Volumes de calda e adjuvante no controle de plantas daninhas com glyphosate

O sucesso de uma aplicação de herbicida está diretamente relacionado a uma boa deposição da calda no alvo, com o mínimo de perdas para o ambiente. Assim, o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a deposição e o controle de plantas daninhas promovido pela aplicação de glyphosate em diferentes volumes de calda e com a adição do adjuvante nonil fenol etoxilado. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 3x2, sendo três volumes de calda (30, 60 e 150 L ha‑1) e duas composições (com e sem adjuvante adicionado ao tanque). Inicialmente, foi realizada a caracterização físico-química das caldas pulverizadas. Foram avaliados, após a aplicação do glyphosate, utilizando pontas de pulverização hidráulicas de jato plano defletor: deposição de calda no alvo, perdas para o solo e controle de plantas daninhas. O adjuvante promoveu alterações de pequena magnitude nas propriedades físico-químicas da solução. Conclui-se que os menores volumes de calda proporcionaram maiores deposições nas plantas daninhas e menores perdas para o solo. O herbicida estudado proporcionou bom controle das plantas daninhas, independentemente da utilização do adjuvante e do volume de calda.

Deposição de calda e controle de plantas daninhas empregando pulverizador de barra convencional e com barra auxiliar, em volumes de calda reduzidos

A tecnologia de aplicação influencia diretamente o sucesso da dessecação de pré­semeadura, auxiliando na eficácia de controle das plantas daninhas. O experimento avaliou a deposição de calda herbicida em plantas daninhas, a perda para o solo e a eficácia de controle dessas plantas promovido por duas tecnologias de aplicação (pulverizador de barra convencional e pulverizador com barra auxiliar de arrasto, variando os volumes de calda entre eles: 100 e 150 L ha-1 no sistema convencional e 30 e 50 L ha-1 no sistema com barra auxiliar). O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. Foi adicionado um traçador à calda contendo o herbicida glyphosate, para ser detectado por espectrofotometria. A deposição de calda nas plantas daninhas não diferiu em função da presença ou ausência da barra auxiliar de pulverização e do volume de calda aplicado, demonstrando a viabilidade do uso de volumes de aplicação entre 30 e 50 L ha-1 com a barra auxiliar. As perdas para o solo foram maiores quando foi utilizada a barra convencional do pulverizador. A eficácia de controle das plantas daninhas foi muito boa, independentemente do tratamento empregado.

Application Volumes and Sizes of Droplets for the Application of Diquat Herbicide in the Control of Eichhornia crassipes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of application and the efficacy of control of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) with the use of the diquat herbicide done with two application volumes associated to three droplets classes. Three experiments were conducted; in the first, the application efficiency was evaluated; in the second, the control efficiency and; in the third, the droplet spectrum. They were conducted in a completely randomized design with five, four and six replicates, respectively. The treatments were arranged in a 2 x 3 factorial design, with two application volumes (100 and 200 L ha-1) and three droplets classes (fine, extremely coarse and ultra-coarse) to the first and second experiment and the third comprised two diquat concentrations in spray solution (2 and 4 g i.a. L-1) and three droplets classes (fine, extremely coarse and ultra-coarse). The application efficiency was determined by the coverage by droplets, spray deposition and active ingredient of the herbicide (diquat). The efficacy was measured by the control and the percentage of plants with regrowth at 50 days after application. The spectrum of droplets produced per each nozzle model used to obtain the droplets classes were analyzed. According to the parameters analyzed, using the droplets classes extremely thick and ultra thick can provide greater certainty in the application of diquat in the aquatic environment associated with the deposition of the active and sufficient coverage to control Eichhornia crassipes with both application volumes

Reference values for lung function tests: I. Static volumes

Static lung volume (LV) measurements have a number of clinical and research applications; however, no previous studies have provided reference values for such tests using a healthy sample of the adult Brazilian population. With this as our main purpose, we prospectively evaluated 100 non-smoking subjects (50 males and 50 females), 20 to 80 years old, randomly selected from more than 8,000 individuals. Gender-specific linear prediction equations were developed by multiple regression analysis with total lung capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV), RV/TLC ratio and inspiratory capacity (IC) as dependent variables, and with age, height, weight, lean body mass and indexes of physical fitness as independent ones. Simpler demographic and anthropometric variables were as useful as more complex measurements in predicting LV values, independent of gender and age (R2 values ranging from 0.49 to 0.78, P<0.001). Interestingly, prediction equations from North American and European studies overestimated the LV at low volumes and underestimated them at high volumes (P<0.05). Our results, therefore, provide a more appropriate frame of reference to evaluate the normalcy of static lung volume values in Brazilian males and females aged 20 to 80 years.

Nitric oxide synthase blockade and body fluid volumes

The influence of chronic nitric oxide synthase inhibition with N G-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on body fluid distribution was studied in male Wistar rats weighing 260-340 g. Extracellular, interstitial and intracellular spaces, as well as plasma volume were measured after a three-week treatment with L-NAME (~70 mg/kg per 24 h in drinking water). An increase in extracellular space (16.1 ± 1.1 vs 13.7 ± 0.6 ml/100 g in control group, N = 12, P<0.01), interstitial space (14.0 ± 0.9 vs 9.7 ± 0.6 ml/100 g in control group, P<0.001) and total water (68.7 ± 3.9 vs 59.0 ± 2.9 ml/100 g, P<0.001) was observed in the L-NAME group (N = 8). Plasma volume was lower in L-NAME-treated rats (2.8 ± 0.2 ml/100 g) than in the control group (3.6 ± 0.1 ml/100 g, P<0.001). Blood volume was also lower in L-NAME-treated rats (5.2 ± 0.3 ml/100 g) than in the control group (7.2 ± 0.3 ml/100 g, P<0.001). The increase in total ratio of kidney wet weight to body weight in the L-NAME group (903 ± 31 vs 773 ± 45 mg/100 g in control group, P<0.01) but not in total kidney water suggests that this experimental hypertension occurs with an increase in renal mass. The fact that the heart weight to body weight ratio and the total heart water remained constant indicates that, despite the presence of high blood pressure, no modification in cardiac mass occurred. These data show that L-NAME-induced hypertension causes alterations in body fluid distribution and in renal mass.

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy for the assessment of body fluid volumes of term neonates

The assessment of fluid volume in neonates by a noninvasive, inexpensive, and fast method can contribute significantly to increase the quality of neonatal care. The objective of the present study was to calibrate an acquisition system and software to estimate the bioelectrical impedance parameters obtained by a method of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy based on step response and to develop specific equations for the neonatal population to determine body fluid compartments. Bioelectric impedance measurements were performed by a laboratory homemade instrument. The volumes were estimated in a clinical study on 30 full-term neonates at four different times during the first month of life. During the first 24 hours of life the total body water, extracellular water and intracellular water were 2.09 ± 0.25, 1.20 ± 0.19, and 0.90 ± 0.25 liters, respectively. By the 48th hour they were 1.87 ± 0.27, 1.08 ± 0.17, and 0.79 ± 0.21 liters, respectively. On the 10th day they were 2.02 ± 0.25, 1.29 ± 0.21, and 0.72 ± 0.14 liters, respectively, and after 1 month they were 2.34 ± 0.27, 1.62 ± 0.20, and 0.72 ± 0.13 liters, respectively. The behavior of the estimated volume was correlated with neonatal body weight changes, leading to a better interpretation of such changes. In conclusion, this study indicates the feasibility of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy as a method to help fluid administration in intensive care neonatal units, and also contribute to the development of new equations to estimate neonatal body fluid contents.

Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the frontal, cingulate and perirolandic cortices and its relationship to skin conductance in patients with schizophrenia

The aim of the present study was to determine whether specific subgroups of schizophrenic patients, grouped according to electrodermal characteristics, show differences in the N-acetylaspartate/creatine plus choline (NAA / (Cr + Cho)) ratios in the frontal, cingulate and perirolandic cortices. Skin conductance levels (SCL) and skin conductance responses to auditory stimulation were measured in 38 patients with schizophrenia and in the same number of matched healthy volunteers (control). All subjects were submitted to multivoxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. When compared to the control group, patients presented significantly lower NAA / (Cr + Cho) ratios in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (schizophrenia = 0.95 ± 0.03; control = 1.12 ± 0.04) and in the right (schizophrenia = 0.88 ± 0.02; control = 0.94 ± 0.03) and left (schizophrenia = 0.84 ± 0.03; control = 0.94 ± 0.03) cingulates. These ratios did not differ between electrodermally responsive and non-responsive patients. When patients were divided into two groups: lower SCL (less than the mean SCL of the control group minus two standard deviations) and normal SCL (similar to the control group), the subgroup with a lower level of SCL showed a lower NAA / (Cr + Cho) ratio in the left cingulate (0.78 ± 0.05) than the controls (0.95 ± 0.02, P < 0.05) and the subgroup with normal SCL (0.88 ± 0.03, P < 0.05). There was a negative correlation between the NAA / (Cr + Cho) ratio in the left cingulate of patients with schizophrenia and the duration of the disease and years under medication. These data suggest the existence of a schizophrenic subgroup characterized by low SCL that could be a consequence of the lower neuronal viability observed in the left cingulate of these patients.

« L'un des quatre Volumes de l'Istoire de la Table Ronde, nommé le Livre de Tristan », translaté par « LUCE, chevalier et sire du chastel DU GAD ».

Commençant par : « Apres ce que j'ay leu et releu... » et finissant par : «... apres ce conte n'en pourroit nulz riens dire qu'il ne mentist. Cy finist le Rommant de Tristant et plus n'en y a » .

Homiliarium . Deux volumes. II. Homiliarium . Volume II

Samedi saint (incompl. du début) (1) ; — ss. Philippe et Jacques (39) ; — Dom. XXV post Pentecosten (174v) ; — Dom. de Trinitate (178) ; — « In festivitate alicujus martyris » (185v) ; — Principales fêtes du sanctoral romain (189v).