Mechanism of seizure of aluminium-silicon alloys dry sliding against steel

A steel ball was slid on aluminium-silicon alloys at different temperatures. After the coefficient of friction had been measured, the surface shear stress was deconvoluted using a two-term model of friction. The ratio of surface shear stress to bulk hardness was calculated as a function of temperature, silicon content and alloying additions. These results are qualitatively similar to those recorded for pre-seizure specimens slid against an En24 disc in a pin-on-disc machine. This similarity, when viewed in the context of the phenomenon of bulk shear, provides a model for seizure of these alloys.

Interaction of A beta peptide (1-40) with amino acid aluminium complexes: relevance to Alzheimer's disease

A beta (39-43 aminoacid residues) is the principal peptide component of amyloid deposits in Alzheimer's disease (AD). A beta peptide is derived from the amyloid precursor protein (APP) in which mutations give rise to many forms of familial AD. Aluminium is reported to play a key role in inducing conformational change in the synthetic beta-amyloid peptide (1-40)from alpha-helix to beta-pleated sheet, leading to aggregation and fibrillar formation. We have studied the interaction of amino acid-Al complexes such as D-Asp-Al and L-Glu-Al with A beta(1-40) in TFE/buffer (70% TFE and 30% H2O v/v pH 6.7) mixture using CD spectroscopy. The interaction of either of these amino acid complexes with A beta(1-40) results in loss of alpha-helical content and the peptide is more unstructured compared to free Al3+ in the solution. Our data strongly support the idea, that the Al3+ in the form of aminoacid-Al complexes is more effective in inducing random coil conformation in the A beta peptide than the free Al3+ present in the solution.

Neuropeptide Y structure is modulated by aluminium in the hypothalamus

Aluminium is an element suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, but its mechanism of action is not clear. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a significant role in feeding behaviour. Our spectroscopic, ELISA, and western blot studies indicate that aluminium interacts with neuropeptide Y and alters significantly the a-helical content. We found that aluminium reduced levels of NPY in the hypothalamus of aged rabbits. NPY polyclonal antibody interaction was found to depend upon the alpha-helical content of NPY. These results clearly show that aluminium alters NPY structure and this could explain the abnormality in feeding behaviour seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease.

The effect of SiC particles on the size and morphology of eutectic silicon in cast A356/SiCp composites

Properties of cast aluminium matrix composites are greatly influenced by the nature of distribution of reinforcing phase in the matrix and matrix microstructural length scales, such as grain size, dendrite arm spacing, size and morphology of secondary matrix phases, etc. Earlier workers have shown that SIC reinforcements can act as heterogeneous nucleation sites for Si during solidification of Al-Si-SiC composites. The present study aims at a quantitative understanding of the effect of SiC reinforcements on secondary matrix phases, namely eutectic Si, during solidification of A356 Al-SiC composites. Effect of volume fraction of SiC particulate on size and shape of eutectic Si has been studied at different cooling rates. Results indicate that an increase in SiC volume fraction leads to a reduction in the size of eutectic Si and also changes its morphology from needle-like to equiaxed. This is attributed to the heterogeneous nucleation of eutectic Si on SiC particles. However, SiC particles are found to have negligible influence on DAS. Under all the solidification conditions studied in the present investigation, SiC particles are found to be rejected by the growing dendrites. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Effects of surface treatments and size of fly ash particles on the compressive properties of epoxy based particulate composites

Particulate reinforcements for polymers are selected with dual objective of improving composite properties and save on the total cost of the system. In the present study fly ash, an industrial waste with good properties is used as filler in epoxy and the compressive properties of such composites are studied. Particle surfaces are treated chemically using a silane-coupling agent to improve the compatibility with the matrix. The compressive properties of these are compared with those made of untreated fly ash particulates. Furthermore properties of fly ash composites with two different average particle sizes are first compared between themselves and then with those made using the as-received bimodal nature of particle size distribution. Microscopic observations of compression tested samples revealed a better adherence of the particles with the matrix in case of treated particles and regards the size effect the composites with lower average particle size showed improved strength at higher filler contents. Experimental values of strengths and modulii are compared with some of the theoretical models for composite properties. (C) 2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Low-pressure MOCVD of Al2O3 films using aluminium acetylacetonate as precursor: nucleation and growth

A study of the deposition of aluminium oxide films by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition from the complex aluminium acetylacetonate, in the absence of an oxidant gas, has been carried out. Depositions on to Si(100), stainless steel, and TiN-coated cemented carbide are found to be smooth, shiny, and blackish. SIMS, XPS and TEM analyses reveal that films deposited at temperatures as low as 600 degreesC contain small crystallites Of kappa-Al2O3, embedded in an amorphous matrix rich in graphitic carbon. Optical and scanning electron microscopy reveal a surface morphology made up of spherulites that suggests that film growth might involve a melting process. A nucleation and growth mechanism, involving the congruent melting clusters of precursor molecules on the hot substrate surface, is therefore invoked to explain these observations. An effort has been made experimentally to verify this proposed mechanism. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

MOCVD of aluminium oxide films using aluminiurn beta-diketonates as precursors

Deposition of Al2O3 coatings by CVD is of importance because they are often used as abrading material in cemented carbide cutting tools. The conventionally used CVD process for Al2O3 involves the corrosive reactant AlCl3. In this paper, we report on the thermal characterisation of the metalorganic precursors namely aluminium tristetramethyl-heptanedionate [Al(thd)(3)] and aluminium tris-acetylacetonate [Al(acac)(3)] and their application to the CVD of Al2O3 films. Crystalline Al2O3 films were deposited by MOCVD at low temperatures by the pyrolysis of Al(thd)(3) and Al(acac)(3). The films were deposited on a TiN-coated tungsten carbide (TiN/WC) and Si(100) substrates in the temperature range 500-1100degreesC. The as-deposited films were characterised by x-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy. The observed crystallinity of films grown at low temperatures, their microstructure, and composition may be interpreted in terms of a growth process that involves the melting of the metalorganic precursor on the hot growth surface.

The production of AlN-rich matrix composites by the reactive infiltration of Al alloys in nitrogen

Aluminium nitride (AlN)-Al matrices reinforced with Al2O3 particulate have been fabricated by reactive infiltration of Al-2% Mg alloy into Al2O3 preforms in N-2 in the temperature range of 900-1075 degreesC. The growth of composites of useful thickness was facilitated by the presence of a Mg-rich external getter, in the absence of which composite growth is self-limiting and terminates prematurely. Successful growth of composites has been attributed to the reduction in residual oxygen partial pressure brought about by the reaction with oxygen of highly volatile Mg in the getter alloy. The microstructure of the matrix consists of AlN-rich regions contiguous with the particulate with metal-rich channels in-between, thereby suggesting that nitridation initiates by preferential wicking of alloy along the particle surfaces. The increase in nitride content of the matrix with temperature is consistent with hardness values that vary between similar to3 and 10 GPa. (C) 2002 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Stress induced phase transition in a monomolecular perfluroalkylsilane film self assembled on aluminium surface

We control the stiffnesses of two dual double cantelevers placed in series to control penetration into a perflurooctyltrichlorosilane monolayer self assembled on aluminium and silicon substrates. The top cantilever which carries the probe is displaced with respect to the bottom cantilever which carries the substrate, the difference in displacement recorded using capacitors gives penetration. We further modulate the input displacement sinusoidally to deconvolute the viscoelastic properties of the monolayer. When the intervention is limited to the terminal end of the molecule there is a strong viscous response in consonance with the ability of the molecule to dissipate energy by the generation of gauche defects freely. When the intervention reaches the backbone, at a contact mean pressure of 0.2GPa the damping disappears abruptly and the molecule registers a steep rise in elastic modulus and relaxation time constant, with increasing contact pressure. We offer a physical explanation of the process and describe this change as due to a phase transition from a liquid like to a solid like state.

Synthesis of nanocrystalline alpha-Al2O3 by ultrasonic flame pyrolysis

Nanocrystalline alpha-alumina was synthesized in an indigenously built ultrasonic flame pyrolysis (UFP) setup. This paper describes the technical aspects of the apparatus and particle formation in the flame. Ultrasonically atomized aluminium nitrate dissolved in methanol-water mixture was pyrolyzed in an oxy-propane flame for yielding nanocrystalline alpha-alumina. The formation of nanophase alumina was confirmed by powder XRD analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was carried out to study particulate morphology. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Severe wear of a near eutectic aluminium-silicon alloy

The severe wear of a near eutectic aluminium silicon alloy is explored using a range of electron microscopic, spectroscopic and diffraction techniques to identify the residually strained and unstrained regions, microcracks and oxidized regions in the subsurface. In severe wear the contact pressure exceeds the elastic shakedown limit. Under this condition the primary and eutectic silicon particles fragment drastically. The fragments are transported by the matrix as it undergoes incremental straining with each cyclic contact at the asperity level. The grains are refined from similar to 2000 nm in the bulk to 30 nm in the near surface region. A large reduction in the interparticle distance compared with that for a milder stage of wear gives rise to high strain gradients which contribute to an enhancement of the dislocation density. The resulting regions of very high strain in the boundaries of the recrystallized grains as well as within the subgrains lead to the formation of microvoidskracks. This is accompanied by the formation of brittle oxides at these subsurface interfaces due to enhanced diffusion of oxygen. We believe that the abundance of such microcracks in the near surface region, primed by severe plastic deformation, is what distinguishes a severe wear regime from mild wear. (C) 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.