Correlation between Binding Affinity and Necrosis-Inducing Activity of Mutant AVR9 Peptide Elicitors1

The race-specific peptide elicitor AVR9 of the fungus Cladosporium fulvum induces a hypersensitive response only in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants carrying the complementary resistance gene Cf-9 (MoneyMaker-Cf9). A binding site for AVR9 is present on the plasma membranes of both resistant and susceptible tomato genotypes. We used mutant AVR9 peptides to determine the relationship between elicitor activity of these peptides and their affinity to the binding site in the membranes of tomato. Mutant AVR9 peptides were purified from tobacco (Nicotiana clevelandii) inoculated with recombinant potato virus X expressing the corresponding avirulence gene Avr9. In addition, several AVR9 peptides were synthesized chemically. Physicochemical techniques revealed that the peptides were correctly folded. Most mutant AVR9 peptides purified from potato virus X::Avr9-infected tobacco contain a single N-acetylglucosamine. These glycosylated AVR9 peptides showed a lower affinity to the binding site than the nonglycosylated AVR9 peptides, whereas their necrosis-inducing activity was hardly changed. For both the nonglycosylated and the glycosylated mutant AVR9 peptides, a positive correlation between their affinity to the membrane-localized binding site and their necrosis-inducing activity in MoneyMaker-Cf9 tomato was found. The perception of AVR9 in resistant and susceptible plants is discussed.

Arabian Peninsula, ca. 1747-1767 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Carte de la coste d'Arabie, Mer Rouge et Golfe de Perse : tir�e de la Carte de l'Oc�an Oriental publi�e en 1740 par Ordre de Mgr le Comte de Maurepas augment�e sur des remarques particuli�res et dress�e sur des observations astronomiques = Kaart van de Kust van Arabi�, de Roode-Zee en de Gulf van Persi� Gemaakt na de Fransse-Kaart van den Ooster-Ocean uitgegeven A. 1740 op Bevel van den Hre Grave de Maurepas Vermeederd op byzondere Aanmerkingen, en geschikt volgens Sterrekundige-Waarnemingen, J. V. Schley. It was published by Pierre de Hondt between 1747 and 1767. Scale [ca. 1:14,000,000]. Covers the Arabian Peninsula. Map in French and Dutch. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the World Gall Stereographic projection. All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as drainage, cities and other human settlements, shoreline features, and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from the Harvard Map Collection as part of the Open Collections Program at Harvard University project: Islamic Heritage Project. Maps selected for the project represent a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes. The Islamic Heritage Project consists of over 100,000 digitized pages from Harvard's collections of Islamic manuscripts and published materials. Supported by Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal and developed in association with the Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Islamic Studies Program at Harvard University.

Reports on the violation of the rights of nations and of the laws ans customs of war in Belgium.

[Vol. I] includes a preface by J. van den Heuvel, minister of state, reports 1-12, and extracts from the pastoral letter of Cardinal Mercier, archbishop of Malines; vol. II includes reports 13-22, with facsimiles of German soldiers' diaries, correspondence between Cardinal Mercier and the German authorities, the protest of Mgr. Heylen, bishop of Namur, etc., etc., appended.

De waarheid over den oorlog.

"Onder redactie van: Paul Dehn ... Dr. Drechsler ... Matthias Erzberger ... [e.a.]"

Don Quichotte de la Manche /

Mode of access: Internet.

Causes célebres et intéressantes, avec les jugements qui les ont décidées /

Contiene : Tom. 1 - Tom. 2 - Tom. 3 - Tom. 4 - Tom. 5 - Tom. 6 - T om. 7 - Tom. 8 - Tom. 9 - Tom. 10 - Tom. 11 - Tom. 12 - Tom. 13 - Tom. 14 - Tom. 15 - Tom. 16 - Tom. 17 - Tom. 18 - Tom. 19 - Tom. 20 - Tom. 21 - Tom. 22.

Commentariorum Ludovici Guicciardini de rebus memorabilibus, quae in Europa, maxime vero in Belgio, ab vndetricesimo vsque in annum MDLX euenerint libri tres /

CCBE. S. XVI

Jaarboek van het mijnwezen in Nederlandsch Oost-Indië

Mode of access: Internet.

Verslagen van landbouwkundige onderzoekingen /

Some issues have title: Agricultural research reports.

Jacob van Maerlant's strophische gedichten,

A new edition by Joh. Franck and J. Verdam appeared, 1897-98, as afl. 56-57, 59-60 in the same series.

Bulletijn der Maatschappij van Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde te Gent = Bulletin de la Société d'histoire et d'archéologie de Gand.

Publication suspended 1915-18.

De complete werken van Joost van Vondel /

Mode of access: Internet.

Der Deutsche Krieg.

Editor: E. Jäckh.