

The objective of the present study was to assess the influence of decortication of the posterior elements of the vertebra (recipient bed) and the nature of the bone graft (cortical or cancellous bone) on graft integration and bone, cartilage and fiber neoformation in the interface between the vertebral recipient bed and the bone graft. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into four experimental groups according to the presence or absence of decortication of the posterior vertebral elements and the use of a cortical or cancellous bone graft. Group I-the posterior elements were decorticated and cancellous bone used. Group II-the posterior elements were decorticated and cortical graft was used. Group III-the posterior elements were not decorticated and cancellous graft was used. Group IV-the posterior elements were not decorticated and cortical graft was used. The animals were killed 3, 6 and 9 weeks after surgery and the interface between the posterior elements and the bone graft was subjected to histomorphometric evaluation. Mean percent neoformed bone was 40.8% in group I (decortication and cancellous graft), 39.13% in group II (decortication and cortical graft), 6.13% in group III (non-decorticated and cancellous graft), and 9.27% in group IV (non-decorticated and cortical graft) for animals killed at 3 weeks (P = 0.0005). For animals killed at 6 weeks, the mean percent was 38.53% for group I, 40.40% for group II, 10.27% for group III, and 7.6% for group IV (P = 0.0005), and for animals killed at 9 weeks, the mean was 25.93% for group I, 30.6% for group II, 16.4% for group III, and 18.73% for group IV (P = 0.0026). The mean percent neoformed cartilage tissue was 8.36% for group I, 7.46% for group II, 11.1% for group III, and 9.13% for group IV for the animals killed at 3 weeks (P = 0.6544); 6.6% for group I, 8.07% for group, 7.47% for group III and 6.13% for group IV (P = 0.4889) for animals killed at 6 weeks, and 3.13% for group I, 4.06% for group II, 10.53% for group III and 12.07% for group IV (P = 0.0006) for animals killed at 9 weeks. Mean percent neoformed fibrous tissue was 11% for group I, 6.13% for group II, 26.27% for group III and 21.87% for group IV for animals killed at 3 weeks (P = 0.0008); 7.67% for group I, 7.1% for group II, 9.8% for group III and 10.4% for group IV (P = 0.7880) for animals killed at 6 weeks, and 3.73% for group I, 4.4% for group II, 6.67% for group III and 6.8% for group IV (P = 0.0214) for animals killed at 9 weeks. The statistically significant differences in percent tissue formation were related to decortication of the posterior elements. The use of a cortical or cancellous graft did not influence tissue neoformation. Ossification in the interface of the recipient graft bed was of the intramembranous type in the decorticated animals and endochondral type in the non-decorticated animals.

Redes de saberesfazeres, complexidade e tensões : os cotidianos do ensino médio de uma escola pública do Espírito Santo

A ciência com suas verdades passou a ser um artefato essencial nos cotidianos escolares. Esses saberes se enredam com outros saberes que despotencializados e silenciados, permanecem nos interstícios do discurso hegemônico da modernidade na escola causando tensões. Potencializar a ocorrência dessas redes nesses cotidianos pode intensificar essas tensões e assim abalar esse domínio da ciência. Os muitos caminhos possíveis de serem percorridos nas tessituras desprivilegiam quaisquer saberes e fazeres que se pretendem exclusivos. Assumindo a metáfora das redes, os praticantes da escola podem potencializar as inter-relações que ocorrem na vida. A remoção de instâncias de poder hierárquico de saberes, enredando-os e o compartilhamento solidário das práticasteoriaspráticas, não significa a diluição da autoridade. Agora a autoridade cumpre um novo papel que é de constituir uma rede de relações de autoridade partilhada. Desejamos perceber esses múltiplos sentidos e problematizar o quão potentes são ou não para a vida. Participamos juntamente com os alunos e alunas das aulas e posteriormente, os convidamos para conversasentrevistas, gravando e fotografando esses momentos. Percorremos, nos turnos matutino e noturno, todos os seus espaçostempos, nos conectando nas redes que se tecem. Optamos por estar nas turmas de ensino médio de formação geral e nas turmas de ensino médio na modalidade Educação de Jovens e Adultos. As entrevistasconversas foram feitas com três alunos ao mesmo tempo, sempre de uma mesma turma, para que se estabelecesse uma conversa e para que a produção de sentidos dos cotidianos da escola pudesse ser mais potencializada. Dos alunos entrevistados, estão entre os seus desejos mais comuns para além dos saberes científicos, as atividades esportivas, artísticas, literárias, religiosas, cursos de formação profissional, dança, canto, campanhas educativas, passeios. As relações de amizade e outros modos relacionais como entre professores e alunos, têm sido citados com grande frequência, pelos estudantes, nas entrevistasconversas. Não tem se conseguido implantar na sua totalidade os preceitos da modernidade nos escola. Há, portanto, um visível esgotamento do monopólio do comportamento científico nos cotidianos da escola pública pesquisada. São nesses espaçostempos escolares nos quais pode se dar a experiência. Apesar do discurso moderno na escola produzir mecanismos que impedem a experiência, esse controle é acompanhado de diversos mecanismos de escapes. É pela “voz” dos alunos que se apresentam as ausências da escola. A “voz” dos estudantes é a grande presença na escola e sua grande potência. Talvez esse seja o maior desperdício no contexto educacional escolar.

Rendimento económico e produtivo da soldadura MAG com fio sólido vs. fio fluxado

Na construção soldada, devido ao contínuo aumento dos custos envolvidos com a mão-de-obra e consumíveis, há cada vez mais necessidade, por parte das empresas e dos seus responsáveis, de se poder determinar, com o máximo rigor possível, qual a técnica mais adequada, com o menor custo associado. Ajustando convenientemente os parâmetros e consumíveis de soldadura ao trabalho a realizar, conseguem-se consideráveis reduções dos montantes envolvidos. A competitividade entre empresas é grande e, na maioria dos casos, a diminuição desses custos conduz a um maior sucesso comercial, traduzindo-se numa actualização e optimização dos recursos disponíveis. Teve-se como objectivo, comparando dois processos de soldadura semi-automática MAG (GMAW) e soldadura por fios fluxados (FCAW), determinar qual o mais vantajoso do ponto de vista económico-produtivo. No caso do presente trabalho, efectuaram-se diversos ensaios de soldadura, utilizando materiais nas qualidades e espessuras características da média/pesada construção metalomecânica. Recorreu-se aos processos de soldadura GMAW e FCAW, ou seja, empregando fio consumível sólido e fio consumível fluxado, protecção por gás activo de uma mistura de árgon e dióxido de carbono e efectuando uma soldadura de canto na posição ao baixo nos diversos ensaios através da técnica passe simples e passes múltiplos. Concluiu-se que quando se pretende utilizar técnicas de passe múltiplo onde uma elevada velocidade de soldadura é requerida, o processo FCAW é o mais indicado.

Ambiente internacional de negócios: Evidência empírica e apontamentos teóricos

Nas páginas que se seguem faz-se uma breve viagem por aquilo que é o ambiente no qual os negócios internacionais se desenrolam. Este percurso segue dois caminhos. Por um lado, é apresentado um vasto conjunto de informação visual (gráficos e quadros) produzida a partir de dados estatísticos disponíveis na página da internet do Banco Mundial (a informação foi coligida no final do ano de 2011, sendo recolhidos alguns dos dados mais recentes então disponíveis). Estas figuras oferecem múltiplas perspectivas sobre a realidade do comércio internacional, finanças transnacionais e crescimento económico. Por outro lado, são fornecidos alguns apontamentos teóricos, os quais permitem enquadrar os assuntos em causa no pensamento económico dominante. Na prática, muitas das questões abordadas correspondem a preocupações centrais que os economistas têm debatido ao longo das últimas décadas. Não é por acaso que estes pequenos apontamentos teóricos acabam por fazer referência a mais de uma dezena de cientistas laureados com o prémio Nobel da Economia. Em cada página, uma figura é acompanhada por um pequeno texto, no canto superior direito, que dá conta da principal evidência nela contida. A parte inferior é reservada para aspectos da teoria económica e para o interpretar de algumas noções. Pretende-se assim conjugar aquilo que a realidade revela sobre o funcionamento da economia mundial com o modo como a devemos pensar. Este documento pretende, assim, ser um pequeno guia para quem procura melhor perceber a realidade económica que nos envolve.

Estudo de comunidades fúngicas em arquivos: implicações na conservação e na saúde

A influência da contaminação fúngica para a saúde ambiental e para a conservação do património é o tema premente e actual que suscitou a hipótese de estudo aqui apresentada. Os fungos, dada a sua extrema capacidade de adaptação, podem colonizar diversos materiais - orgânicos ou não - e a sua acção pode ser mecânica, por intermédio das suas hifas, ou química, através dos seus metabolitos. Em termos de conservação do património, os estudos sobre fungos têm suscitado grande interesse dada a sua elevada capacidade de biodeterioração. Tendo inicialmente assentado em técnicas tradicionais de cultura, os estudos mais recentes já incluem tecnicas modernas de biologia molecular. O estudo aqui apresentado utiliza ambas as técnicas: a convencional, recorrendo a meios de cultura específicos para o crescimento de fungos e a mais recente, utilizando o DNA fúngico e a amplificação genómica dos mesmos para conseguir identificá-los até ao nível da espécie. Para conseguir realizar este intuito, foi desenvolvida a aplicação da recente técnica de cromatografia líquida desnaturante de alta resolução (DHPLC) à análise de amostras complexas de fungos filamentosos e leveduriformes.