Systematic review of the use of behaviour change techniques (BCTs) in home-based cardiac rehabilitation programmes for patients with cardiovascular disease-protocol

BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease and strokes, are highly prevalent conditions and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an effective form of secondary prevention for CVD but there is a lack of information regarding which specific behaviour change techniques (BCTs) are included in programmes that are associated with improvements in cardiovascular risk factors. This systematic review will describe the BCTs which are utilised within home-based CR programmes that are effective at reducing a spectrum of CVD risk factors.

METHODS/DESIGN: The review will be reported in line with the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidance. Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of home-based CR initiated following a vascular event (myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease and stroke patients) will be included. Articles will be identified through a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science and Cochrane Database guided by a medical librarian. Two review authors will independently screen articles retrieved from the search for eligibility and extract relevant data, identifying which specific BCTs are included in programmes that are associated with improvements in particular modifiable vascular risk factors.

DISCUSSION: This review will be of value to clinicians and healthcare professionals working with cardiovascular patients by identifying specific BCTs which are used within effective home-based CR. It will also inform the future design and evaluation of complex health service interventions aimed at secondary prevention in CVD.

Location-routing problems of semi-obnoxious facilities: approaches and decision support

A presente tese resulta de um trabalho de investigação cujo objectivo se centrou no problema de localização-distribuição (PLD) que pretende abordar, de forma integrada, duas actividades logísticas intimamente relacionadas: a localização de equipamentos e a distribuição de produtos. O PLD, nomeadamente a sua modelação matemática, tem sido estudado na literatura, dando origem a diversas aproximações que resultam de diferentes cenários reais. Importa portanto agrupar as diferentes variantes por forma a facilitar e potenciar a sua investigação. Após fazer uma revisão e propor uma taxonomia dos modelos de localização-distribuição, este trabalho foca-se na resolução de alguns modelos considerados como mais representativos. É feita assim a análise de dois dos PLDs mais básicos (os problema capacitados com procura nos nós e nos arcos), sendo apresentadas, para ambos, propostas de resolução. Posteriormente, é abordada a localização-distribuição de serviços semiobnóxios. Este tipo de serviços, ainda que seja necessário e indispensável para o público em geral, dada a sua natureza, exerce um efeito desagradável sobre as comunidades contíguas. Assim, aos critérios tipicamente utilizados na tomada de decisão sobre a localização destes serviços (habitualmente a minimização de custo) é necessário adicionar preocupações que reflectem a manutenção da qualidade de vida das regiões que sofrem o impacto do resultado da referida decisão. A abordagem da localização-distribuição de serviços semiobnóxios requer portanto uma análise multi-objectivo. Esta análise pode ser feita com recurso a dois métodos distintos: não interactivos e interactivos. Ambos são abordados nesta tese, com novas propostas, sendo o método interactivo proposto aplicável a outros problemas de programação inteira mista multi-objectivo. Por último, é desenvolvida uma ferramenta de apoio à decisão para os problemas abordados nesta tese, sendo apresentada a metodologia adoptada e as suas principais funcionalidades. A ferramenta desenvolvida tem grandes preocupações com a interface de utilizador, visto ser direccionada para decisores que tipicamente não têm conhecimentos sobre os modelos matemáticos subjacentes a este tipo de problemas.

Implicit optimality criterion for convex SIP problem with box constrained index set

We consider a convex problem of Semi-Infinite Programming (SIP) with multidimensional index set. In study of this problem we apply the approach suggested in [20] for convex SIP problems with one-dimensional index sets and based on the notions of immobile indices and their immobility orders. For the problem under consideration we formulate optimality conditions that are explicit and have the form of criterion. We compare this criterion with other known optimality conditions for SIP and show its efficiency in the convex case.

A Multinational Health Professional Perspective of the Prevalence of Mood Disorders in Patients with Acute and Chronic Wounds.

Recent research has started to identify mood disorders and problems associated with acute and chronic wounds, which have been shown to contribute to delayed healing, poor patient well-being and a reduced quality of life. Furthermore, mood disorders have been shown to have a negative impact on financial costs for service providers and the wider society in terms of treatment and sickness absence. This study aimed to survey a multinational sample of health professionals to explore their perspective and awareness of mood disorders amongst acute and chronic wound patients. Responses were received from n = 908 health professionals working in Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, North America and South America. A strong awareness of the prevalence of mood disorders appeared to be widespread among the health professionals across the world, in addition to a view on the potential factors contributing to these problems with mood. Despite this, it was thought that few patients were actually receiving treatment for their mood disorders. Implications for clinical practice include the need for health professionals to actively engage with their patients to enable them to learn from their experiences. Studies that explore the benefits of treatments and techniques appropriate for minimising mood disorders in patients with wounds would provide empirical evidence for health professionals to make recommendations for patients with acute and chronic wounds.

How has the Personalisation of Social Care Impacted on Service Users with Dementia?

The personalisation agenda is a government initiative aimed at transforming adult social care through giving service users choice and control over the care they receive. A key part of this agenda is the provision of direct payments; cash payments made to individuals eligible for social care services which allow them to manage their own care. Research suggests that direct payments can enable people with dementia to stay in their own home for longer and experience greater choice, flexibility and an improved social life. However very few people with dementia currently access direct payments. The objective of this research was to explore the social care experiences of people with dementia in relation to their access to and use of direct payments. 26 semi-structured interviews were conducted with people with dementia in receipt of social care services in the community, and their carers and social workers, and focus groups held with two community social work teams. It was found that direct payments tended to be seen as a fall-back option, for example as the only alternative to residential care, or as a solution to problems with traditional services. Direct payments appeared to afford particular benefits to people with dementia in terms of flexibility, continuity of care and access to local facilities. It is therefore important that this group are enabled to access direct payments. The second (ongoing) phase of this research comprises the design and pilot testing of an intervention aimed at improving access to direct payments by people with dementia.

Demographic, Physical, and Behavioral Characteristics Associated with TV Parenting Practices Among Latino Parents of Preschool Children

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2015

Energy efficient scheduling for cluster-tree wireless sensor networks with time-bounded data flows: application to IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee

Cluster scheduling and collision avoidance are crucial issues in large-scale cluster-tree Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The paper presents a methodology that provides a Time Division Cluster Scheduling (TDCS) mechanism based on the cyclic extension of RCPS/TC (Resource Constrained Project Scheduling with Temporal Constraints) problem for a cluster-tree WSN, assuming bounded communication errors. The objective is to meet all end-to-end deadlines of a predefined set of time-bounded data flows while minimizing the energy consumption of the nodes by setting the TDCS period as long as possible. Sinceeach cluster is active only once during the period, the end-to-end delay of a given flow may span over several periods when there are the flows with opposite direction. The scheduling tool enables system designers to efficiently configure all required parameters of the IEEE 802.15.4/ZigBee beaconenabled cluster-tree WSNs in the network design time. The performance evaluation of thescheduling tool shows that the problems with dozens of nodes can be solved while using optimal solvers.

Using remote labs to serve different teacher's needs a case study with VISIR and RemotElectLab

Remote Laboratories are an emergent technological and pedagogical tool at all education levels, and their widespread use is an important part of their own improvement and evolution. This paper describes several issues encountered on laboratorial classes, on higher education courses, when using remote laboratories based on PXI systems, either using the VISIR system or an alternate in-house solution. Three main issues are presented and explained, all reported by teachers that gave support to students use of remote laboratories. The first issue deals with the need to allow students to select the actual place where an ammeter is to be inserted on electric circuits, even incorrectly, therefore emulating real world difficulties. The second one deals with problems with timing when several measurements are required at short intervals, as in the discharge cycle of a capacitor. And the last issue deals with the use of a multimeter in DC mode when reading AC values, a use that collides with the lab settings. All scenarios are presented and discussed including the solution found for each case. The conclusion derived from the described work is that the remote laboratories area is an expanding field, where practical use leads to improvement and evolution of the available solutions, requiring a strict cooperation and information sharing between all actors, i.e. developers, teachers and students.

Estudo sobre as diferenças interativas e comunicativas de educadores e educadoras com crianças em idade pré escolar

Dissertação apresentada na Escola Superior de Educação de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Ciências da Educação - Especialidade Intervenção Precoce

Implementation of an IoT-based Sensor Network Integrating IoT-based Sensor Networks with Large-Scale Message Distribution

As technology advances not only do new standards and programming styles appear but also some of the previously established ones gain relevance. In a new Internet paradigm where interconnection between small devices is key to the development of new businesses and scientific advancement there is the need to find simple solutions that anyone can implement in order to allow ideas to become more than that, ideas. Open-source software is still alive and well, especially in the area of the Internet of Things. This opens windows for many low capital entrepreneurs to experiment with their ideas and actually develop prototypes, which can help identify problems with a project or shine light on possible new features and interactions. As programming becomes more and more popular between people of fields not related to software there is the need for guidance in developing something other than basic algorithms, which is where this thesis comes in: A comprehensive document explaining the challenges and available choices of developing a sensor data and message delivery system, which scales well and implements the delivery of critical messages. Modularity and extensibility were also given much importance, making this an affordable tool for anyone that wants to build a sensor network of the kind.

National suicide prevention strategy for Afghanistan (NSPS)

RESUMO: Do suicídio no Afeganistão é uma prioridade de saúde pública. O Afeganistão é um país de baixo rendimento, emergindo de três décadas de conflitos. Há uma alta prevalência de sofrimento psicológico, perturbações mentais e abuso de substâncias. Existem várias questões sociais, tais como, desequilíbrio/violência de género, pobreza, atitudes e costumes obsoletos, rápidas mudanças sócio-culturais, violação dos direitos humanos e especialmente dos direitos das mulheres e das crianças. Estes fatores de risco contribuem para o aumento da vulnerabilidade da população em relação ao suicídio. A relativa alta taxa de suicídio no Afeganistão é especialmente significativa comparada com as taxas baixas em todos os países islâmicos. Os estudos mostraram predominância de suicídio nas mulheres (95%) e em pessoas jovens. Existe, por isso, uma necessidade urgente do país ter uma estratégia de prevenção do suicídio. A estratégia foi desenvolvida pela criação de um grupo técnico/ de assessoria multi-sectorial de diferentes intervenientes tais como governo, ONGs, agências doadoras, as famílias das vítimas e outraas partes interessadas. A estratégia baseia-se os seguintes valores chave:, respeito pelas diversidades; sensibilidade para as questões sócio-cultura-religiosa e de género; promoção da dignidade da sociedade; respeito pelos direitos humanoss.. Os 'seis pontos estratégicos' são: envolvimento das principais partes interessadas e criação de colaboração intersectorial coordenada; fornecimento de cuidados às pessoas que fazem tentativas de suicídio e às suas famílias; melhoria dos serviços para pessoas com doença mental e problemas psicossociais; promover uma comunicação e imagem adequada dos comportamentos suicidas, pelos meios de comunicação; reduzir o acesso aos meios de suicídio e coligir informação sobre as taxas de suicídio, os fatores de risco, os fatores protetores e as intervenções eficazes. A estratégia nacional de prevenção do suicídio será inicialmente implementada por 5 anos, com uma avaliação anual do plano de acção para entender os seus pontos fortes e limitações. Recomendações e sugestões serão incorporadas nos próxima planos anuais para uma intervenção eficaz. Um sistema de monitorização irá medir o progresso na implementação da estratégia.-----------------------------ABSTRACT: Suicide in Afghanistan is a public health priority. Afghanistan is a low-income country, emerging from three decades of conflicts. There is high prevalence of mental distress, mental disorders and substance abuse. There are multiple social issues, such as gender imbalance/violence, poverty, obsolete attitudes and customs, rapid social-cultural changes, human right violations, and especially women and children rights. These risk factors contribute to increase the vulnerability of the population for suicide. The relative high rate of suicide in Afghanistan is especially significant as the rates are low in all Islamic countries. Research studies have shown predominance of suicide in women (95%) and in young age people. There is an urgent need for the country to have a suicide prevention strategy. The strategy has been developed by establishing a multi-sectoral technical/advisory group of different stakeholders from government, NGOs, donor agencies, victim’s families, and interested parties. The strategy is based on the following key values, namely, respect for diversities; sensitiveness to socio-culture-religious and gender issues; promotion of the society dignity and respect for the human rights of people. The six ‘Strategic directions’ are: involving key stakeholders and creating coordinated inter-sectoral collaboration; providing after care for people making a suicide attempt and their families; improving services for people with mental disorders and psycho-social problems; promoting the safe reporting and image of suicidal behaviour by media; reducing access to the means of suicide and gathering information about suicide rates, risk factor, protective factors and effective interventions. The National Suicide Prevention Strategy will be initially implemented for 5 years, with an annual evaluation of the action plan to understand the strengths and limitations. Recommendations and suggestions will be incorporated into the next annual plans for effective intervention. A monitoring framework will measure progress in implementing the strategy.

How Learning Styles, Chemistry Attitudes and Experiences, Confidence, and Demographics Correlate with Academic Success in First and Second Year Chemistry Courses

At Brock University, the Faculty of Mathematics and Science currently has one of the highest percentages of students on academic probation, with many students reporting the most difficulty with Introductory Chemistry in first year and Organic Chemistry in second year. To identify strategies to improve students' performance and reduce the number of students on academic probation, a multi-year research project was undertaken involving several chemistry courses. Students were asked to complete three questionnaires, and provide consent to obtain their final Chemistry grade from the Registrar's Office. Research began at the end of the 2007-08 academic year with CHEM IPOO, and in the 2008-09 academic year, students in the larger CHEM IF92 Introductory Chemistry course were invited to participate in this research near the beginning of the academic year. Students who went on to take second year Organic and Analytical Chemistry were asked to complete these questionnaires in each second year course. The three questionnaires included the Kolb Learning Styles Inventory (Kolb, 1984) modified to include specific reference to Chemistry in each question, Dalgety, ColI, and Jones' (2002) Chemistry Attitudes and Experiences Questionnaire (CAEQ), and lastly, a demographic survey. Correlations were found between learning style and academic success; concrete learners were not as successful as abstract learners. Differences were noted between females and males with respect to learning styles, academic success, and confidence. Several differences were also noted between those who are the First in the Family to attend university and those who are not First in the Family to attend university.

Should we boycott child labour ?

In high income countries, there is nearly universal popular support for boycotts against products using child labor or punitive sanctions against countries with high levels of child labor. This essay assumes that the reason for this popular support is a concern for the well- being of these child laborers. Consumer boycotts or sanctions should then be viewed by advocates as successful if they make children in low-income countries better off. This essay argues that much of the popular debate on boycotts and sanctions suffers from a failure to consider what children will do if they are not working. To answer this question, the responsible activist or policymaker must understand why children work. While some circumstances of child laborers are so insidious that policies even more aggressive than boycotts may be justified, most of the work performed by children in low income countries reflects the desperateness of their family's poverty. For these cases, if consumer boycotts diminish the earnings power of children, then the incidence of the boycott can be on the poorest of the poor. In this sense, a consumer boycott of products made with child labor can be equivalent to a consumer boycott of poverty relief for both child laborers and their families.

Liens prédictifs entre l’agressivité proactive et la délinquance : le rôle modérateur des normes prosociales du groupe-classe et du rejet par les pairs

Le but de cette étude est d’examiner les liens prédictifs entre les comportements d’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, ainsi que le rôle potentiellement modérateur des normes prosociales du groupe-classe et du rejet par le groupe de pairs. Spécifiquement, les liens suivants seront examinés : 1) le lien principal positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence, 2) l’effet modérateur (i.e., protecteur) des normes prosociales au sein du groupe-classe sur le lien entre l’agressivité proactive et la délinquance et 3) l’effet modérateur de second niveau du rejet par les pairs eu égard à l’effet modérateur de premier niveau des normes prosociales du groupe-classe. Deux modèles théoriques seront utilisés afin d’appuyer le choix des hypothèses et offrir un cadre conceptuel en vue de l’interprétation des résultats: Le modèle du groupe de référence et le modèle de la similarité personne-groupe. Les données proviennent d’un échantillon composé de 327 enfants ayant été évalués à 6 reprises, de l’âge de 10 ans (4e année primaire) à 15 ans (3e secondaire). La délinquance fut mesurée à l’aide de données auto-rapportées par les participants. Les normes prosociales du groupe-classe furent basées sur les évaluations moyennes faites par les enseignants des comportements prosociaux des élèves de leur classe. Le rejet par les pairs fut mesuré à l’aide d’évaluations sociométriques au sein des groupes-classes. Des modèles de régression linéaire hiérarchique ont été utilisés. Les résultats montrent un lien positif entre l’agressivité proactive à l’enfance et la délinquance à l’adolescence. Malgré l’obtention d’un coefficient d’interaction marginal, les résultats indiquent que les normes prosociales modèrent, mais à la hausse, le lien entre l’agressivité et la délinquance. L’effet modérateur du rejet par les pairs n’apparaît pas comme étant significatif. Ces résultats seront discutés afin de mieux comprendre le lien entre l’agressivité et les éléments du contexte social dans lequel l’enfant évolue, ainsi que leur implication au niveau de la prévention des problèmes d’agressivité et de la délinquance en milieu scolaire.

Problèmes de comportement à long terme chez les patients pédiatriques atteints de leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë

Les améliorations dans les protocoles de traitement pour la majorité des cancers pédiatriques ont augmenté de façon marquée les taux de survie. Cependant, des risques élevés de multiples problèmes de santé chez les survivants sont bien documentés. En ce qui concerne spécifiquement les problèmes neuropsychologiques, les principaux facteurs de risque individuels connus à ce jour (l’âge au diagnostic, le genre du patient, l’exposition aux radiations) demeurent insuffisants pour cibler efficacement et prévenir les séquelles à long terme. Les objectifs généraux de cette thèse étaient : 1) la caractérisation des trajectoires individuelles de problèmes de comportement chez une population de patients pédiatriques atteints de leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë; 2) l’identification des principaux déterminants génétiques, médicaux et psychosociaux associés aux problèmes de comportements. Les hypothèses étaient : 1) Il existe une association entre les trajectoires individuelles de problèmes de comportement et a - des facteurs psychosociaux liés au fonctionnement familial, b - des polymorphismes dans les gènes modérateurs des effets thérapeutiques du méthotrexate et des glucocorticoïdes, c - des variables liées aux traitements oncologiques. 2) L'utilisation de modèles statistiques multi-niveaux peut permettre d’effectuer cette caractérisation des trajectoires individuelles et l’identification des facteurs de risque associés. 138 patients pédiatriques (0-18 ans) ayant reçu un diagnostic de leucémie lymphoblastique aiguë entre 1993 et 1999 au CHU Ste-Justine ont participé à une étude longitudinale d’une durée de 4 ans. Un instrument validé et standardisés, le Child Behavior Checklist, a été utilisé pour obtenir un indice de problèmes de comportement, tel que rapporté par la mère, au moment du diagnostic, puis 1, 2, 3 et 4 ans post-diagnostic. Des données génétiques, psychosociales et médicales ont aussi été collectées au cours de cette même étude longitudinale, puis ont été exploitées dans les modélisations statistiques effectuées. Les résultats obtenus suggèrent que les problèmes de comportement de type internalisés et externalisés possèdent des trajectoires et des facteurs de risque distincts. Les problèmes internalisés sont des manifestations de troubles affectifs chez le patient, tels que des symptômes dépressifs ou anxieux, par exemple. Ceux-ci sont très prévalents tôt après le diagnostic et se normalisent par la suite, indiquant des difficultés significatives, mais temporaires. Des facteurs médicaux exacerbant l'expérience de stress, soit le risque de rechute associé au diagnostic et les complications médicales affectant la durée de l'hospitalisation, ralentissent cette normalisation. Les problèmes externalisés se manifestent dans le contact avec autrui; des démonstrations d’agression ou de violence font partie des symptômes. Les problèmes externalisés sont plus stables dans le temps relativement aux problèmes internalisés. Des variables pharmacologiques et génétiques contribuent aux différences individuelles : l'administration d’un glucocorticoïde plus puissant du point de vue des effets pharmacologiques et toxicologiques, ainsi que l’homozygotie pour l’haplotype -786C844T du gène NOS3 sont liés à la modulation des scores de problèmes externalisés au fil du temps. Finalement, le niveau de stress familial perçu au diagnostic est positivement corrélé avec le niveau initial de problèmes externalisés chez le patient, tandis que peu après la fin de la période d’induction, le niveau de stress familial est en lien avec le niveau initial de problèmes internalisés. Ces résultats supportent l'idée qu'une approche holistique est essentielle pour espérer mettre en place des interventions préventives efficaces dans cette population. À long terme, ces connaissances pourraient contribuer significativement à l'amélioration de la qualité de vie des patients. Ces travaux enrichissent les connaissances actuelles en soulignant les bénéfices des suivis longitudinaux et multidisciplinaires pour comprendre la dynamique de changement opérant chez les patients. Le décloisonnement des savoirs semble devenir incontournable pour aspirer dépasser le cadre descriptif et atteindre un certain niveau de compréhension des phénomènes observés. Malgré des défis méthodologiques et logistiques évidents, ce type d’approche est non seulement souhaitable pour étudier des processus dynamiques, mais les travaux présentés dans cette thèse indiquent que cela est possible avec les moyens analytiques actuels.