Os conceitos normatizados pela legislaçao e a interpretaçao da estrutura agrária e fundiária no Brasil

Considering agrarian legislation of the last 50 years, this article expressed the objetive to identify and describe the concepts that are used for the characterization and understanding of the conformation of the brazilian agrarian space. We noted, in this context, a process of change in the laws, which suppressed the concepts of latifundio (landlordism) and minifundio (small parcels property), which created concepts of small property, of average property, of productive property and of family agriculture, but which not considered other important definitions: large farms and paternal agriculture. This substitution of interpretative concepts limits the understanding of the brazilian agrarian dynamics, especially if we consider the analysis of contradictory process of development capitalism in the field, in Brazil.

Indios, Moradores e Câmaras Municipais : Etnicidade e conflitos agrários no Rio de Janerio e no Espírito Santo (séculos XVIII e XIX)

This paper analyzes the processes of extinction of indigenous collective lands and villages in Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, from mid-eighteenth century to the nineteenth century, giving emphasis on the role of IndigenousÆs policy aiming to delay the process. Based on the correspondence among authorities, laws, statistical reports, and petitions from the Indians themselves, we approach the agrarian conflicts among indigenous, non-Indian residents and municipal councils, focusing on the issue of controversies and discussions regarding ethnicity that played a central role in these disputes.

Os conceitos normatizados pela legislaçao e a interpretaçao da estrutura agrária e fundiária no Brasil

Considering agrarian legislation of the last 50 years, this article expressed the objetive to identify and describe the concepts that are used for the characterization and understanding of the conformation of the brazilian agrarian space. We noted, in this context, a process of change in the laws, which suppressed the concepts of latifundio (landlordism) and minifundio (small parcels property), which created concepts of small property, of average property, of productive property and of family agriculture, but which not considered other important definitions: large farms and paternal agriculture. This substitution of interpretative concepts limits the understanding of the brazilian agrarian dynamics, especially if we consider the analysis of contradictory process of development capitalism in the field, in Brazil.

Indios, Moradores e Câmaras Municipais : Etnicidade e conflitos agrários no Rio de Janerio e no Espírito Santo (séculos XVIII e XIX)

This paper analyzes the processes of extinction of indigenous collective lands and villages in Rio de Janeiro and Espírito Santo, from mid-eighteenth century to the nineteenth century, giving emphasis on the role of IndigenousÆs policy aiming to delay the process. Based on the correspondence among authorities, laws, statistical reports, and petitions from the Indians themselves, we approach the agrarian conflicts among indigenous, non-Indian residents and municipal councils, focusing on the issue of controversies and discussions regarding ethnicity that played a central role in these disputes.

Os conceitos normatizados pela legislaçao e a interpretaçao da estrutura agrária e fundiária no Brasil

Considering agrarian legislation of the last 50 years, this article expressed the objetive to identify and describe the concepts that are used for the characterization and understanding of the conformation of the brazilian agrarian space. We noted, in this context, a process of change in the laws, which suppressed the concepts of latifundio (landlordism) and minifundio (small parcels property), which created concepts of small property, of average property, of productive property and of family agriculture, but which not considered other important definitions: large farms and paternal agriculture. This substitution of interpretative concepts limits the understanding of the brazilian agrarian dynamics, especially if we consider the analysis of contradictory process of development capitalism in the field, in Brazil.

Participatory modeling for sustainable development in water and agrarian systems: potential and limits of stakeholder involvement

Public participation is increasingly advocated as a necessary feature of natural resources management. The EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) is such an example, as it prescribes participatory processes as necessary features in basin management plans (EC 2000). The rationale behind this mandate is that involving interest groups ideally yields higher-quality decisions, which are arguably more likely to meet public acceptance (Pahl-Wostl, 2006). Furthermore, failing to involve stakeholders in policy-making might hamper the implementation of management initiatives, as controversial decisions can lead pressure lobbies to generate public opposition (Giordano et al. 2005, Mouratiadou and Moran 2007).

Integrating periurban agrarian ecosystem services into spatial planning to cope with urban pressure

According to Corine Land Cover databases, in Europe between 1990 and 2000,77% of new artificial surfaces were built on previous agrarian areas. Urban sprawl ¡s far from being under control, between 2000 and 2006 new artificial land has grown in larger proportion than the decade before. In Spain, like in most countries, the impact of urban sprawl during the last decades has been especially significant in periurban agrarian spaces: between 2000 and 2006, 73% of new artificial surfaces were built on previous agrarian areas. The indirect impact of this trend has been even more relevant, as the expectations of appreciation in the value of land after new urban developments reinforce the ongoing trend of abandonment of agricultural land. In Madrid between 1980 and 2000 the loss of agricultural land due to abandonment of exploitation was 2-fold that due to transformation into urban areas. By comparing four case studies: Valladolild, Montpellier.Florence and Den Haag, this paper explores if urban and territorial planning may contribute to reduce urban pressure on the hinterland. In spite of their diversity, these regions have in common a relative prosperity arising from their territorial endowments, though their landscapes are still under pressure. The three last ones have been working for years on mainstream concepts like multifunctional agriculture. The systematic comparison and the analysis of successful approaches provide some clues on how to reconsider urban planning in order to preserve agricultural land. The final remarks highlight the context in which public commitment, legal protection instruments and financial strategies may contribute to the goals of urban, peri-urban or regional planning about fostering agrarian ecosystem services

Conservation laws for liquid bridges

Conservation laws for an inviscid liquid bridge set into motion by conservative forces are given in integral form. These laws provide useful information on the overall motion of the bridge in the presence of unexpected or uncontrolled disturbances and could, in addition, be monitored in a computational solution of the problem as an accuracy check. Many of the resulting conservation laws are familiar to fluiddynamicists. Nevertheless, a systematic approach providing an exhaustive list of these laws reveals the existence of new conserved properties hardly deducible in the classical way. Although the present analysis concerns the case of axial, and constant, gravity it can be applied, with minor refinements, when the gravity field varies with time in both direction and intensity.

A mathematical framework for finite strain elastoplastic consolidation. Part 1: Balance laws, variational formulation, and linearization

A mathematical formulation for finite strain elasto plastic consolidation of fully saturated soil media is presented. Strong and weak forms of the boundary-value problem are derived using both the material and spatial descriptions. The algorithmic treatment of finite strain elastoplasticity for the solid phase is based on multiplicative decomposition and is coupled with the algorithm for fluid flow via the Kirchhoff pore water pressure. Balance laws are written for the soil-water mixture following the motion of the soil matrix alone. It is shown that the motion of the fluid phase only affects the Jacobian of the solid phase motion, and therefore can be characterized completely by the motion of the soil matrix. Furthermore, it is shown from energy balance consideration that the effective, or intergranular, stress is the appropriate measure of stress for describing the constitutive response of the soil skeleton since it absorbs all the strain energy generated in the saturated soil-water mixture. Finally, it is shown that the mathematical model is amenable to consistent linearization, and that explicit expressions for the consistent tangent operators can be derived for use in numerical solutions such as those based on the finite element method.

Urbanismo y sistemas agrarios periurbanos / Urbanism and periurban agrarian ecosystems

Publicación de los resultados de la primera fase del proyecto “Integración de los espacios agrarios periurbanos en la planificación urbana y territorial desde el enfoque de los servicios de los ecosistemas - PAEc-SP” (financiado por el Plan Nacional de Investigación I+D+d 2008-2012), que se presentaron en el Seminario internacional celebrado en Madrid en noviembre de 2012. Esta segunda edición, de septiembre de 2013, incorpora las modificaciones realizadas a partir de los comentarios y recomendaciones de los expertos invitados, y de los agentes territoriales a los que se presentaron los primeros resultados de la investigación.

The evolution of the laws of software evolution. A discussion based on a systematic literature review

After more than 40 years of life, software evolution should be considered as a mature field. However, despite such a long history, many research questions still remain open, and controversial studies about the validity of the laws of software evolution are common. During the first part of these 40 years the laws themselves evolved to adapt to changes in both the research and the software industry environments. This process of adaption to new paradigms, standards, and practices stopped about 15 years ago, when the laws were revised for the last time. However, most controversial studies have been raised during this latter period. Based on a systematic and comprehensive literature review, in this paper we describe how and when the laws, and the software evolution field, evolved. We also address the current state of affairs about the validity of the laws, how they are perceived by the research community, and the developments and challenges that are likely to occur in the coming years.

Studying the laws of software evolution in a long-lived FLOSS project

ome free, open-source software projects have been around for quite a long time, the longest living ones dating from the early 1980s. For some of them, detailed information about their evolution is available in source code management systems tracking all their code changes for periods of more than 15 years. This paper examines in detail the evolution of one of such projects, glibc, with the main aim of understanding how it evolved and how it matched Lehman's laws of software evolution. As a result, we have developed a methodology for studying the evolution of such long-lived projects based on the information in their source code management repository, described in detail several aspects of the history of glibc, including some activity and size metrics, and found how some of the laws of software evolution may not hold in this case