Cristalização de Biomateriais Vitrocerâmicos e Mineralização em Meio Fisiológico Simulado

We propose new theoretical models, which generalize the classical Avrami-Nakamura models. These models are suitable to describe the kinetics of nucleation and growth in transient regime, and/or with overlapping of nucleation and growth. Simulations and predictions were performed for lithium disilicate based on data reported in the literature. One re-examined the limitations of the models currently used to interpret DTA or DSC results, and to extract the relevant kinetic parameters. Glasses and glass-ceramics with molar formulation 0.45SiO2? (0.45-x)MgO?xK2O?0.1(3CaO.P2O5) (0?x?0.090) were prepared, crystallized and studied as potential materials for biomedical applications. Substitution of K+ for Mg2+ were used to prevent devritification on cooling, to adjust the kinetics of crystallization and to modify the in vitro behaviour of resulting biomaterials. The crystallization of the glass frits was studied by DTA, XRD and SEM. Exothermic peaks were detected corresponding to bulk crystallization of whitlockite-type phosphate, Ca9MgK(PO4)7, at approximately 900ºC, and surface crystallization of a predominant forsterite phase (Mg2SiO4) at higher temperatures. XRD also revealed the presence of diopside (CaMgSi2O6 in some samples. The predominant microstructure of the phosphate phase is of the plate-type, seemingly crystallizing by a 2-dimensional growth mechanism. Impedance spectroscopy revealed significant changes in electrical behaviour, associated to crystallization of the phosphate phase. This showed that electrical measurements can be used to study the kinetics of crystallization for cases when DTA or DSC experiments reveal limitations, and to extract estimates of relevant parameters from the dependence of crystallization peak temperature, and its width at half height. In vitro studies of glasses and glass-ceramics in acelular SBF media showed bioactivity and the development of apatite layers The morphology, composition and adhesion of the apatite layer could be changed by substitution of Mg2+ by K+. Apatite layers were deposited on the surface of glass-ceramics of the nominal compositions with x=0 and 0.09, in contact with SBF at 37ºC. The adhesion of the apatite layer was quantified by the scratch test technique, having been related with SBF?s immersion time, with composition and structure of the glass phase, and with the morphology of the crystalline phase of the glass-ceramics. The structure of three glasses (x=0, 0.045 and 0.090) were investigated by MAS-NMR ( 29Si and 31P), showing that the fraction of Q3 structural units increases with the contents of Mg, and that the structure of these glasses includes orthophosphate groups (PO43-) preferentially connected to Ca2+ ions. Mg2+ ions show preference towards the silicate network. Substitution of Mg2+ by K+ allowed one to change the bioactivity. FTIR data revealed octacalcium phosphate precipitation (Ca8H2(PO4)6.5H2O) in the glass without K, while the morphology of the layer acquires the shape of partially superimposed hemispheres, spread over the surface. The glasses with K present a layer of acicular hidroxyapatite, whose crystallinity and needles thickness tend to increase along with K content.

Capital social em um consórcio de pesquisa

Capital social é discutido no âmbito do Consórcio Brasileiro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Café. O objetivo é investigar a viabilidade de utilizar o capital social como instrumento para explicar o gradiente de recursos do consórcio de que os pesquisadores conseguem se apropriar para seus projetos de pesquisa. Foi desenvolvida e aplicada uma métrica de capital social para testar a existência de correlação entre volume de recursos captado e volume de capital social. A análise sociométrica de escolhas preferenciais dos pesquisadores e a quantificação da participação desses cientistas em projetos do consórcio permitiram o cômputo de uma grandeza - capital social - que poderia vir a explicar metade da variação da verba obtida pelos cientistas responsáveis por projetos de pesquisa na rede.

Knowledge cities: a taxonomy for analyzing software and information service clusters

Software and information services (SIS) have become a field of increasing opportunities for international trade due to the worldwide diffusion of a combination of technological and organizational innovations. In several regions, the software industry is organized in clusters, usually referred to as "knowledge cities" because of the growing importance of knowledge-intensive services in their economy. This paper has two primary objectives. First, it raises three major questions related to the attractiveness of different cities in Argentina and Brazil for hosting software companies and to their impact on local development. Second, a new taxonomy is proposed for grouping clusters according to their dominant business segment, ownership pattern and scope of operations. The purpose of this taxonomy is to encourage further studies and provide an exploratory analytical tool for analyzing software clusters.

Características da localização no processo de internacionalização de empresas

O artigo tem como objetivo analisar a influência das características da localização ao longo do processo de internacionalização. O conceito-chave localização é comparado transversalmente para fundamentar a análise empírica dos casos, com base em cinco modelos de internacionalização. A pesquisa caracteriza-se por sua abordagem longitudinal e por procedimentos metodológicos embasados na teoria adaptativa. A análise dos dados foi realizada em duas etapas: descritiva e pelo método de comparação constante, com o auxílio do software ATLAS/TI. À luz das propriedades do conceito-chave, emergiram quatro manifestações significativas e de predominância distinta ao longo do tempo: modismo, vantagens (transacionais e comparativas) e desvantagens locacionais. As vantagens comparativas foram determinantes no início e impulsionaram o modismo na região. As vantagens transacionais encontram-se presentes em fases recentes, devido à abertura de subsidiárias no exterior, enquanto as desvantagens locacionais se destacam em decorrência de fenômenos do acaso não previstos.