Conductivity/microstructure study of a pyrochlore-type ordered phase in the compound Zr0.75Ce0.08Nd0.17O1.92

The compound Zr0.75Ce0.08Nd0.17O1.92 was investigated as part of a much larger electrical conductivity/microstructure study of the systems ZrO2-CeO2-M2O3 (where M=Nd, Sm, ..., Yb) [Solid State Ionics (2002)]. Electrical conductivity measurements performed in air at 800 degreesC showed significant conductivity degradation over a period of 200 h. Investigation of the annealed and as-fired specimens by ATEM revealed the presence of an emerging, ordered pyrochlore-type phase within the Zr0.75Ce0.08Nd0.17O1.92 defect-fluorite solid solution at much lower dopant levels than observed previously for zirconia binary systems. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Effect of Co addition on the lattice parameter, electrical conductivity and sintering of gadolinia-doped ceria

Co-sintering aid has been added to Ce1.9Gd0.1O1.95 (CGO) by treating a commercial powder with Co(NO3)(2) (COCGO), X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of lattice parameter indicated that the Co was located on the CGO particle surface after calcination at 650 degreesC. After heat treatment at temperatures above 650 degreesC, the room temperature lattice parameter of CGO was found to increase, indicating redistribution of the Gd. Compared to CGO, the lattice parameter of CGO + 2 cation% Co (2CoCGO) was lower for a given temperature (650-1100 degreesC), A.C. impedance revealed that the lattice conductivity of 2CoCGO was enhanced when densified at lower temperatures, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that, even after sintering for 4 h at 980 degreesC, most of the Co was located at grain boundaries. (C) 2002 Published by Elsevier Science B.V.

Improving the ionic conductivity of yttria-stabilised zirconia electrolyte materials

Low-temperature anneals (1200 degreesC for 40 h) of 8 mol% yttria-stabilised zirconia, prior to the samples being sintered at 1500 degreesC, had the effect of improving the ionic conductivity of the specimens. The presence Of SiO2 in the specimens was shown to be detrimental, however. Irrespective of the SiO2 content, this type of heat treatment also leads to improvements in conductivity. Extensive microstructural analysis provided indication of the mechanism of this phenomenon. This included selective formation of zircon, relief of sintering strain leading to the formation of coherent grain boundaries and segregation effects. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V All rights reserved.

Oxide ionic conductivity and microstructures of Sm- or La-doped CeO2-based systems

The concept of crystallographic index termed the effective index is suggested and applied to the design of ceria (CeO2)-based electrolytes to maximize oxide ionic conductivity. The suggested index considers the fluorite structure, and combines the expected oxygen vacancy level with the ionic radius mismatch between host and dopant cations. Using this approach, oxide ionic conductivity of Sm- or La-doped CeO2-based system has been optimized and tested under operating conditions of a solid oxide fuel cell. In the observation of microstructure in atomic scale, both Sm-doped CeO2 and La-doped CeO2 electrolytes had large micro-domains over 10 nm in the lattice. On the other hand, Sm or La and alkaline earth co-doped CeO2-based electrolytes with high effective index had small micro-domains around 1-3 nm in the microstructure. The large micro-domain would prevent oxide ion from passing through the lattice. Therefore, it is concluded that the improvement of ionic conductivity is reflected in changes of microstructure in atomic scale. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

An electromagnetic-field method modeling of a radial line planar antenna with coupling probes

This communications describes an electromagnetic model of a radial line planar antenna consisting of a radial guide with one central probe and many peripheral probes arranged in concentric circles feeding an array of antenna elements such as patches or wire curls. The model takes into account interactions between the coupling probes while assuming isolation of radiating elements. Based on this model, computer programs are developed to determine equivalent circuit parameters of the feed network and the radiation pattern of the radial line planar antenna. Comparisons are made between the present model and the two-probe model developed earlier by other researchers.

Influência de idade e da posição radial nas dimensões das fibras e dos vasos da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden

Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a variação das dimensões das fibras e dos vasos da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis com quatro diferentes idades (10, 14, 20 e 25 anos), proveniente de talhões comerciais. A amostragem do material na árvore foi feita através da coleta de três discos, retirados da base e das extremidades das duas primeiras toras, ambas com o comprimento comercial de 3 m. De cada disco, retiraram-se cinco amostras, de dimensões 1,0 x 1,0 x 1,0 cm, tomadas de pontos eqüidistantes, correspondentes a 0; 25; 50; 75; e 100% da seção, no sentido radial medula-casca, fazendo-se a medição das fibras e dos vasos. Verificou-se, em todos os parâmetros, o efeito da idade e da variação radial, no sentido medula-casca, à exceção da largura e do diâmetro do lume das fibras; todos os demais parâmetros apresentaram correlação positiva.

Influência da idade e da posição radial na flexão estática da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis Hill ex. Maiden

Este trabalho objetivou testar a variação da flexão estática da madeira de Eucalyptus grandis, ao longo da seção radial e sob quatro diferentes idades (10, 14, 20 e 25 anos), provenientes de talhões comerciais. As amostras foram retiradas da prancha diametral, de cada uma das 16 árvores (quatro para cada idade), tomadas de quatro posições eqüidistantes (0, 33, 66 e 100%), no sentido medula-casca, com oito repetições por posição. Verificou-se que os módulos de elasticidade (MOE) e de ruptura (MOR) apresentaram valores médios de 129.230 kgf/cm2 e 854 kgf/cm2, respectivamente, e ambos se mostraram positivamente correlacionados com a idade e com a posição radial, no sentido medula-casca. Os maiores valores foram conseguidos nas madeiras de 20 anos de idade e localizadas na região mais próxima da casca.

Variação radial da retratibilidade e densidade básica da madeira de Eucalyptus saligna Sm.

A ultra-estrutura e a composição química da madeira, bem como suas propriedades físicas e mecânicas, variam significativamente entre espécies, entre árvores de uma mesma espécie e, mesmo, entre diferentes partes de uma mesma árvore. Com este trabalho objetivou-se o estudo dos parâmetros de retratibilidade e de densidade básica da madeira Eucalyptus saligna, com idade de 16 anos, proveniente de talhões experimentais da EMBRAPA Florestas, de Colombo, Paraná. As amostras foram retiradas à altura do DAP de quatro posições eqüidistantes a partir da medula em direção à periferia, correspondendo a 0, 33, 66 e 100%, com dimensões nominais de 1,0 x 2,0 x 3,0 cm, sendo a última dimensão no sentido longitudinal. Elas foram mantidas em câmara fechada com ventilação, próximo de soluções salinas supersaturadas, com o objetivo de proporcionar diferentes condições de umidade relativa. Uma vez atingidas as distintas condições de umidade de equilíbrio, as amostras foram secas em estufa a 105 ºC e obtidos os dados de retratibilidade e densidade básica da madeira nas posições mencionadas. Constataram-se valores de contração volumétrica mais baixos na região medular, apresentando um acréscimo para as demais posições. Comportamento semelhante foi observado para os coeficientes das contrações lineares nas direções tangencial e radial. O fator anisotrópico foi consideravelmente mais elevado na região medular, decrescendo substancialmente em direção ao alburno. A densidade básica não mostrou sinais efetivos de estabilidade, apesar de mostrar tendência de aumento em direção à periferia do tronco.

Temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of vapor grown carbon nanofiber/epoxy composites with different filler dispersion levels

The influence of the dispersion of vapor grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNF) on the electrical properties of VGCNF/epoxy composites has been studied. A homogeneous dispersion of the VGCNF does not imply better electrical properties. The presence of well distributed clusters appears to be a key factor for increasing composite conductivity. It is also shown that the main conduction mechanism has an ionic nature for concentrations below the percolation threshold, while above the percolation threshold it is dominated by hopping between the fillers. Finally, using the granular system theory it is possible to explain the origin of conduction at low temperatures.

The role of disorder on the AC and DC electrical conductivity of vapour grown carbon nanofibre/epoxy composites

Four dispersion methods were used for the preparation of vapour grown carbon nanofibre (VGCNF)/epoxy composites. It is shown that each method induces certain levels of VGCNF dispersion and distribution within the matrix, and that these have a strong influence on the composite electrical properties. A homogenous VGCNF dispersion does not necessarily imply higher electrical conductivity. In fact, it is concluded that the presence of well distributed clusters, rather than a fine dispersion, is more important for achieving larger conductivities for a given VGCNF concentration. It is also found that the conductivity can be described by a weak disorder regime.

Radial Distortion Self-Calibration

In cameras with radial distortion, straight lines in space are in general mapped to curves in the image. Although epipolar geometry also gets distorted, there is a set of special epipolar lines that remain straight, namely those that go through the distortion center. By finding these straight epipolar lines in camera pairs we can obtain constraints on the distortion center(s) without any calibration object or plumbline assumptions in the scene. Although this holds for all radial distortion models we conceptually prove this idea using the division distortion model and the radial fundamental matrix which allow for a very simple closed form solution of the distortion center from two views (same distortion) or three views (different distortions). The non-iterative nature of our approach makes it immune to local minima and allows finding the distortion center also for cropped images or those where no good prior exists. Besides this, we give comprehensive relations between different undistortion models and discuss advantages and drawbacks.

Unknown Radial Distortion Centers in Multiple View Geometry Problems

The radial undistortion model proposed by Fitzgibbon and the radial fundamental matrix were early steps to extend classical epipolar geometry to distorted cameras. Later minimal solvers have been proposed to find relative pose and radial distortion, given point correspondences between images. However, a big drawback of all these approaches is that they require the distortion center to be exactly known. In this paper we show how the distortion center can be absorbed into a new radial fundamental matrix. This new formulation is much more practical in reality as it allows also digital zoom, cropped images and camera-lens systems where the distortion center does not exactly coincide with the image center. In particular we start from the setting where only one of the two images contains radial distortion, analyze the structure of the particular radial fundamental matrix and show that the technique also generalizes to other linear multi-view relationships like trifocal tensor and homography. For the new radial fundamental matrix we propose different estimation algorithms from 9,10 and 11 points. We show how to extract the epipoles and prove the practical applicability on several epipolar geometry image pairs with strong distortion that - to the best of our knowledge - no other existing algorithm can handle properly.

One-sided Radial-Fundamental Matrix Estimation

For modern consumer cameras often approximate calibration data is available, making applications such as 3D reconstruction or photo registration easier as compared to the pure uncalibrated setting. In this paper we address the setting with calibrateduncalibrated image pairs: for one image intrinsic parameters are assumed to be known, whereas the second view has unknown distortion and calibration parameters. This situation arises e.g. when one would like to register archive imagery to recently taken photos. A commonly adopted strategy for determining epipolar geometry is based on feature matching and minimal solvers inside a RANSAC framework. However, only very few existing solutions apply to the calibrated-uncalibrated setting. We propose a simple and numerically stable two-step scheme to first estimate radial distortion parameters and subsequently the focal length using novel solvers. We demonstrate the performance on synthetic and real datasets.

The influence of matrix mediated hopping conductivity, filler concentration, aspect ratio and orientation on the electrical response of carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposites

A model to simulate the conductivity of carbon nanotube/polymer nanocomposites is presented. The proposed model is based on hopping between the fillers. A parameter related to the influence of the matrix in the overall composite conductivity is defined. It is demonstrated that increasing the aspect ratio of the fillers will increase the conductivity. Finally, it is demonstrated that the alignment of the filler rods parallel to the measurement direction results in higher conductivity values, in agreement with results from recent experimental work.

Effect of cylindrical filler aggregation on the electrical conductivity of composites

This work reports on the effect of carbon nanotube aggregation on the electrical conductivity and other network properties of polymer/carbon nanotube composites by modeling the carbon nanotubes as hard-core cylinders. It is shown that the conductivity decreases for increasing filler aggregation, and that this effect is more significant for higher cylinder volume fractions. It is also demonstrated, for volume fractions at which the giant component is present, that increasing the fraction of cylinders within clusters leads to a break of the giant component and the formation of a set of finite clusters. The decrease of the giant component with the increase of the fraction of cylinders within the cluster can be related to a decrease of the spanning probability due to a decrease of the number of cylinders between the clusters. Finally, it is demonstrated that the effect of aggregation can be understood by employing the network theory.