Desempenho de macieiras 'Imperial Gala' e 'Mishima Fuji' em diferentes porta-enxertos

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência de diferentes porta-enxertos no desempenho das cultivares de macieira (Malus domestica) Imperial Gala e Mishima Fuji. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Utilizaram-se os porta-enxertos CG.969, CG.874, CG.210, CG.56, CG.008, JM.2 e JM.7, além da combinação de Marubakaido com interenxerto de M.9 (Marubakaido/M.9). Avaliaram-se as variáveis: produção por planta, produtividade, número de frutos por planta, massa de fruto, área da seção transversal do tronco, sólidos solúveis, firmeza do fruto e índice iodo-amido. A produtividade de ambas as cultivares foi maior com os porta-enxertos Marubakaido/M.9, JM.2, CG.008, CG.874, CG.210 e CG.56. Além disso, os porta-enxertos CG.008, CG.874, CG.210 e CG.56 reduzem o vigor da cultivar-copa, mas sem reduzir a produtividade. O teor de sólidos solúveis dos frutos é maior quando se utilizam porta-enxertos menos vigorosos.

Combined effect of tobacco and alcohol on laryngeal cancer risk : a case-control study

OBJECTIVE: To provide information on the effects of alcohol and tobacco on laryngeal cancer and its subsites. METHODS: This was a case-control study conducted between 1992 and 2000 in northern Italy and Switzerland. A total of 527 cases of incident squamous-cell carcinoma of the larynx and 1297 hospital controls frequency-matched with cases on age, sex, and area of residence were included. Odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: In comparison with never smokers, ORs were 19.8 for current smokers and 7.0 for ex-smokers. The risk increased in relation to the number of cigarettes (OR = 42.9 for > or = 25 cigarettes/day) and for duration of smoking (OR = 37.2 for > or = 40 years). For alcohol, the risk increased in relation to number of drinks (OR = 5.9 for > or = 56 drinks per week). Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a multiplicative (OR = 177) rather than an additive risk. For current smokers and current drinkers the risk was higher for supraglottis (ORs 54.9 and 2.6, respectively) than for glottis (ORs 7.4 and 1.8) and others subsites (ORs 10.9 and 1.9). CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that both cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking are independent risk factors for laryngeal cancer. Heavy consumption of alcohol and cigarettes determined a multiplicative risk increase, possibly suggesting biological synergy.

Hyvä johtamis- ja hallintotapa ja sen kehittäminen osuustoiminnallisissa yrityksissä

Yritysten hyvä johtamis- ja hallintotapa (corporate governance = CG) on Yhdysvalloissa alkunsa saanut pörssinoteeratuille yrityksille suunnattu ohjesääntö, jolla niiden johtamis- ja hallintokäytäntöä pyritään yhdenmukaistamaan ja samalla tekemään sitäläpinäkyvämmäksi omistajille. Osuustoiminnallisten yritysten hyvää johtamis- jahallintotapaa, jota tässä tutkielmassa tutkitaan, on tutkittu vähän ja yritysmuotona se jää aina osakeyhtiöiden varjoon. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tarkastella osuustoiminnallisten yritysten hyvän johtamis- ja hallintotavan kehittämiskohteita erityyppisissä suomalaisissa osuuskunnissa. Tutkielman tavoitteena oli löytää sopivat mittaristot, joita voitaisiin käyttää mitatessa johdon ja hallituksen työskentelyn tehokkuutta ja suorituskykyä. Teoria jakaantuu kahteen osaan. Aluksi käsittelen osuustoiminnallisten yritysten arvoja, tunnusmerkkejä, sääntelyä ja hallintoa sekä osuuskuntien erilaisia organisoitumismuotoja. Osuuskuntien hyvän johtamis- ja hallintotavan teoriaosa puolestaan koostuu erilaisista hyvän johtamis- ja hallintotavan suosituksista, teorioista, rakenteesta ja tehokkaan hallitustyöskentelyn avaimista ja arvioinnista sekä suorituskyvyn mittauksen viitekehyksestä. Haastattelujen avulla pyrin saamaan vastaukset osuustoiminnallisten yritysten hyvän johtamis- ja hallintotavan kehityskohteista. Tutkimuksen tuloksissa näkyy osuustoiminnallisten yritysten hyvän johtamis- ja hallintotavan kehityskohdat, joissa osuustoiminnallisilla yrityksillä olisi vielä kehitettävää ja parannettavaa. Suuressa osassa osuustoiminnallisista yrityksistä on noudatettu soveltuvin osin listatuille yrityksille laadittua suositusta ja suuri osa kehityskohteista tulee tämän suosituksen sisällöstä, joita ei ole onnistuttu soveltamaan osuuskuntiin.

Comportamento de cultivares de uva sem sementes no submédio São Francisco

Com o objetivo de introduzir, avaliar e selecionar variedades de uva sem sementes, adaptadas às condições tropicais semi-áridas e oferecer novas alternativas aos viticultores do Vale do São Francisco, implantou-se, em 1994, uma coleção com dezenove variedades de uvas sem sementes no Campo Experimental de Bebedouro, da Embrapa Semi-Árido, em Petrolina - PE. Foram avaliadas treze variedades ao longo dos anos de 1997 e 1998, correspondendo a cinco ciclos de produção. As variedades utilizadas foram Vênus, Arizul, Beauty Seedless, Thompson Seedless, Marroo Seedless, Canner, CG 39915, Pasiga, Saturn, Emperatriz, A1581, Paulistinha e Loose Perlette, enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto IAC 572 ('Campinas'). Foram avaliados aspectos relacionados ao desenvolvimento vegetativo e produtivo das plantas e características e composição química dos frutos. Todas as variedades apresentaram cachos com tamanho pequeno. As variedades Vênus e Marroo Seedless destacaram-se em relação ao diâmetro de bagas, apresentando, respectivamente, 17,83 e 18,26 mm, sem a necessidade de aplicação de reguladores de crescimento. O teor de sólidos solúveis totais foi elevado na maioria das variedades, enquanto a acidez total titulável foi reduzida, resultando em relações SST/ATT satisfatórias. As variedades Vênus e Marroo Seedless foram as mais produtivas, com produtividades anuais de 24 t/ha e 20 t/ha, respectivamente.

Cost-effectiveness of a new combined immunosuppressive and anti-infectious regimen in kidney transplantation.

OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to assess the 1-year cost-effectiveness of a new combined immunosuppressive and anti-infectious regimen in kidney transplantation to prevent both rejection and infectious complications. METHODS: Patients (pts) transplanted from January 2000 to March 2003 (Group A) and treated with a conventional protocol were compared with pts submitted to a combined regimen including universal cytomegalovirus (CMV) prophylaxis between April 2003 and July 2005 (Group B). Costs were computed from the hospital accounting system for hospital stays, and official tariffs for outpatient visits. Patients with incomplete costs data were excluded from analysis. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients were analyzed in Group A, and 60 in Group B. Baseline characteristics including CMV serostatus were not significantly different between the two groups. Over 12 months after transplantation, acute rejections decreased from 41.5 percent in Group A to 6.7 percent in Group B (p < .001), and CMV infections from 47 percent to 15 percent (p < .001). Overall, readmissions decreased from 68 percent to 55 percent (p = .160), and average hospital days from 28 +/- 19 to 20 +/- 11 days (p < .007). The average number of outpatient visits decreased from 49 +/- 10 to 39 +/- 8 (p < .001). Average 1-year immunosuppressive and CMV prophylaxis costs (per patient) increased from CHF20,402 +/- 7,273 to 27,375 +/- 6,063 (p < .001), graft rejection costs decreased from CHF4,595 +/- 10,182 to 650 +/- 3,167 (p = .005), CMV treatment costs from CHF2,270 +/- 6,161 to 101 +/- 326 (p = .008), and outpatient visits costs from CHF8,466 +/- 1'721 to 6,749 +/- 1,159 (p < .001). Altogether, 1-year treatment costs decreased from CHF39'957 +/- 16,573 to 36,204 +/- 6,901 (p = .115). CONCLUSIONS: The new combined regimen administered in Group B was significantly more effective, and its additional costs were more than offset by savings associated with complications avoidance.

Metodologia d'una revisió sistemàtica: Efecte de les dietes de baixa càrrega glucèmica (baix índex glucèmic o baix contingut en hidrats de carboni) en pacients amb diabetis mellitus gestacional (DMG)

En aquest treball s'exposaran els punts bàsics per elaborar una revisió sistemàtica (RS) i es presentarà l'apartat metodològic utilitzat en una RS en la qual he participat i que, actualment, està en procés de redacció. L'objectiu d'aquesta RS és avaluar els efectes de les dietes amb baixa càrrega glucèmica (CG) (baix índex glucèmic (IG) o baix contingut en carbohidrats(HC)) per al tractament de la diabetis mellitus gestacional (DMG). La hipòtesi de treball d'aquesta RS proposa que una dieta de baixa CG indueix una disminució de la necessitat d’insulina en dones embarassades que cursen amb DMG.

Análise da diversidade genética por AFLP e identificação de marcadores associados à resistência a doenças em videira

Com objetivo de estudar diversidade genética e identificar marcadores associados à resistência ao míldio (Plasmopara viticola) e ao oídio (Uncinula necator), foram analisadas as cultivares de videira A 1976, CG 87746, CNPUV 154-27, Crimson Seedless, Gota de Ouro, Itália, Seyve Villard 12327 e Seyve Villard 12375. As análises de polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmento amplificado (AFLP) seguiram as etapas de digestão, ligação, pré-amplificação e amplificação. Efetuou-se a separação dos fragmentos amplificados em gel de 7% de poliacrilamida desnaturante (uréia 7M) e coloração com nitrato de prata. A similaridade foi estimada com base no coeficiente de Jaccard, e a agregação, por UPGMA. Foi gerada uma matriz de similaridade com bom ajustamento da agregação (r = 0,84). Os agrupamentos obtidos corresponderam à origem e classificação botânica das cultivares. Foram identificadas 15 marcas dissimilares associadas à resistência, sendo oito para míldio e sete para oídio.

Is there an age cutoff to apply adult formulas for GFR estimation in children?

BACKGROUND: Estimation of glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) using a common formula for both adult and pediatric populations is challenging. Using inulin clearances (iGFRs), this study aims to investigate the existence of a precise age cutoff beyond which the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD), the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI), or the Cockroft-Gault (CG) formulas, can be applied with acceptable precision. Performance of the new Schwartz formula according to age is also evaluated. METHOD: We compared 503 iGFRs for 503 children aged between 33 months and 18 years to eGFRs. To define the most precise age cutoff value for each formula, a circular binary segmentation method analyzing the formulas' bias values according to the children's ages was performed. Bias was defined by the difference between iGFRs and eGFRs. To validate the identified cutoff, 30% accuracy was calculated. RESULTS: For MDRD, CKD-EPI and CG, the best age cutoff was ≥14.3, ≥14.2 and ≤10.8 years, respectively. The lowest mean bias and highest accuracy were -17.11 and 64.7% for MDRD, 27.4 and 51% for CKD-EPI, and 8.31 and 77.2% for CG. The Schwartz formula showed the best performance below the age of 10.9 years. CONCLUSION: For the MDRD and CKD-EPI formulas, the mean bias values decreased with increasing child age and these formulas were more accurate beyond an age cutoff of 14.3 and 14.2 years, respectively. For the CG and Schwartz formulas, the lowest mean bias values and the best accuracies were below an age cutoff of 10.8 and 10.9 years, respectively. Nevertheless, the accuracies of the formulas were still below the National Kidney Foundation Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative target to be validated in these age groups and, therefore, none of these formulas can be used to estimate GFR in children and adolescent populations.

Diversity and genetic struture in cajá tree (spondias mombin l.) populations in northeastern Brazil

Spondias mombin L. is a fruit tree from the American continent from the Anacardiaceae family. In Brazil it is common in different vegetation types but is more frequent in the Atlantic and Amazonian rainforests. It is economically important because of its fruits, which are widely consumed raw or processed as fruit jellies, juices and ice creams. The leaves have great importance in the pharmaceutical industry because of their antibacterial properties. In the state of Pernambuco, cajá tree is widely distributed in the Zona da Mata region and less frequently in the Agreste and Sertão areas. In this work diversity and genetic structure were studied in four populations of cajá tree from Pernambuco's Zona da Mata, Northeast Brazil, using isozymes polymorphism analyses from electrophoreses. The result showed 100% of polymorphism (P) for nine alleles and the average of alleles per locus s was 2.4. The expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.530 to 0.574 and the observed heterozygosity , from 0.572 to 0.735. It was not observed inbreeding and the average F IT was -0.175, whereas within population inbreeding (f) varied from -0.08 to- 0.37. The genetic divergence among the populations (F ST) ranged from 0.006 to 0.028 and the average was 0.026. The average of estimated gene flow (Nm) was high (5.27). The CG-IPA population, corresponding to the germplasm collection of IPA, showed more than 96% of genetic similarity with other populations; therefore, it is a good representative of the existent genetic diversity in the Zona da Mata region.

BDNF promoter I methylation correlates between post-mortem human peripheral and brain tissues.

Several psychiatric disorders have been associated with CpG methylation changes in CG rich promoters of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mainly by extracting DNA from peripheral blood cells. Whether changes in peripheral DNA methylation can be used as a proxy for brain-specific alterations remains an open question. In this study we aimed to compare DNA methylation levels in BDNF promoter regions in human blood cells, muscle and brain regions using bisulfite-pyrosequencing. We found a significant correlation between the levels of BDNF promoter I methylation measured in quadriceps and vPFC tissues extracted from the same individuals (n = 98, Pearson, r = 0.48, p = 4.5 × 10(-7)). In the hippocampus, BDNF promoter I and IV methylation levels were strongly correlated (Pearson, n = 37, r = 0.74, p = 1.4 × 10(-7)). We found evidence for sex-dependent effect on BDNF promoter methylation levels in the various tissues and blood samples. Taken together, these data indicate a strong intra-individual correlation between peripheral and brain tissue. They also suggest that sex determines methylation patterns in BDNF promoter region across different types of tissue, including muscle, brain, and blood.

Constituintes voláteis do fruto do pajeuzeiro (Triplaris sp.)

O estudo dos constituintes voláteis dos frutos contribui para a indicação destes para diferentes aplicações, como nas indústrias alimentícia, farmacêutica e de cosméticos. A importância da pesquisa de componentes voláteis em frutos silvestres reveste-se no fato de que esses resultados apontem para o seu aproveitamento, assim como para despertar o interesse de produtores para o seu cultivo comercial. O trabalho teve como objetivo a identificação dos constituintes voláteis do óleo essencial dos frutos de pajeuzeiro (Triplaris sp.). As atividades foram conduzidas no Núcleo de Estudos, Pesquisas e Processamento de Alimentos do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Piauí, em Teresina-PI. Os frutos foram colhidos no município de Beneditinos-PI. Na extração do óleo essencial, utilizou-se a técnica de hidrodestilação, e a identificação dos constituintes foi realizada por cromatografia gasosa / espectrometria de massas - CG/EM. Identificaram-se 8 (oito) das 12 (doze) substâncias extraídas, tendo como constituintes majoritários: palmitato de metila (21,67%) e 10-octadecenoato de metila (21,72%).

Effect Estimation of an Innovative Nursing Intervention to Improve Delirium among Home-Dwelling Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial.

AIMS: Estimating the effect of a nursing intervention in home-dwelling older adults on the occurrence and course of delirium and concomitant cognitive and functional impairment. METHODS: A randomized clinical pilot trial using a before/after design was conducted with older patients discharged from hospital who had a medical prescription to receive home care. A total of 51 patients were randomized into the experimental group (EG) and 52 patients into the control group (CG). Besides usual home care, nursing interventions were offered by a geriatric nurse specialist to the EG at 48 h, 72 h, 7 days, 14 days, and 21 days after discharge. All patients were monitored for symptoms of delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method. Cognitive and functional statuses were measured with the Mini-Mental State Examination and the Katz and Lawton Index. RESULTS: No statistical differences with regard to symptoms of delirium (p = 0.085), cognitive impairment (p = 0.151), and functional status (p = 0.235) were found between the EG and CG at study entry and at 1 month. After adjustment, statistical differences were found in favor of the EG for symptoms of delirium (p = 0.046), cognitive impairment (p = 0.015), and functional status (p = 0.033). CONCLUSION: Nursing interventions to detect delirium at home are feasible and accepted. The nursing interventions produced a promising effect to improve delirium.

Diversity and genetic relatedness among genotypes of Vitis spp. using microsatellite molecular markers

The purpose of this research was to study the genetic diversity and genetic relatedness of 60 genotypes of grapevines derived from the Germplasm Bank of Embrapa Semiárido, Juazeiro, BA, Brazil. Seven previously characterized microsatellite markers were used: VVS2, VVMD5, VVMD7, VVMD27, VVMD3, ssrVrZAG79 and ssrVrZAG62. The expected heterozygosity (He) and polymorphic information content (PIC) were calculated, and the cluster analysis were processed to generate a dendrogram using the algorithm UPGMA. The He ranged from 81.8% to 88.1%, with a mean of 84.8%. The loci VrZAG79 and VVMD7 were the most informative, with a PIC of 87 and 86%, respectively, while VrZAG62 was the least informative, with a PIC value of 80%. Cluster analysis by UPGMA method allowed separation of the genotypes according to their genealogy and identification of possible parentage for the cultivars 'Dominga', 'Isaura', 'CG 26916', 'CG28467' and 'Roni Redi'.

DESEMPENHO AGRONÔMICO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS DE MACIEIRA DA SÉRIE AMERICANA ‘GENEVA®’ NO SUL DO BRASIL

RESUMOEste estudo teve como objetivo verificar o desempenho agronômico de porta-enxertos de macieira da série Geneva® sobre o controle do vigor, a produção anual e acumulada, a eficiência produtiva e a massa fresca média de frutos das cultivares Gala e Fuji, em relação aos porta-enxertos tradicionalmente usados no meio-oeste de Santa Catarina, M.9 e MM.111. Os porta-enxertos da série Geneva® foram mais eficientes no controle do vigor e na eficiência produtiva da ‘Gala’ e da ‘Fuji’ que o MM.111. Todos induziram maior produção acumulada que o M.9, com maior destaque ao ‘G.213’ e ao ‘G.210’ para as duas cultivares; e ao ‘G.202’ para a ‘Fuji’. Em eficiência produtiva, todos foram superiores ao ‘MM.111’. O ‘G.213’ e o ‘CG.22’ foram mais eficientes que o ‘M.9’ para a ‘Gala’. Para a ‘Fuji’, todos foram mais eficientes que o ‘M.9’, com exceção do ‘CG.22’. Considerando todas as características avaliadas, os porta-enxertos G.213 (ananizante) e G.210 (semiananizante) são as opções mais promissoras de novos porta-enxertos para ambas as cultivares de macieira avaliadas. O G.202 também se mostrou promissor para a ‘Fuji’.