SN 2009ib: a Type II-P supernova with an unusually long plateau

We present optical and near-infrared photometry and spectroscopy of SN 2009ib, a Type II-P supernova in NGC 1559. This object has moderate brightness, similar to those of the intermediate-luminosity SNe 2008in and 2009N. Its plateau phase is unusually long, lasting for about 130 d after explosion. The spectra are similar to those of the subluminous SN 2002gd, with moderate expansion velocities. We estimate the Ni-56 mass produced as 0.046 +/- A 0.015 M-aS (TM). We determine the distance to SN 2009ib using both the expanding photosphere method (EPM) and the standard candle method. We also apply EPM to SN 1986L, a Type II-P SN that exploded in the same galaxy. Combining the results of different methods, we conclude the distance to NGC 1559 as D = 19.8 +/- A 3.0 Mpc. We examine archival, pre-explosion images of the field taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, and find a faint source at the position of the SN, which has a yellow colour [(V - I)(0) = 0.85 mag]. Assuming it is a single star, we estimate its initial mass as M-ZAMS = 20 M-aS (TM). We also examine the possibility, that instead of the yellow source the progenitor of SN 2009ib is a red supergiant star too faint to be detected. In this case, we estimate the upper limit for the initial zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) mass of the progenitor to be similar to 14-17 M-aS (TM). In addition, we infer the physical properties of the progenitor at the explosion via hydrodynamical modelling of the observables, and estimate the total energy as similar to 0.55 x 10(51) erg, the pre-explosion radius as similar to 400 R-aS (TM), and the ejected envelope mass as similar to 15 M-aS (TM), which implies that the mass of the progenitor before explosion was similar to 16.5-17 M-aS (TM).

Constraining the physical properties of Type II-Plateau supernovae using nebular phase spectra

We present a study of the nebular phase spectra of a sample of Type II-Plateau supernovae with identified progenitors or restrictive limits. The evolution of line fluxes, shapes and velocities is compared within the sample, and interpreted by the use of a spectral synthesis code. The small diversity within the data set can be explained by strong mixing occurring during the explosion, and by recognizing that most lines have significant contributions from primordial metals in the H envelope, which dominates the total ejecta mass in these types of objects. In particular, when using the [O I] 6300, 6364 Å doublet for estimating the core mass of the star, care has to be taken to account for emission from primordial O in the envelope. Finally, a correlation between the Hα line width and the mass of 56Ni is presented, suggesting that higher energy explosions are associated with higher 56Ni production.

Trilobites of the Upper Cambrian (Marjuman) Pika formation of the Southern Canadian Rocky Mountains

The Upper Cambrian Pika Formation in the southern Canadian Rocky Mountains forms a complete lithologic Grand Cycle. The overall pattern of deposition is one of shallowing upwards from a subtidal, muddy, storm-influenced basin to a shallow carbonate bank. The Pika passes gradationally into the overlying inter- to supratidal siliciclastics of the Arctomys Formation. This transition probably reflects a fall in relative sea level. 2 Twenty seven collections from three sections yielded trilobites. The faunas are assigned to two low-diversity biofacies: the Marjumia - Spencella Biofacies and the GZyphaspis - menomoniid Biofacies. In contrast to biofacies of deeper, open-shelf environments, such as the Wheeler and Marjum formations of Utah, the Pika biofacies lack agnostid trilobites. Consequently, agnostid-based zonations defined elsewhere in North America cannot be applied to the Pika and a new sequence of three zones and one informal fauna is proposed for use in inner shelf facies. Eleven species belonging to six genera are described and illustrated. The species Marjumia bagginsi is new. Other genera present are: Bolaspidella, Knechtelia, GZyphaspis and Spencella, in addition to a number of indeterminate forms

L’influence de la mobilité sur la construction du sentiment d’appartenance territoriale : le cas de l’arrondissement Plateau-Mont-Royal

Ce mémoire porte sur l’étude du développement d’un sentiment d’appartenance à l’échelle d’un quartier dans un contexte de croissance de la mobilité des individus. À travers ce travail, il s’agit d’observer les formes que prend ce sentiment alors que les limites du territoire quotidien ne cessent d’être repoussées et que les individus sont de moins en moins ancrés de façon permanente sur un territoire. Dès lors, la pertinence du quartier est remise en cause. L’étude a pris pour cadre d’analyse l’arrondissement Plateau-Mont-Royal en raison de son caractère atypique et exemplaire en matière de forte mobilité de ses résidants et de la perception d’un sentiment d’appartenance territoriale marqué. Afin d’alimenter la réflexion, des entretiens ont été réalisés auprès de dix résidants de l’arrondissement recrutés lors d’un rendez-vous citoyen. Ces rencontres ont permis de comprendre que la mobilité des résidants ne répond pas à la tangente de la croissance observée. La flexibilité et la liberté d’avoir le choix de quitter son lieu de résidence sont des aptitudes valorisées, mais l’ancrage demeure prisé. Cette divergence s’inscrit dans une démarche particulière; celle de vivre selon un mode de vie où l’espace du quartier est priorisé à travers la mobilité quotidienne. Dans ce contexte, le sentiment d’appartenance se développe en direction d’un mode de vie, honorant un ensemble de valeurs, plutôt qu’à un territoire. Selon cette approche, l’arrondissement Plateau-Mont-Royal joue le second rôle; il représente le catalyseur et la vitrine de ce mode de vie, facilitant ainsi le regroupement des individus sous des valeurs communes.

Vers le haut : la valeur d’usage du toit vert privé : le point de vue de professionnels de l’immobilier œuvrant sur le Plateau Mont-Royal

Cette recherche s’intéresse à la valeur d’usage du toit vert dans l’arrondissement du Plateau Mont-Royal, de la Ville de Montréal. Spécifiquement, elle s’intéresse à l’état problématique qu’est l’étalement urbain en tentant l’estimation de la valeur d’usage du toit vert, de la cour arrière et du balcon-terrasse soutenue par le dispositif argumentaire immobilier propre à chacun des aménagements. L’étalement urbain est la source de graves problèmes et la résorption de ses effets néfastes est devenue une priorité dans l’aménagement du territoire. L’une des principales raisons sousjacentes à l’exode urbain est la valeur d’usage accordée à la parcelle extérieure qu’offre l’habitat unifamilial pavillonnaire. Dans cette situation, la question est de savoir si l’insertion d’espaces verts privés en milieu urbain peut participer à la résorption de l’exode urbain. Or, dans l’agglomération, le sol manque. Le toit vert privé apparaît comme une alternative astucieuse, bien que limitée, au terrain entourant la maison. Reste à savoir si les gens le valorisent tel un espace vert privé d’extrême proximité, à même le sol. À la lueur de l’analyse, il advient que le toit vert ne présente pas de valeur d’usage comparable à celle de la cour arrière dans le contexte observé, précisément parce que leurs publics cibles s’opposent d’emblée. En revanche, le balcon-terrasse et le toit vert semblent être, en fonction des données construites, des aménagements à valeur d’usage comparable.

Factors affecting distribution of vegetation types on abandoned cropland in the hilly-gullied Loess Plateau region of China

A study was conducted in the forest-steppe region of the Loess Plateau to provide insight into the factors affecting the process of vegetation establishment, and to provide recommendations for the selection of indigenous species in order to speed up the succession process and to allow the establishment of vegetation more resistant to soil erosion. Four distinctive vegetation types were identified, and their distribution was affected not only by the time since abandonment but also by other environmental factors, mainly soil water and total P in the upper soil layers. One of the vegetation types, dominated by Artemisia scoparia, formed the early successional stage after abandonment while the other three types formed later successional stages with their distribution determined by the soil water content and total P. It can be concluded that the selection of appropriate species for introduction to accelerate succession should be determined by the local conditions and especially the total P concentration and soil water content.

Can the study of natural vegetation succession assist in the control of soil erosion on abandoned croplands on the Loess Plateau, China?

In the Loess Plateau, China, arable cultivation of slope lands is common and associated with serious soil erosion. Planting trees or grass may control erosion, but planted species may consume more soil water and can threaten long-term ecosystem sustainability. Natural vegetation succession is an alternative ecological solution to restore degraded land, but there is a time cost, given that the establishment of natural vegetation, adequate to prevent soil erosion, is a longer process than planting. The aims of this study were to identify the environmental factors controlling the type of vegetation established on abandoned cropland and to identify candidate species that might be sown soon after abandonment to accelerate vegetation succession and establishment of natural vegetation to prevent soil erosion. A field survey of thirty-three 2 × 2–m plots was carried out in July 2003, recording age since abandonment, vegetation cover, and frequency of species together with major environmental and soil variables. Data were analyzed using correspondence analysis, classification tree analysis, and species response curves. Four vegetation types were identified and the data analysis confirmed the importance of time since abandonment, total P, and soil water in controlling the type of vegetation established. Among the dominant species in the three late-successional vegetation types, the most appropriate candidates for accelerating and directing vegetation succession were King Ranch bluestem (Bothriochloa ischaemum) and Lespedeza davurica (Leguminosae). These species possess combinations of the following characteristics: tolerance of low water and nutrient availability, fibrous root system and strong lateral vegetative spread, and a persistent seed bank.