Photograph - Julia Cleveland Woodruff, Side angle Pose

Black and white photograph, mounted on board, 7 cm x 4 cm, of Julia in a side angle face pose. This photo was taken by Fred Pfaff of Peach Street, Erie, Pennsylvania.

Photograph - Julia Cleveland Woodruff with another girl

Black and white photograph, mounted on board, 7 cm x 4 cm, of Julia posing on a bridge with another girl.

Photograph - Julia Cleveland Woodruff in a hat

Black and white photograph, mounted on board, 7 cm x 4 cm, of Julia in a hat.

Analyse fonctionnelle de deux nouvelles mutations récessives de l’AQP2 impliquées dans le diabète insipide néphrogénique par expression dans les ovocytes de Xenopus laevis

Le diabète insipide néphrogénique (DIN) autosomal peut être causé par les mutations du gène codant pour le canal à eau aquaporine-2 (AQP2). Un modèle couramment utilisé pour l’étude des protéines membranaires telle l’AQP2 est l’expression hétérologue dans les ovocytes de Xenopus laevis. Malheureusement, les techniques déjà existantes de purification de membranes plasmiques sont soit trop longues, trop difficiles ou demandent trop de matériel, ne permettent pas l’analyse adéquate du ciblage des formes sauvage comme mutantes, un élément crucial de ce type d’étude. Nous avons donc dans un premier temps mis au point une technique rapide et efficace de purification de membranes plasmiques qui combine la digestion partielle de la membrane vitelline, sa polymérisation à la membrane plasmique suivi de centrifugations à basse vitesse pour récolter les membranes purifiées. Nous avons utilisé cette technique dans l’étude de deux nouveaux cas familiaux de patients hétérozygotes possédant les mutations V24A et R187C dans un cas et K228E et R187C dans le second cas. Pour chaque mutation, nous avons analysé autant les éléments de fonctionnalité que les paramètres d’expression des protéines mutantes. Les expériences de perméabilité membranaire démontrent que les ovocytes exprimant AQP2-V24A (Pf = 16.3 ± 3.5 x 10-4 cm/s, 10 ng) et AQP2- K228E (Pf = 19.9 ± 7.0 x 10-4 cm/s, 10 ng) ont des activités similaires à celle exprimant la forme native (Pf = 14.4 ± 5.5 x 10-4 cm/s, 1 ng), tandis que AQP2- R187C (Pf = 2.6 ± 0.6 x 10-4 cm/s, 10 ng) ne semble avoir aucune activité comme ce qui est observé chez les ovocytes non-injectés (Pf = 2.8 ± 1.0 x 10-4 cm/s). Les études de co-expression ont démontré un effet d’additivité lorsque AQP2-V24A et -K228E sont injectées avec la forme native et un effet s’apparentant à la dominance négative lorsque AQP2-R187C est injecté avec la forme native, avec AQP2-V24A ou avec –K228E. Les résultats obtenus par immunobuvardage représente bien ce qui a été démontré précédemment, on remarque la présence des mutations K228E, V24A et la forme sauvage à la membrane plasmique, contrairement à la mutation R187C. Cependant, lorsque les mutations sont exprimées dans des cellules mIMCD-3, il n’y a qu’une faible expression à la membrane de la forme –K228E et une absence totale des formes –V24A et –R187C à la membrane plasmique, contrairement à la forme native. Les résultats de nos études démontrent que tout dépendant du système d’expression les formes –K228E et –V24A peuvent être utiles dans l’étude des problèmes d’adressage à la membrane à l’aide de chaperonne chimique. De plus, la forme –R187C démontre des difficultés d’adressage qui devront être étudiées afin de mieux comprendre la synthèse des formes natives.

Étude de la réponse du détecteur ATLAS-MPX aux neutrons rapides

Les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX sont des détecteurs Medipix2-USB recouverts de convertisseurs de fluorure de lithium et de polyéthylène pour augmenter l’efficacité de détection des neutrons lents et des neutrons rapides respectivement. Un réseau de quinze détecteurs ATLAS-MPX a été mis en opération dans le détecteur ATLAS au LHC du CERN. Deux détecteurs ATLAS-MPX de référence ont été exposés à des sources de neutrons rapides 252 Cf et 241 AmBe ainsi qu’aux neutrons rapides produits par la réaction 7Li(p, xn) pour l’étude de la réponse du détecteur à ces neutrons. Les neutrons rapides sont principalement détectés à partir des protons de recul des collisions élastiques entre les neutrons et l’hydrogène dans le polyéthylène. Des réactions nucléaires entre les neutrons et le silicium produisent des particules-α. Une étude de l’efficacité de reconnaissance des traces des protons et des particules-α dans le détecteur Medipix2-USB a été faite en fonction de l’énergie cinétique incidente et de l’angle d’incidence. L’efficacité de détection des neutrons rapides a été évaluée à deux seuils d’énergie (8 keV et 230 keV) dans les détecteurs ATLAS-MPX. L’efficacité de détection des neutrons rapides dans la région du détecteur couverte avec le polyéthylène augmente en fonction de l’énergie des neutrons : (0.0346 ± 0.0004) %, (0.0862 ± 0.0018) % et (0.1044 ± 0.0026) % pour des neutrons rapides de 2.13 MeV, 4.08 MeV et 27 MeV respectivement. L’étude pour déterminer l’énergie des neutrons permet donc d’estimer le flux des neutrons quand le détecteur ATLAS-MPX est dans un champ de radiation inconnu comme c’est le cas dans le détecteur ATLAS au LHC.

Incidence of Red Water Along South Kerala Coast

Incidence of red water along the Kerala coast at 2 localities, off Quilon and Cochin, in August 1976 and 1977 is reported. High concentrations of Noctiluca miliaris (up to 7.71 x 105/m3 in 1977) are associated with these occurrences. They completely dominate the plankton community contributing > 90 % of the numbers. High production of diatoms initiated by nutrient-rich and fairly high saline upwelled waters appears to cause the bloom of the dinoflagellate Noctiluca

Purification and Characterization of an Anti-cancer Enzyme Produced by Marine Vibrio Costicola Under A Novel Solid State Fermentation Process

L - Glutaminase, a therapeutically and industrially important enzyme, was produced from marine Vibrio costicola by a novel solid state fermentation process using polystyrene beads as inert support. The new fermentation system offered several advantages over the conventional systems, such as the yield of leachate with minimum viscosity and high specific activity for the target product besides facilitating the easy estimation of biomass. The enzyme thus produced was purified and characterised. It was active at physiological pH, showed high substrate specificity towards L - glutamine and had a Km value of 7.4 x 10-2 M. It also exhibited high salt and temperature tolerance indicating good scope for its industrial and therapeutic applications

Horizontal nutrient fluxes and production efficiencies in urban and peri-urban crop and livestock husbandry of Niamey, Niger

Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) increasingly supplies food and non-food values to the rapidly growing West African cities. However, little is known about the resource use efficiencies in West African small-scale UPA crop and livestock production systems, and about the benefits that urban producers and retailers obtain from the cultivation and sale of UPA products. To contribute to filling this gap of knowledge, the studies comprising this doctoral thesis determined nutrient use efficiencies in representative urban crop and livestock production system in Niamey, Niger, and investigated potential health risks for consumers. Also assessed was the economic efficiency of urban farming activities. The field study, which was conducted during November 2005 to January 2008, quantified management-related horizontal nutrient flows in 10 vegetable gardens, 9 millet fields and 13 cattle and small ruminant production units. These farms, selected on the basis of a preceding study, represented the diversity of UPA crop and livestock production systems in Niamey. Based on the management intensity, the market orientation and especially the nutrient input to individual gardens and fields, these were categorized as high or low input systems. In the livestock study, high and low input cattle and small ruminant units were differentiated based on the amounts of total feed dry matter offered daily to the animals at the homestead. Additionally, economic returns to gardeners and market retailers cultivating and selling amaranth, lettuce, cabbage and tomato - four highly appreciated vegetables in Niamey were determined during a 6-months survey in forty gardens and five markets. For vegetable gardens and millet fields, significant differences in partial horizontal nutrient balances were determined for both management intensities. Per hectare, average annual partial balances for carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) amounted to 9936 kg C, 1133 kg N, 223 kg P and 312 kg K in high input vegetable gardens as opposed to 9580 kg C, 290 kg N, 125 kg P and 351 kg K in low input gardens. These surpluses were mainly explained by heavy use of mineral fertilizers and animal manure to which irrigation with nutrient rich wastewater added. In high input millet fields, annual surpluses of 259 kg C ha-1, 126 kg N ha-1, 20 kg P ha-1 and 0.4 kg K ha-1 were determined. Surpluses of 12 kg C ha-1, 17 kg N ha-1, and deficits of -3 kg P ha-1 and -3 kg K ha-1 were determined for low input millet fields. Here, carbon and nutrient inputs predominantly originated from livestock manure application through corralling of sheep, goats and cattle. In the livestock enterprises, N, P and K supplied by forages offered at the farm exceeded the animals’ requirements for maintenance and growth in high and low input sheep/goat as well as cattle units. The highest average growth rate determined in high input sheep/goat units was 104 g d-1 during the cool dry season, while a maximum average gain of 70 g d-1 was determined for low input sheep/goat units during the hot dry season. In low as well as in high input cattle units, animals lost weight during the hot dry season, and gained weight during the cool dry season. In all livestock units, conversion efficiencies for feeds offered at the homestead were rather poor, ranging from 13 to 42 kg dry matter (DM) per kg live weight gain (LWG) in cattle and from 16 to 43 kg DM kg-1 LWG in sheep/goats, pointing to a substantial waste of feeds and nutrients. The economic assessment of the production of four high value vegetables pointed to a low efficiency of N and P use in amaranth and lettuce production, causing low economic returns for these crops compared to tomato and cabbage to which inexpensive animal manure was applied. The net profit of market retailers depended on the type of vegetable marketed. In addition it depended on marketplace for amaranth and lettuce, and on season and marketplace for cabbage and tomato. Analysis of faecal pathogens in lettuce irrigated with river water and fertilized with animal manure indicated a substantial contamination by Salmonella spp. with 7.2 x 104 colony forming units (CFU) per 25 g of produce fresh matter, while counts of Escherichia coli averaged 3.9 x 104 CFU g-1. In lettuce irrigated with wastewater, Salmonella counts averaged 9.8 x 104 CFU 25 g-1 and E. coli counts were 0.6 x 104 CFU g-1; these values exceeded the tolerable contamination levels in vegetables of 10 CFU g-1 for E. coli and of 0 CFU 25 g-1 for Salmonella. Taken together, the results of this study indicate that Niamey’s UPA enterprises put environmental safety at risk since excess inputs of N, P and K to crop and livestock production units favour N volatilisation and groundwater pollution by nutrient leaching. However, more detailed studies are needed to corroborate these indications. Farmers’ revenues could be significantly increased if nutrient use efficiency in the different production (sub)systems was improved by better matching nutrient supply through fertilizers and feeds with the actual nutrient demands of plants and animals.

The ERA-40 re-analysis

ERA-40 is a re-analysis of meteorological observations from September 1957 to August 2002 produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) in collaboration with many institutions. The observing system changed considerably over this re-analysis period, with assimilable data provided by a succession of satellite-borne instruments from the 1970s onwards, supplemented by increasing numbers of observations from aircraft, ocean-buoys and other surface platforms, but with a declining number of radiosonde ascents since the late 1980s. The observations used in ERA-40 were accumulated from many sources. The first part of this paper describes the data acquisition and the principal changes in data type and coverage over the period. It also describes the data assimilation system used for ERA-40. This benefited from many of the changes introduced into operational forecasting since the mid-1990s, when the systems used for the 15-year ECMWF re-analysis (ERA-15) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) re-analysis were implemented. Several of the improvements are discussed. General aspects of the production of the analyses are also summarized. A number of results indicative of the overall performance of the data assimilation system, and implicitly of the observing system, are presented and discussed. The comparison of background (short-range) forecasts and analyses with observations, the consistency of the global mass budget, the magnitude of differences between analysis and background fields and the accuracy of medium-range forecasts run from the ERA-40 analyses are illustrated. Several results demonstrate the marked improvement that was made to the observing system for the southern hemisphere in the 1970s, particularly towards the end of the decade. In contrast, the synoptic quality of the analysis for the northern hemisphere is sufficient to provide forecasts that remain skilful well into the medium range for all years. Two particular problems are also examined: excessive precipitation over tropical oceans and a too strong Brewer-Dobson circulation, both of which are pronounced in later years. Several other aspects of the quality of the re-analyses revealed by monitoring and validation studies are summarized. Expectations that the second-generation ERA-40 re-analysis would provide products that are better than those from the firstgeneration ERA-15 and NCEP/NCAR re-analyses are found to have been met in most cases. © Royal Meteorological Society, 2005. The contributions of N. A. Rayner and R. W. Saunders are Crown copyright.

The fate and toxicity of the flavonoids naringenin and formononetin in soil

The flavonoid class of plant secondary metabolites play a multifunctional role in below-ground plant-microbe interactions with their best known function as signals in the nitrogen fixing legume-rhizobia symbiosis. Flavonoids enter rhizosphere soil as a result of root exudation and senescence but little is known about their subsequent fate or impacts on microbial activity. Therefore, the present study examined the sorptive behaviour, biodegradation and impact on dehydrogenase activity (as determined by iodonitrotetrazolium chloride reduction) of the flavonoids naringenin and formononetin in soil. Organic carbon normalised partition coefficients, log K-oc, of 3.12 (formononetin) and 3.19 (naringenin) were estimated from sorption isotherms and, after comparison with literature log K-oc values for compounds whose soil behaviour is better characterised, the test flavonoids were deemed to be moderately sorbed. Naringenin (spiked at 50 mu g g(-1)) was biodegraded without a detectable lag phase with concentrations reduced to 0.13 +/- 0.01 mu g g(-1) at the end of the 96 h time course. Biodegradation of formononetin proceeded after a lag phase of similar to 24 with concentrations reduced to 4.5 +/- 1% of the sterile control after 72 h. Most probable number (MPN) analysis revealed that prior to the addition of flavonoids, the soil contained 5.4 x 10(6) MPNg(-1) (naringenin) and 7.9 x 10(5) MPNg(-1) (formononetin) catabolic microbes. Formononetin concentration had no significant (p > 0.05) effect on soil dehydrogenase activity, whereas naringenin concentration had an overall but non-systematic impact (p = 0.045). These results are discussed with reference to likely total and bioavailable concentrations of flavonoids experienced by microbes in the rhizosphere. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Revised IR spectrum, radiative efficiency and global warming potential of nitrogen trifluoride

Nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) is an industrial gas used in the semiconductor industry as a plasma etchant and chamber cleaning gas. NF3 is an alternative to other potent greenhouse gases and its usage has increased markedly over the last decade. In recognition of its increased relevance and to aid planning of future usage we report an updated radiative efficiency and global warming potentials for NF3. Laboratory measurements give an integrated absorption cross section of 7.04 x 10(-17) cm(2) molecule(-1) cm(-1) over the spectral region 200 2000 cm(-1). The radiative efficiency is calculated to be 0.21 Wm(-2) ppbv(-1) and the 100 year GWP, relative to carbon dioxide, is 17200. These values are approximately 60% higher than previously published estimates, primarily reflecting the higher infrared absorption cross-sections reported here.

A novel variant on chromosome 7q22.3 associated with mean platelet volume, counts, and function

Mean platelet volume (MPV) and platelet count (PLT) are highly heritable and tightly regulated traits. We performed a genome-wide association study for MPV and identified one SNP, rs342293, as having highly significant and reproducible association with MPV (per-G allele effect 0.016 +/- 0.001 log fL; P < 1.08 x 10(-24)) and PLT (per-G effect -4.55 +/- 0.80 10(9)/L; P < 7.19 x 10(-8)) in 8586 healthy subjects. Whole-genome expression analysis in the 1-MB region showed a significant association with platelet transcript levels for PIK3CG (n = 35; P = .047). The G allele at rs342293 was also associated with decreased binding of annexin V to platelets activated with collagen-related peptide (n = 84; P = .003). The region 7q22.3 identifies the first QTL influencing platelet volume, counts, and function in healthy subjects. Notably, the association signal maps to a chromosome region implicated in myeloid malignancies, indicating this site as an important regulatory site for hematopoiesis. The identification of loci regulating MPV by this and other studies will increase our insight in the processes of megakaryopoiesis and proplatelet formation, and it may aid the identification of genes that are somatically mutated in essential thrombocytosis. (Blood. 2009; 113: 3831-3837)

Oxidation of biogenic and water-soluble compounds in aqueous and organic aerosol droplets by ozone: a kinetic and product analysis approach using laser Raman tweezers

The results of an experimental study into the oxidative degradation of proxies for atmospheric aerosol are presented. We demonstrate that the laser Raman tweezers method can be used successfully to obtain uptake coeffcients for gaseous oxidants on individual aqueous and organic droplets, whilst the size and composition of the droplets is simultaneously followed. A laser tweezers system was used to trap individual droplets containing an unsaturated organic compound in either an aqueous or organic ( alkane) solvent. The droplet was exposed to gas- phase ozone and the reaction kinetics and products followed using Raman spectroscopy. The reactions of three different organic compounds with ozone were studied: fumarate anions, benzoate anions and alpha pinene. The fumarate and benzoate anions in aqueous solution were used to represent components of humic- like substances, HULIS; a alpha- pinene in an alkane solvent was studied as a proxy for biogenic aerosol. The kinetic analysis shows that for these systems the diffusive transport and mass accommodation of ozone is relatively fast, and that liquid- phase di. ffusion and reaction are the rate determining steps. Uptake coe. ffcients, g, were found to be ( 1.1 +/- 0.7) x 10(-5), ( 1.5 +/- 0.7) x 10 (-5) and ( 3.0 - 7.5) x 10 (-3) for the reactions of ozone with the fumarate, benzoate and a- pinene containing droplets, respectively. Liquid- phase bimolecular rate coe. cients for reactions of dissolved ozone molecules with fumarate, benzoate and a- pinene were also obtained: k(fumarate) = ( 2.7 +/- 2) x 10 (5), k(benzoate) = ( 3.5 +/- 3) x 10 (5) and k(alpha-pinene) = ( 1-3) x 10(7) dm(3) mol (-1) s (- 1). The droplet size was found to remain stable over the course of the oxidation process for the HULIS- proxies and for the oxidation of a- pinene in pentadecane. The study of the alpha- pinene/ ozone system is the first using organic seed particles to show that the hygroscopicity of the particle does not increase dramatically over the course of the oxidation. No products were detected by Raman spectroscopy for the reaction of benzoate ions with ozone. One product peak, consistent with aqueous carbonate anions, was observed when following the oxidation of fumarate ions by ozone. Product peaks observed in the reaction of ozone with alpha- pinene suggest the formation of new species containing carbonyl groups.

Synthesis of multicarboxylic acid appended imidazolium ionic liquids and their application in palladium-catalyzed selective oxidation of styrene

A series of multicarboxylic acid appended imidazolium ionic liquids ( McaILs) with chloride [ Cl](-) or bromide [ Br](-) as anions have been synthesized and characterized. Deprotonation of these ionic acids gives the corresponding zwitterions. Re-protonation of the zwitterions with strong Bronsted acids gives a series of new ionic acid-adducts, many of which remained as room-temperature ionic liquids. A new catalytic system, McaIL/PdCl2 for the selective catalytic oxidation of styrene to acetophenone with hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant has been attempted. In the presence of McaILs, it is found that the quantity of palladium chloride PdCl2 used can be greatly reduced while the activity ( TOF) and selectivity towards acetophenone are enhanced sharply. It is also shown that the catalytic properties of this system could be finely tuned through the molecular design of the McaILs. The best TOF value obtained so far is 146 h(-1) with 100% conversion of styrene at 93% selectivity to acetophenone. In addition, the catalytic activity has been maintained for at least ten catalytic cycles.