Total Factor Productivity in Indian Electronic Sector after Liberalisation: Sources and Outcomes

This paper analyses the efficiency and productivity growth of the Electronic Sector of India in the liberalization era since 1991. The study gives an insight into the process of the growth of one of the most upcoming sector of this decade. This sector has experienced a vast structural change along with the changing economic structures in India after liberalisation. With the opening up of this sector to foreign market and incoming of multinational companies, the environment has become highly competitive. The law that operates is that of Darwin’s ‘Survival of the fittest’. Existing industries experience a continuous threat of exit due to entrance of new potential entrants. Thus, it becomes inevitable for the existing industries in this sector to improve productivity growth for their survival. It is thus important to analyze how the industries in this sector have performed over the years and what are the factors that have contributed to the overall output growth.

Precision and long-term stability of clumped-isotope analysis of CO2 using a small-sector isotope ratio mass spectrometer

RATIONALE The ratio of the measured abundance of 13C18O bonding CO2 to its stochastic abundance, prescribed by the delta 13C and delta 18O values from a carbonate mineral, is sensitive to its growth temperature. Recently, clumped-isotope thermometry, which uses this ratio, has been adopted as a new tool to elucidate paleotemperatures quantitatively. METHODS Clumped isotopes in CO2 were measured with a small-sector isotope ratio mass spectrometer. CO2 samples digested from several kinds of calcium carbonates by phosphoric acid at 25 degrees C were purified using both cryogenic and gas-chromatographic separations, and their isotopic composition (delta 13C, delta 18O, Delta 47, Delta 48 and Delta 49 values) were then determined using a dual-inlet Delta XP mass spectrometer. RESULTS The internal precisions of the single gas Delta 47 measurements were 0.005 and 0.02 parts per thousand (1 SE) for the optimum and the routine analytical conditions, respectively, which are comparable with those obtained using a MAT 253 mass spectrometer. The long-term variations in the Delta 47 values for the in-house working standard and the heated CO2 gases since 2007 were close to the routine, single gas uncertainty while showing seasonal-like periodicities with a decreasing trend. Unlike the MAT 253, the Delta XP did not show any significant relationship between the Delta 47 and delta 47 values. CONCLUSIONS The Delta XP gave results that were approximately as precise as those of the MAT 253 for clumped-isotope analysis. The temporal stability of the Delta XP seemed to be lower, although an advantage of the Delta XP was that no dependency of delta 47 on Delta 47 was found. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Corporate social responsibilities of Indian public sector enterprises-a case study of Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)

The high level of public accountability attached to Public Sector Enterprises as a result of public ownership makes them socially responsible. The Committee of Public Undertakings in 1992 examined the issue relating to social obligations of Central Public Sector Enterprises and observed that ``being part of the `State', every Public Sector enterprise has a moral responsibility to play an active role in discharging the social obligations endowed on a welfare state, subject to the financial health of the enterprise''. It issued the Corporate Social Responsibility Guidelines in 2010 where all Central Public Enterprises, through a Board Resolution, are mandated to create a CSR budget as a specified percentage of net profit of the previous year. This paper examines the CSR activities of the biggest engineering public sector organization in India, Bharath Heavy Electricals Limited. The objectives are twofold, one, to develop a case study of the organization about the funds allocated and utilized for various CSR activities, and two, to examine its status with regard to other organizations, the 2010 guidelines, and the local socio-economic development. Secondary data analysis results show three interesting trends. One, it reveals increasing organizational social orientation with the formal guidelines in place. Two, Firms can no longer continue to exploit environmental resources and escape from their responsibilities by acting separate entities regardless of the interest of the society and Three the thrust of CSR in public sector is on inclusive growth, sustainable development and capacity building with due attention to the socio-economic needs of the neglected and marginalized sections of the society.

On existence of periodic solutions for stable interval plants with odd, sector type nonlinearities

In several systems, the physical parameters of the system vary over time or operating points. A popular way of representing such plants with structured or parametric uncertainties is by means of interval polynomials. However, ensuring the stability of such systems is a robust control problem. Fortunately, Kharitonov's theorem enables the analysis of such interval plants and also provides tools for design of robust controllers in such cases. The present paper considers one such case, where the interval plant is connected with a timeinvariant, static, odd, sector type nonlinearity in its feedback path. This paper provides necessary conditions for the existence of self sustaining periodic oscillations in such interval plants, and indicates a possible design algorithm to avoid such periodic solutions or limit cycles. The describing function technique is used to approximate the nonlinearity and subsequently arrive at the results. Furthermore, the value set approach, along with Mikhailov conditions, are resorted to in providing graphical techniques for the derivation of the conditions and subsequent design algorithm of the controller.

Co-benefits, trade-offs, barriers and policies for greenhouse gas mitigation in the agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector

The agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) sector is responsible for approximately 25% of anthropogenic GHG emissions mainly from deforestation and agricultural emissions from livestock, soil and nutrient management. Mitigation from the sector is thus extremely important in meeting emission reduction targets. The sector offers a variety of cost-competitive mitigation options with most analyses indicating a decline in emissions largely due to decreasing deforestation rates. Sustainability criteria are needed to guide development and implementation of AFOLU mitigation measures with particular focus on multifunctional systems that allow the delivery of multiple services from land. It is striking that almost all of the positive and negative impacts, opportunities and barriers are context specific, precluding generic statements about which AFOLU mitigation measures have the greatest promise at a global scale. This finding underlines the importance of considering each mitigation strategy on a case-by-case basis, systemic effects when implementing mitigation options on the national scale, and suggests that policies need to be flexible enough to allow such assessments. National and international agricultural and forest (climate) policies have the potential to alter the opportunity costs of specific land uses in ways that increase opportunities or barriers for attaining climate change mitigation goals. Policies governing practices in agriculture and in forest conservation and management need to account for both effective mitigation and adaptation and can help to orient practices in agriculture and in forestry towards global sharing of innovative technologies for the efficient use of land resources. Different policy instruments, especially economic incentives and regulatory approaches, are currently being applied however, for its successful implementation it is critical to understand how land-use decisions are made and how new social, political and economic forces in the future will influence this process.

Status of the MSSM Higgs sector using global analysis and direct search bounds, and future prospects at the High Luminosity LHC

In this paper, we search for the regions of the phenomenological minimal supersymmetric standard model (pMSSM) parameter space where one can expect to have moderate Higgs mixing angle (alpha) with relatively light (up to 600 GeV) additional Higgses after satisfying the current LHC data. We perform a global fit analysis using most updated data (till December 2014) from the LHC and Tevatron experiments. The constraints coming from the precision measurements of the rare b-decays B-s -> mu(+)mu(-) and b -> s gamma are also considered. We find that low M-A(less than or similar to 350) and high tan beta(greater than or similar to 25) regions are disfavored by the combined effect of the global analysis and flavor data. However, regions with Higgs mixing angle alpha similar to 0.1-0.8 are still allowed by the current data. We then study the existing direct search bounds on the heavy scalar/pseudoscalar (H/A) and charged Higgs boson (H-+/-) masses and branchings at the LHC. It has been found that regions with low to moderate values of tan beta with light additional Higgses (mass <= 600 GeV) are unconstrained by the data, while the regions with tan beta > 20 are excluded considering the direct search bounds by the LHC-8 data. The possibility to probe the region with tan beta <= 20 at the high luminosity run of LHC are also discussed, giving special attention to the H -> hh, H/A -> t (t) over bar and H/A -> tau(+)tau(-) decay modes.

Estado actual del bosque de galería de la parte alta del rio Santa Elena, sector norte de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua

~vii~ RESUMEN La presente investigación se realizó en el bosque de galería de la parte alta del río Santa Elena, de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, donde se identificó el estado actual y la estructura horizontal y vertical, la composición florística en el estrato arbóreo del río, además, se determinó la diversidad a través del índice ecológico de Shannon-Weiner, por lo cual se realizó un inventario al cien por ciento (100 %). En cuanto a la estructura horizontal, se encontró el mayor número de individuos correspondiendo a la categoría 10 a 19.9 cm, la que presento menores cantidades de árboles fue la categoría mayor de 90cm, la dominancia más alta fue para Ficus trigonata (Chilamate). En cuanto al índice de valor de importancia (IVI), los valores más altos, le corresponden a las especies, Ficus trigonata (Chilamate), seguido por Guazuma ulmifolia (Guácimo de ternero) y Pithecellobium dulce (Espino de playa), con respecto a la abundancia específica, Ficus trigonata (Chilamate) y Guazuma ulmifolia (Guácimo de ternero), son las más abundantes, obteniéndose el mayor valor en la ribera 4, similares resultados para la ribera 2, ribera 3, y los que presentaron menor diversidad fueron ribera 1 e Isla, existiendo las mayores abundancias para la ribera 4 y la ribera 2, sobresaliendo las especies de: Ficus trigonata (Chilamate), Inga vera (Guavillo) y Terminalia catappa (Almendra), las cuales se encuentran en todas las riberas, y otras presentes en tres y dos riberas, no obstante, las actividades que se realizan en el área y los en sayos de agricultura han permitido que disminuya la cobertura vegetal y dando espacio a nuevas especies arvense que se desarrollen llegando incluso a las orillas del río, por esta razón se proponen soluciones para conservar el recurso bosque de galería.

Diagnostico situacional del sector de pequeños y medianos productores avícolas de huevos de mesa en Nicaragua

En Nicaragua, la producción de huevos experimentó un crecimiento anual del 8% al cierre del año 2012, se espera que para el año 2013 sea superado. La avicultura aporta 2.8% al PIB nacional y 30% al PIB agropecuario. El consumo per cápita de huevos es de 86. No existe en Nicaragua una clasificación oficial del sector avícola de huevos debido a que no ha sido creada por ninguna entidad gubernamental concerniente. Cada actor relacionado con el sector avícola posee una apreciación particular sobre la clasificación; el parámetro con mayor coincidencia es el número de aves en explotación. La avicultura se divide en dos sectores: ANAPA y el sector de pequeños y medianos avicultores de huevos; este último está representado por tres organizaciones: APEMEPAN, UNAPA y COOMPAS. La mayoría de los pequeños y medianos avicultores del país están concentrados en la región del Pacífico con un 88.06% del total de las granjas de los avicultores de huevos de mesa. La avicultura de pequeños y medianos productores de huevos carece de una cadena productiva integrada, la mayoría no cuentan con una planta procesadora de alimentos ni con canales de distribución propios, carecen de plantas incubadoras destinadas para aves ponedoras. Además, el sector de pequeños y medianos avicultores del país posee costos de producción altos, un nivel tecnológico bajo, acceso a capacitación y asistencia técnica escaso, acceso al financiamiento es considerado poco flexible por avicultores; además, afirman que no existen políticas de apoyo al sector; sin embargo en el desarrollo de este estudio se reveló la existencia de ciertas políticas y programas de apoyo principalmente en ministerios como MEFCCA, MIFIC y MAGFOR. Históricamente no ha existido exportación de huevos en Nicaragua y hubo importaciones sólo en el año 2011; actualmente los avicultores afirman la existencia de importaciones ilegales de huevos de procedencia hondureña.

An approach to scenario analysis of the sustainability of an industrial sector applied to clothing and textiles in the UK

Companies aiming to be 'sustainability leaders' in their sector and governments wanting to support their ambitions need a means to assess the changes required to make a significant difference in the impact of their whole sector. Previous work on scenario analysis/scenario planning demonstrates extensive developments and applications, but as yet few attempts to integrate the 'triple bottom line' concerns of sustainability into scenario planning exercises. This paper, therefore, presents a methodology for scenario analysis of large change to an entire sector. The approach includes calculation of a 'triple bottom line graphic equaliser' to allow exploration and evaluation of the trade-offs between economic, environmental and social impacts. The methodology is applied to the UK's clothing and textiles sector, and results from the study of the sector are summarised. In reflecting on the specific study, some suggestions are made about future application of a similar methodology, including a template of candidate solutions that may lead to significant reduction in impacts. © 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Un estatuto especial para las microempresas trabajo-trabajo también reduciría la informalidad en el sector de la construcción

El sector de la construcción es un importante generador de oportunidades laborales, en particular para las personas con menor formación y que viven en condiciones de pobreza. A pesar de contar desde mucho tiempo atrás con un régimen laboral especial que pretende atender las particularidades de la actividad, en los hechos la elevada informalidad existente lleva a que el sistema de protección opere como un dispositivo de selección adversa que otorga cobertura a muy pocos trabajadores. La construcción se vería especialmente beneficiada con un Estatuto Especial para microempresas como el que se propusiera en el informe “Empleo y Desarrollo Social” Nro. 25 (abril de 2010)

Estudio de la composicion floristica y sanidad forestal de la arboleda del sector sur del campus principal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, Managua

Con el objetivo de generar información sobre la composición florística y sobre los factores que inciden en la arboleda de la zona sur del campus principal de la Universidad Nacional Agraria, se realizó la presente investigación durante el periodo comprendido entre los meses de Agosto 2007 a Septiembre 2008. La técnica básica de toma de datos fue la inspección ocular directa del 100 % de los árboles existentes en la zona de estudio. Se pudo determinar que la arboleda del sector sur de la UNA esta constituida por un total de 761 árboles organizados en 39 especies y agrupados en 23 familias botánicas, siendo la familia mas representativa la Mimosáceas con un total de cinco especies, la especie de árbol mas abundante fue Azaridachta indica(árbol de Nim) con 271 individuos, lo que representa el 36,6 % de toda la arboleda. A nivel de la incidencia de factores bióticos sobre la arboleda se detectó la incidencia de una especie de planta parasita identificada como Struthanthus sp el cual es catalogado como un muérdago verdadero, esta planta se encontró parasitando 15 especies de árboles con una incidencia de 6 %, lo que significa 44 árboles infestados de toda la arboleda, el árbol con mayor numero de individuos afectados fue Terminalia catappa (almendro) con 9 de 20 individuos infestados. A nivel de microorganismos fue posible observas la incidencia de cuatro tipos de hongos asociados a Pestalotia sp, Colletotrichum sp, Cryphonectria cubensis y un tipo roya, así como la incidencia de bacterias fitopatógenas en cuatro especies de árboles. A nivel de insectos se encontraron 7 géneros pertenecientes a los órdenes: Coleóptera, Psocoptera, Homóptera, Thysanoptera, Isóptera e Hymenoptera, las especies lo mas relevantes fueron Nasutitermes sp y Atta cephalotes. También fue posible determinar la incidencia de dos especies de plantas epifitas Monstrera deliciosa e Hylocereus undatus(Pitahaya) y la ocurrencia de factores físicos de daño provocados por inscrustamientos de malla en tallos y podas inadecuadas. Los resultados encontrados en el estudio indican la urgencia de diseñar un plan de manejo silvicultural de la arboleda que contribuya a su mejor cuido y asegure su conservación