« Moi d’ici, moi de là-bas » : La géographie imaginaire du roman Le Ventre de l’Atlantique de Fatou Diome

L’objectif de la présente étude est d’explorer la « géographie imaginaire » du roman Le Ventre de l’Atlantique, écrit par Fatou Diome. Le concept de la « géographie imaginaire » décrit les rapports de domination spatiale et la construction d’un « Autre », entièrement différent de « nous » (Saïd, 1980). Les deux pays du roman, la France et le Sénégal, sont analysés comme deux sphères inconciliables, associées aux oppositions comme nous – l’Autre, individualisme – collectivisme, rationalité - superstition. Deux images spatiales sont discutées dans ce mémoire: l’île Niodior au Sénégal et l‘océan Atlantique. L’isolation de l’île Niodior renforce la séparation en deux espaces opposés, alors que l’Atlantique constitue un élément parfois chargé de forces magiques, lié à la vie et à la mort. Evoquant l’idée d’hybridité, le roman montre également des espaces et des identités alternatifs, qui transgressent la structure coloniale.

Reservoir Management For Flood And Drought Protection Using Infinite Horizon Model Predictive Control

Model Predictive Control (MPC) is a control method that solves in real time an optimal control problem over a finite horizon. The finiteness of the horizon is both the reason of MPC's success and its main limitation. In operational water resources management, MPC has been in fact successfully employed for controlling systems with a relatively short memory, such as canals, where the horizon length is not an issue. For reservoirs, which have generally a longer memory, MPC applications are presently limited to short term management only. Short term reservoir management can be effectively used to deal with fast process, such as floods, but it is not capable of looking sufficiently ahead to handle long term issues, such as drought. To overcome this limitation, we propose an Infinite Horizon MPC (IH-MPC) solution that is particularly suitable for reservoir management. We propose to structure the input signal by use of orthogonal basis functions, therefore reducing the optimization argument to a finite number of variables, and making the control problem solvable in a reasonable time. We applied this solution for the management of the Manantali Reservoir. Manantali is a yearly reservoir located in Mali, on the Senegal river, affecting water systems of Mali, Senegal, and Mauritania. The long term horizon offered by IH-MPC is necessary to deal with the strongly seasonal climate of the region.

Estudo sobre direitos autorais, acesso à cultura e novas tecnologias: desafios em evolução à diversidade cultural

O presente estudo é a consolidação e a análise das respostas do questionário “Direitos Autorais, Acesso à Cultura e Novas Tecnologias: Desafios em Evolução à Diversidade Cultural” elaborado pelo Ministério da Cultura do Brasil, com a colaboração do Centro de Tecnologia e Sociedade da Fundação Getúlio Vargas (CTS/ FGV), e aplicado junto aos países membros da Rede Internacional de Políticas Culturais (RIPC). Foram recebidas respostas dos seguintes países: África do Sul, Alemanha, Angola, Bélgica, Brasil, Canadá, Colômbia, Croácia, Cuba, Dinamarca, Espanha, Estônia, Filipinas, Finlândia, França, Geórgia, Grécia, Islândia, Letônia, México, Noruega, Portugal, Reino Unido, Senegal, Suécia e Suíça.

O trabalho policial: estudo da Polícia Cívil do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

A tese apresenta um estudo do trabalho policial, tendo por referência empírica a Polícia Civil do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O trabalho policial é analisado a partir das relações sociais no campo de poder jurídico, que engloba, além da Polícia Civil, a Polícia Militar, o Ministério Público e o Poder Judiciário. Apresenta-se e analisa-se o processo de mudança quanto aos métodos de recrutamento e de formação dos novos policiais. Apresenta-se também uma análise das mudanças ocorridas no perfil sócio-demográfico dos policiais civis ao longo do período entre 1970 e 2004. Detalham-se as atividades desenvolvidas nas delegacias de polícia, apresentando os seguintes setores: o plantão, a investigação, o cartório e a secretaria. Discutem-se as formas através das quais, no desempenho das atividades policiais, ocorrem lutas pela classificação e pelo reconhecimento, que constituem múltiplas oposições, tais como entre "operacional" e "burocrata" e agente e delegado, entre outras. A abordagem das conexões entre trabalho policial e relações de gênero se faz presente ao longo do desenvolvimento da análise Considera-se que no estudo do trabalho policial civil, as questões de gênero remetem às representações e práticas de violência policial. Em outros termos, argumenta-se acerca da importância das relações de gênero na análise do trabalho policial, especialmente no que diz respeito às concepções de masculinidade, constitutivas classicamente da cultura policial, e às novas formas de expressão dessas relações sociais a partir da crescente presença feminina nos quadros da Polícia Civil do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A tese propicia a reflexão sobre as formas que assumem, hoje, as carreiras na Polícia Civil do Rio Grande do Sul, apontando avanços, embora em ritmo que inclui tempos de parada e espera, em direção ao uso de critérios públicos abrangentes na condução de seu agir.

Estudo aerobiológico da cidade do Funchal: detecção bioquímica dos principais aeroalergénios polínicos

A abordagem da doença alérgica, nomeadamente da alergia respiratória, surge reforçada com o contributo da Aerobiologia no conhecimento, evolução e controlo da doença. Por seu turno, a caracterização bioquímica dos aeroalergénios de uma região pemite avaliar a sua composição e potencial alergénico, com particular interesse para espécies vegetais cuja introdução e/ou proximidade a áreas populacionais, potenciam o aparecimento ou o aumento de sensibilização a aeroalergénios. O trabalho apresentado nesta dissertação incidiu em duas vertentes de investigação distintas, porém complementares e interdependentes: numa primeira parte, no estudo da composição aerobiológica da atmosfera da cidade do Funchal no período 2002-2004 (Capítulo I), e numa segunda parte, na caracterização bioquímica dos alergénios polínicos mais frequentes detectados no referido período (Capítulo II). Assim, numa primeira parte, a monitorização aerobiológica (incluindo pólenes, esporos de fungos e demais partículas de origem biológica), foi realizada com um polinómetro do tipo volumétrico, tipo Hirst (Burkard). Os dados obtidos foram correlacionados com os parâmetros meteorológicos e avaliado o seu significado estatístico, permitindo antever a influência das variáveis ambientais em cada tipo particular de pólen e de fungo. Constataram-se algumas diferenças no conteúdo aerobiológico comparativamente ao restante território nacional. No espectro polínico dominaram as Poaceae e Urticaceae, plantas ornamentais (Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Cupressaceae) e as representativas da faixa norte da cidade (Ericaceae, Myrtaceae e Pinaceae). Comparativamente a outras regiões do País, o espectro polínico foi no cômputo geral semelhante, embora se destaque para esta região, a expressividade do tipo Corylus no total polínico anual. A Primavera e o início de Verão, corresponderam às épocas de maior diversidade e concentração de pólenes. As diferenças encontradas no espectro polínico da cidade do Funchal são explicadas por variáveis intrínsecas desta região, tais como a composição vegetal, a localização da cidade, condições geo-climáticas inerentes, e a influência dos parâmetros meteorológicos, nomeadamente a temperatura e humidade relativa. Verificou-se a ocorrência de um maior número de pólenes quando a humidade se situa entre os 50 e 60 %, com a precipitação e a velocidade do vento a atingir valores mais baixos. A análise da variação intra-diurna observada revelou que há uma maior representação de pólenes entre as 11 e as 16 horas. Este estudo aerobiológico confere dados para o estabelecimento do primeiro calendário polínico da região e a definição de padrões de sazonalidade. Por seu turno, a fenologia dos principais tipos polínicos observados no Funchal permite definir um padrão anual de ocorrências polínicas. Relativamente à aeromicologia, verifica-se que, durante o período de estudo foram observados esporos de fungos sobretudo na Primavera (particularmente em Abril e Maio), início do Verão e no Outono. Os Deuteromicetes representaram a classe predominante, sendo Cladosporium o fungo mais abundante na atmosfera do Funchal, cujas concentrações mais elevadas ocorrem a humidades relativas de 40 a 70%. Tal como os pólenes, os esporos apresentam um dinâmica de variação intra-diurna particular: ocorreram em maior concentração entre as 13 e as 15 horas, surgindo igualmente nas primeiras horas da madrugada e da noite. O coberto vegetal do Funchal poderá afectar a aeromicologia local, na medida em que constitui um substrato importante para o crescimento de fungos, tal como as gramíneas que proliferam em quantidade e variedade ao longo de todo o ano. Constatou-se a existência de correlação entre a ocorrência de alguns esporos de fungos e taxa polínicos mais frequentes na atmosfera do Funchal. A análise de Spearman sugere a existência de correlação entre a ocorrência de Parietaria com a de Alternaria e Drechslera. Os esporos de fungos, incluindo esporos de fetos constituem uma fracção significativa das partículas na atmosfera do Funchal, sendo cerca de 11 vezes superior à dos pólenes. Na segunda parte do trabalho, o estudo bioquímico dos aeroalergénios polínicos implicou a optimização dos procedimentos de extracção, apurando-se três técnicas para a obtenção dos perfis proteicos de extractos de pólen desde a sua fonte natural. Esta análise permitiu detectar e identificar através das técnicas de SDS-PAGE-Imunoblotting, proteínas IgE específicas do pólen de plantas possivelmente relacionadas com a sensibilização alérgica. Em consonância com a monitorização aerobiológica, foram preparados extractos de pólen de 10 espécies de plantas. Os resultados em SDS-PAGE revelaram um elevado polimorfismo proteico em todos os extractos. Obtiveram-se extractos de pólen de 7 plantas acerca das quais não se conheciam estudos desta natureza: Acacia mearnsii, Avena barbata, Carduus squarrosus, Carlina salicifolia, Datura candida, Echium nervosum e Urtica membranosa. Por imunoblotting detectou-se no soro de dois pacientes IgE específica a proteínas de D. candida, com pesos moleculares entre 150,71 ± 0,05 e 58,92 ± 5,67 KDa. O soro de um deles reagiu igualmente com 5 alergénios de P. pinaster com 42,02 ± 0,05; 38,61 ± 0,46 ; 35,70 ± 7,78 ; 31,82 ± 2,11 e 27,45 ± 0,46 KDa. No soro de outro indivíduo foi detectada IgE específica para uma proteína de A. mearnsii com 66,66 ± 0,13 KDa, e outra de C. squarrosus,de 67,53 ± 0,29 KDa. É de destacar a sensibilidade e fiabilidade da técnica de Imunoblotting, e o interesse em incluila na metodologia de diagnóstico complementar da alergia respiratória. A ampla difusão de espécies como Ricinus communis, Urtica spp. ou A. mearnsii e sua proximidade à presença humana, reforçam, por um lado, a importância da vigilância aerobiológica, e por outro lado, requer uma definição do seu carácter alergénico para a população desta região.

Evolution of the landscape of Madeira Island: long-term vegetation dynamics

The aim of this thesis was to evaluate historical change of the landscape of Madeira Island and to assess spatial and temporal vegetation dynamics. In current research diverse “retrospective techniques”, such as landscape repeat photography, dendrochronology, and research of historical records were used. These, combined with vegetation relevés, aimed to gather information about landscape change, disturbance history, and vegetation successional patterns. It was found that landscape change, throughout 125 years, was higher in the last five decades manly driven by farming abandonment, building growth and exotic vegetation coverage increase. Pristine vegetation was greatly destroyed since early settlement and by the end of the nineteenth century native vegetation was highly devastated due to recurrent antropogenic disturbances. These actions also helped to block plant succession and to modify floristical assemblages, affecting as well as species richness. In places with less hemeroby, although significant growth of vegetation of lower seral stages was detected, the vegetation of most mature stages headed towards unbalance between recovery and loss, being also very vulnerable to exotic species encroachment. Recovery by native vegetation also occurred in areas formerly occupied by exotic plants and agriculture but it was almost negligible. Vegetation recovery followed the successional model currently proposed, attesting the model itself. Yet, succession was slower than espected, due to lack of favourable conditions and to recurrent disturbances. Probable tempus of each seral stage was obtained by growth rates of woody taxa estimated through dendrochronology. The exotic trees which were the dominant trees in the past (Castanea sativa and Pinus pinaster) almost vanished. Eucalyptus globulus, the current main tree of the exotic forest is being replaced by other cover types as Acacia mearnsii. The latter, along with Arundo donax, Cytisus scoparius and Pittosporum undulatum are currently the exotic species with higher invasive behaviour. However, many other exotic species have also proved to be highly pervasive and came together with the ones referred above to prevent native vegetation regeneration, to diminish biological diversity, and to block early successional phases delaying native forest recovery.

Trajetos cênicos do grupo parafolclórico da UFRN:que dança é essa?

This paper aims at studying UFRN Parafolclórico Group, whose aesthetic formation is subjected to our analysis, specially at its two last performances, that is, Flor do Lírio (Lily Flower), 2004, and Debaixo do Barro do Chão (Under the Mud of the Ground), 2008. Three targets are envisaged here: to analyze the aesthetic ideas backing Parafolclórico Group exhibitions; to evaluate how their many folk elements interact with different artist languages in order to compose a certain choreography; and finally, to identify the aesthetic conformation placed behind the two different choreographs of the last performances, their trends and innermost features that differentiate them. In accordance with the Analysis of Contents (BARDIN, 2006), interviews have been made with the choreographers and the staff of the spectacles, resulting in elucidating answers to the understanding of their thematic axis. On the first chapter we called attention to motivating subjects as recollection, personal experiences, bibliography research, research in loco regarded as propelling forces of the creative works. Herein, folk culture is depicted as a dynamic process opening a frank dialogue with contemporary events and reinforcing their continuity. On the second chapter, we approached the aesthetic conformation and the scenic elements (costumes, light, scenario, make-up), integrating the studied spectacles and disseminating folk songs in various ways. As what concerns the subjects discourse, we have obtained support in authors like Robatto (1994); Lobo; Navas (2008); Burke (1989); Canclini (2006); Dufrenne (2005); Medeiros (2005); Pavis (2005); Silva (2005), among others. Those authors have provided us with an indispensable theoretic support which, added to the interviews, convinced us that the Parafolclórico Group s aesthetic conception tends to identify itself with the artist languages and other techniques of that Group. It also made sure that the Group s course aims at an aesthetic conception which is not limited to popular culture manifestations, like dance, but admits to play with other media in order to communicate its art. In view of this situation, we arrived to two conclusions: first: the group s interchanges emphasize the dynamic character of popular culture which, by establishing contacts with different realities, receives influences capable of extending its own continuity; second: the contemporary state of arts also improves multiple interchanges opening way, so, for many accomplishments in their field. Therefore, UFRN Parafolclórico Group inserts itself in the contemporary scenery by performing new evaluations of the popular dances as long as it puts them in contact with different technical, aesthetic, artist and culture combinations

Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) em um sistema agroflorestal da Região Metropolitana de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

Sandflies stand out as important vectors of leishmaniasis. The females need to ingest blood meals, enabling them to transmit protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which may give rise to visceral leishmaniasis (VL) or American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), in addition to transmitting other parasites. Leishmaniasis are important infirmities, distributed worldwide, whose infection results from the interaction of reservoir animals, the vector insect, parasitic protozoa and the healthy host. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), Brazil, these insects are important transmitters of VL, which usually presents in the most serious form. It occurs mainly in metropolitan areas, with the dog as its main reservoir and Lutzomyia longipalpis as the vector. ATL is most present in the highland areas of the state. In addition to hematophagia, engaged in by the females, both sexes need to ingest carbohydrates, which are essential to the sand flies energy requirements and may interfere in the development of Leishmania. The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence and abundance of sand flies in different environments on the farm belonging to the Empresa de Pesquisas Agropecuárias do RN (Institute of Agricultural Research of RN), in the municipality of Parnamirim, in order to relate this occurrence with climatological and biological references and eating habits. Three consecutive monthly collections were carried out with CDC traps in a fragment of the Atlantic Forest, in a residence, on a goat breeding farm and on cashew, dwarf and giant coconut, mango, banana, eucalyptus, acacia and bean plantations. A total of 1241 sandflies from eight species (Lutzomyia evandroi, Lutzomyia longipalpis, Lutzomyia shannoni, Lutzomyia sordellii Lutzomyia walkeri, Lutzomyia wellcomei, Lutzomyia whitmani, and Lutzomyia intermedia) were collected, most in the forest environment. L. longipalpis, the main VL transmitter, was confirmed as a species adapted to anthropic environments, whereas others such as L. wellcomei, the vector of ATL, occurred predominantly in forests. Carbohydrate characterization of the sand flies and plants of the region demonstrated that a number of exotic plants such as hay and eucalyptus may play some role in the adaptation of these species to modified environments. Breeding in laboratory showed a mean biological cycle of 53.5 days from egg to adulthood for L. shannoni and the possibility of diapause behavior in L. wellcomei. This study serves as a source of information that may contribute to the epidemiological vigilance of tegumentary and visceral leishmaniasis in the state, given that it analyzes the bioecology of transmitting species, as well as their potential to adapt to new environments

Movimento de borboletas frugívoras e conectividade funcional em uma paisagem de Mata Atlântica

An organisms movement within and between habitats is an essential trait of life history, one that shapes population dynamics, communities and ecosystems in space and time. Since the ability to perceive and react to specific conditions varies greatly between organisms, different movement patterns are generated. These, in turn, will reflect the way species persist in the original habitat and surrounding patches. This study evaluated patterns of movement of frugivorous butterflies in order to estimate the connectivity of a landscape mosaic in an area of Atlantic Forest. For this purpose, we used the capture-mark-recapture method on butterflies trapped with fermented fruit bait in three distinct habitats. The first represents a typical Atlantic forest fragment, while the other two represent man-made matrix habitats. One contains a coconut plantation and the other a plantation of the exotic Acacia mangium species. Five traps were randomly placed in each landscape unit in areas of 40 x 40m. Using recapture data and relating it to distance between captures and habitat structure, I found that movement frequencies, both within and between landscape units were different for the analyzed species, suggesting that they do not interpret and react to the landscape in the same way. Thus this study was able to measure landscape functional connectivity. For most species, the exchange between forest and coconut plantations occurred with low frequency compared to exchanges between the forest and acacia plantations, which share more structural similarities. This seems to indicate that a matrix that is more similar to patches of native vegetation can shelter species, permit their movement and, consequently, contribute to the landscape connectivity

Cigarras (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Tibicinidae) associadas ao cafeeiro: distribuição, hospedeiros e chave para as espécies

É apresentada a distribuição de 10 espécies de cigarras associadas ao cafeeiro, Coffea arabica, nos Estados de Minas Gerais, São Paulo e Paraná, Brasil. A informação sobre a distribuição geográfica destas espécies no Continente Americano, afora o Brasil, foi baseada na literatura. Para o Brasil, as localidades de ocorrência de cigarras foram baseadas na literatura, nos levantamentos realizados e em exemplares de coleções nacionais. Outros sete hospedeiros, além do cafeeiro, foram também registrados: esponjeira (Acacia farnesiana), sibipiruna (Caesalpinia peltophoroides), Cassia spp., amoreira (Morus alba), abacateiro (Persea americana), angico (Piptadenia sp.) e cacaueiro (Theobroma cacao). São apresentadas chaves de identificação, baseadas nas características gerais e na genitália masculina.

Nutrient recycling and physical indicators of an alley cropping system in a sandy loam soil in the pre-Amazon region of Brazil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Impactos do estresse salino e da cobertura morta nas características químicas do solo e no desenvolvimento do amaranto

Availability of good quality water has been reduced vertiginously, over the last decade, in the world. In some regions, the water resources have high concentration of the dissolved salts, these characteristics of the water make it s use impossible. Water quality can be a limitation for irrigated agriculture, principally in regions of arid or semiarid climate where the water resources are generally saline and are exposed at high evaporation ratio. For that reason, precipitation of the salts occurs near the soil surface and those salts themselves cumulate in the vegetal tissue, reducing the soil fertility and crop production. The adoption of tolerant crop to the water salinity and soil salinity, adaptable to the climatic conditions is other emergent necessity. This work had the goal of studying the effects of four salinity levels of the irrigation water salinity and use of mulch, dried leaves of Forest mangrove (Acacia mangiumWilld), in cultivated soil with amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus, BRS Alegria variety), in greenhouse. It was utilized the transplant of plants to PVC columns, containing 30 kg of silty loam soil, 10 days after emerging, with space of 50 x 50 cm between lines. Treatments were composed by combination of four levels of salinity (0.147; 1.500; 3.000 e 4.500 dS m-1), obtained by addition NaCl (commercial) to irrigation water and soil with and without protection, by mulch. A factorial system 4 x 2 was used with four repetitions, totalizing 32 parcels. The concentrations of nutrients in soil solution have been evaluated, in the dry matter of the vegetal tissue (roots, stem, leaves and raceme residue), at the end of the vegetative cycle. The use of soil protection reduced time for the beginning inflorescence of plants, at the same time, the increase of the salinity delayed this phase of amaranth development. The use of the mulch effectively increased the height, stem diameter, area of the larger leaf, humidity and dry matter content and amaranth grain production. The vegetal species showed salinity tolerance to experimented levels. The adopted treatments did not affect the pH values, exchangeable cation contents, electrical conductivity of soil solution (EC1:5) and saturated extract (ECSE), and Ca+2, Mg+, Fe+2 and Mn+2 contents, in the soil solution. The increase of the salinity concentration in the irrigation water inhibited the mineralization process of the organic matter (OM) and, consequently, the efficiency in the it´s utilization by plants, at the same time, produced increase in the values of the exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) and potassium adsorption ratio (PAR), in the soil solution. Therefore, the use of the mulch did not affect the first three parameters. The protein and nutrient contents: K+, Ca+2, P, Mg+2 e Cu+2, in amaranth grains, were improved by tillage condition. The raceme residues showed chemical/nutritional composition that makes advantageous its application in animal ration. In this context, it follows that amaranth tolerate the saline stress, of the irrigation water, until 4.500 dS m-1, temperature and relative humidity of the air predominant in the experimental environment

Estratégias de aprendizagem utilizadas por estudantes cegos

Learning strategies can be understood as a planned sequence of procedures or activities, selected in order to facilitate the acquisition, storage and use of information. Although important to the learning process, the knowledge on these strategies is still insufficient, especially with regard to students with visual impairments. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize learning strategies used by blind and sighted students, registered in elementary education in schools and special institutions. Were participants 23 teachers, male and female, aged between 26 and 51 years, and 102 students, of whom 25 were blind and 77 seers, of both genders, registered on the 3rd to the 9th grade of elementary school, aged 7 to 16 years old. The instruments used were: field diary (students and teachers); structured questionnaire (teachers); sociodemographic questionnaire, interview and Assessment Scale of Learning Strategies for Elementary School (students). Initially were made observations in the classroom and the teachers received the questionnaires, with instructions for completion. Then were made the interviews with blind students and the scale was administered with these and with the seers. All instruments were administered individually. We conducted content analysis of the questionnaires with teachers and the interviews with blind students. The scale of strategies and sociodemographic questionnaire were analyzed with the help of descriptive and inferential statistics. It was noticed that the blind students use few learning strategies in the classroom, regardless of city, series, sex or age. It was found that teachers didn t receive training to deal with blind students, either during graduation or after have completed it, in such a way that few of them were able to inform about the learning strategies the students use, and demonstrated low ability to deal with these inefficiencies. It was also found that the blind and the sighted use cognitive and metacognitive strategies during learning, but those used by the blind seem to be more basic, low complexity, given that the seers have achieved higher scores on all subscales. We conclude that the repertoire of learning strategies for blind students is inflexible, requiring increments so that they can achieve significant results. It is important that teachers receive training to understand the learning strategies and how they positively influence learning

Contribution to the study of diarrhea etiology in neonate dairy calves in São Paulo state, Brazil

Amostras fecais de 203 bezerros com diarréia, idade inferior a 30 dias, de ambos os sexos e de diferentes propriedades do Estado de São Paulo foram examinadas num período de dois anos. Cultivos para pesquisa bacteriana foram feitos em agar acrescido de 10% de sangue bovino e agar Levine. As placas foram incubadas por até 96 horas, em condições aeróbias, a 37°C, com observação dos aspectos de colônia e estudos morfológicos, bioquímicos e realização de outros testes, quando pertinentes. O teste de ELISA foi aplicado para pesquisa de Rotavirus. Cryptosporidium spp. também foi pesquisado e identificado. Resultados revelaram envolvimento de vários patógenos de forma isolada, assim como associados. Rotavirus foi encontrado em 51 (25,1%) das amostras, sendo em 58,8% só, em 41.7% associado a outros microrganismos. Cryptosporydium spp foi isolado em 43 (21.3%) das amostras, sendo só em 65,1% delas e associado a outros enteropatógenos em 34,9%. No exame parasitológico foram encontrados ovos de estrongilídeos em 5 (2,5%) das amostras, não excedendo mais de dois ovos por campo examinado. Ao exame microbiológico, um ou mais microrganismos foram isolados. Escherichia coli foi encontrada em 100% das amostras. As pesquisas de toxina termoestável e do antígeno de aderência K99 realizada nas 73 amostras de E.coli foram negativas, e o grupo sorológico das mesmas foi determinado, sendo 34,2%, 17,8% e 47,9% das amostras pertencentes aos sorogrupos O8, O11 e O101, respectivamente. Salmonella Dublin e Salmonella typhimurium foram isoladas em 5,4% e 6,1% das amostras examinadas, respectivamente.

Molecular detection of Streptococcus agalactiae in bovine raw milk samples obtained directly from bulk tanks

Mastitis is the most common infectious disease affecting dairy cattle; in addition, it remains the most economically important disease of dairy industries around the world. Streptococcus agalactiae, a contagious pathogen associated with subclinical mastitis, is highly infectious. This bacterium can cause an increase in bulk tank bacterial counts (BTBC) and bulk tank somatic cell counts (BTSCC). The microbiological identification of S. agalactiae in samples from bulk tanks is an auxiliary method to control contagious mastitis. Thus, there are some limitations for time-consuming cultures or identification methods and additional concerns about the conservation and transport of samples. Bulk tank samples from 247 dairy farms were cultured and compared through polymerase chain reaction (PCR), directed to 16S rRNA genes of S. agalactiae, followed by BTBC and S. agalactiae isolation. The mean value of BTBC was 1.08 x 10(6) CFU mL(-1) and the bacterium was identified through the microbiological method in 98 (39.7%; CI95% = 33.8-45.9%) and through PCR in 110 (44.5%; CI95% = 38.5-50.8%) samples. Results indicated sensitivity of 0.8571 +/- 0.0353 (CI95% = 0.7719-0.9196) and specificity of 0.8255 +/- 0.0311 (CI95% = 0.7549-0.8827). The lack of significant difference between microbiological and molecular results (kappa = 0.6686 +/- 0.0477 and CI95% = 0.5752-0.7620) indicated substantial agreement between the methods. This suggests that PCR can be used for bulk tank samples to detect contagious mastitis caused by S. agalactiae. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.