Does land titling matter? The role of land property rights in the war on illicit crops in Colombia

This paper analyzes the role of formalization of land property rights in the war against illicit crops in Colombia. We argue that as a consequence of the increase of state presence and visibility during the period of 2000 and 2009, municipalities with a higher level of formalization of their land property rights saw a greater reduction in the area allocated to illicit crops. We hypothesize that this is due to the increased cost of growing illicit crops on formal land compared to informal, and due to the possibility of obtaining more benets in the newly in- stalled institutional environment when land is formalized. We exploit the variation in the level of formalization of land property rights in a set of municipalities that had their rst cadastral census collected in the period of 1994-2000; this selection procedure guarantees reliable data and an unbiased source of variation. Using fixed effects estimators, we found a signicant negative relationship between the level of formalization of land property rights and the number of hectares allocated to coca crops per municipality. These results remain robust through a number of sensitivity analyses. Our ndings contribute to the growing body of evidence on the positive effects of formal land property rights, and e ective policies in the war on drugs in Colombia.

Nuevos datos en torno al escultor Josep Bover i Mas (1802-1866)

[spa]Josep Bover i Mas (1802-1866) fue uno de los más destacados escultores españoles de la Academia de Bellas Artes de Barcelona de la primera mitad del siglo XIX, desarrollando una interesante carrera como creador profesional y docente que, hasta el día de hoy sólo ha sido estudiada de forma fragmentaria. El presente artículo pretende reunir la escasa bibliografía publicada en torno al escultor y aportar numerosos datos nuevos relacionados con su vida y obra, facilitando la interpretación global de su trabajo. Asimismo, pretende sugerir una reflexión sobre la escultura académica decimonónica con el objetivo de contribuir a renovar la visión que de ésta se ha presentado hasta el momento.[eng]Josep Bover i Mas (1802 1866) was one of the most important Spanish sculptors from the Academy of Fine Arts of Barcelona during the first half of the 19th century. He underwent a very interesting career as a professional creator and a teacher, which has only been partially studied. This essay pretends to reunite the scarce bibliographical information on the sculptor that is available today and to present new data related to his life and production, in order to provide a global interpretation of his work. At the same time, this article wants to suggest a renewed reflection on Spanish nineteenth-century academic sculpture.

Nuevos datos en torno al escultor Josep Bover i Mas (1802-1866)

[spa]Josep Bover i Mas (1802-1866) fue uno de los más destacados escultores españoles de la Academia de Bellas Artes de Barcelona de la primera mitad del siglo XIX, desarrollando una interesante carrera como creador profesional y docente que, hasta el día de hoy sólo ha sido estudiada de forma fragmentaria. El presente artículo pretende reunir la escasa bibliografía publicada en torno al escultor y aportar numerosos datos nuevos relacionados con su vida y obra, facilitando la interpretación global de su trabajo. Asimismo, pretende sugerir una reflexión sobre la escultura académica decimonónica con el objetivo de contribuir a renovar la visión que de ésta se ha presentado hasta el momento.

Konstnärsgillet 1866. [1.]

Helsingfors 1866

The First World War and Coal Trade Geography in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1890-1930

This paper aims to illustrate the dynamics of coal trade between Latin America and its main trade partners, i.e., the USA, Great Britain, and Germany, before and after the enormous disruption caused by the First World War. The coal trade was used as an indicator of modernization for Latin American countries, given that oil was at that time of secondary importance. Energy imports have determined the possibilities of each Latin American country in its process of development. Here, we address this question and place special emphasis on supply channels, concluding that the trade link with main suppliers was of key significance. Although this was very clear by the end of the period, the process had started well before the First World War, at least for the majority of LA&C countries. These points are developed through a gravity model applied to the bilateral coal trade. The importance of the market supplier share is addressed through cluster methodologies.

Citizenship education in Switzerland before, during and after the First World War

Citizenship education was intensively discussed during the 1910s. Patriotic ideals and the love of the fatherland were described with diligence in teachers' journals. After the outbreak of the World War I, Swiss teachers reacted immediately to the new circumstances and published lessons in their weekly teacher journals for every day of school for different grade levels. These lessons comprised current events and civic education as well as didactical instructions for the teacher. In pupils' essays, citizens are often depicted as religious members of society who are industrious and hardworking, whereas in the journals, religious aspects are related to peace but not to citizenship education. As a multilingual and neutral country, Switzerland struggled with major domestic problems due to the cultural conflict between the French- and the German-speaking regions, especially during wartime. However, teachers promoted unity from the beginning. Therefore, changes and continuities during this decade concerning citizenship education are of crucial research interest. The practical sections of teachers' journals, including lessons and didactical instructions, and pupils' essays provide insight into what happened in the classrooms. Which forms of national identity and citizenship were taught in classrooms before, during and shortly after WW1 in public schools in Switzerland? How did pupils describe the current issues of war and citizenship?

Nuevos datos en torno al escultor Josep Bover i Mas (1802-1866)

[spa]Josep Bover i Mas (1802-1866) fue uno de los más destacados escultores españoles de la Academia de Bellas Artes de Barcelona de la primera mitad del siglo XIX, desarrollando una interesante carrera como creador profesional y docente que, hasta el día de hoy sólo ha sido estudiada de forma fragmentaria. El presente artículo pretende reunir la escasa bibliografía publicada en torno al escultor y aportar numerosos datos nuevos relacionados con su vida y obra, facilitando la interpretación global de su trabajo. Asimismo, pretende sugerir una reflexión sobre la escultura académica decimonónica con el objetivo de contribuir a renovar la visión que de ésta se ha presentado hasta el momento.