Assembly of the subcellular parts of Bryopsis hypnoides Lamouroux into new protoplasts

The chloroplasts, mitochondria, and protoplasm devoid of mature chloroplasts (PMC) of Bryopsis hypnoides Lamouroux were isolated by low-speed and sucrose density centrifugation. The PMC aggregated in artificial seawater, and then protoplasts without mature chloroplasts (PtMCs) were formed. Transmission electron microscopy and cytochemical studies indicated that there were mitochondria, nuclei, vesicles, and other small cell organelles in the PtMCs. Scanning electron microscopy showed that there were holes on the surface of 1-h PtMCs and then fewer holes on the surface of 24-h PtMCs, suggesting that a healing process occurred. The plasma membrane was formed over the surface of the PtMCs. However, the cell wall was not regenerated, and the newly formed PtMCs were ruptured and died in 3 days. Light intensity during alga maintenance before use influenced significantly (one-way ANOVA, P < 0.0001) on the number of PtMCs formed; the highest number of PtMCs was formed at 20A mu mol/(m(2) s). When isolated chloroplasts were transferred into seawater, there were only two or three chloroplasts aggregated together. However, isolated mitochondria and the mixed six layers of cell organelles (separated by sucrose density centrifugation) could not aggregate in the artificial seawater. This indicates that the conjunction of cell organelles is important for their aggregation.

Submesoscale activity over the shelf of the northern South China Sea in summer: simulation with an embedded model

We applied a primitive equation ocean model to simulate submesoscale activities and processes over the shelf of the northern South China Sea (NSCS) with a one-way nesting technology for downscaling. The temperature and density fields showed that submesoscale activities were ubiquitous in the NSCS shelf. The vertical velocity was considerably enhanced in submesoscale processes and could reach an average of 58 m per day in the subsurface. At this point, the mixed layer depth also was deepened along the front, and the surface kinetic energy also increased with the intense vertical movement induced by submesoscale activity. Thus, submesoscale stirring/mixing is important for tracers, such as temperature, salinity, nutrients, dissolved organic, and inorganic carbon. This result may have implication for climate and biogeochemical investigations.

牙鲆和大黄鱼经济性状候选基因的DNA分子标记研究

本文利用不同的分子标记方法，分别对牙鲆及大黄鱼不同养殖群体的生长、抗病等经济性状的候选基因进行了序列多态性研究，检测到了几个SNP位点和微卫星的多态性位点，并分析了它们与经济性状之间的相关性；同时，利用微卫星的多态性位点对牙鲆2个养殖群体的遗传变异进行了分析，这些均为海水鱼类遗传育种及标记辅助选育工作提供了基础数据。 在牙鲆胶南养殖群体中，以100个个体为实验材料，根据其生长激素（GH）基因的6个外显子序列设计引物，通过SSCP分析技术显示该群体GH基因的第4外显子存在多态性，检测到2种基因型，AA型和AB型。DNA测序结果表明，AB型在第1763位发生碱基突变，c→t，与AA型同源性达到99%。连锁分析结果表明：这2种基因型的个体在体重和头长上表现出显著的差异，AB型个体的体重和头长都明显大于AA型个体(P<0.05)，由此推测等位基因B是一个对牙鲆体重和头长都有利的等位基因；这2种基因型个体之间在其体型性状上也存在显著差异（P<0.05）；同时，该多态位点的Hardy-Weinberg平衡性检验结果表明，该群体处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态。在牙鲆GH基因第1外显子区域还发现了一个微卫星位点，对该位点进行多态性分析，检测到5种基因型、3种等位基因，one-way ANOVA统计结果显示，基因型AC个体的体重、头长和体高明显大于其它基因型个体（P<0.05），C是一个对体重、头长和体高有利的等位基因。 对2个大黄鱼养殖群体的GH基因进行SSCP分析后发现，浙江群体大黄鱼GH基因在第196位存在1个SNP（g→a）位点，检测到2种基因型，AA和AB。t检验结果表明，AA型个体的体高比AB型个体的高(P≤0.05)，但AB型个体在体长/体高上占优势(P≤0.05)，提示该突变位点可以作为大黄鱼体型性状的候选标记。福建群体大黄鱼GH基因在第692位有1个SNP位点(t→c)，共检测到2种基因型，CC型和CD型，其中，CD基因型个体的体重和全长显著大于CC基因型个体(P≤0.01)，提示该位点可以作为大黄鱼体重和头长性状的候选标记。 在牙鲆胶南和日照2个养殖群体中，采用牙鲆GHR基因5’端Promoter区的一个微卫星标记，进行了群体遗传变异的研究，并探索了该基因多态性位点与牙鲆生长性状之间的相关性。结果表明，2个群体在该位点检测到的等位基因数为12和9个，有效等位基因数为6.26和5.04个。两个群体该位点的Hardy-Weinberg遗传偏离指数均为正值，并没有显示出杂合子缺失，但各基因型分布频率都在一定程度上偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P<0.01)。连锁分析发现，在胶南群体中，IM基因型对应的个体在全重、全长、体长、头长、体高和眼径形态学数据中均是最大的，但仅在体重上极其显著的大于全部其它基因型个体；在日照群体中，BC基因型对应的个体在全重、全长、体高、尾柄高、尾柄长和眼径数据中均是最大的；而CJ基因型对应的个体在体长和头长这两组数据中是最大的。由此认为，该位点IM基因型可以作为牙鲆体重性状的潜在标记。 在进行牙鲆抗病性状标记的筛选时，利用迟缓爱德华氏菌（Edwardsiella tarda）LSE40对牙鲆鱼进行攻毒感染实验，得到死亡群体和未死亡群体。选择Toll样受体基因中的TLR2、TLR3和TLR9基因作为候选基因，分别对这3个基因中的部分序列共设计7对引物进行扩增，同时对扩增产物进行RFLP多态性分析，目前只在TLR3基因内检测到一个EcoRI的酶切多态性位点，测序后发现，这是由于在TLR3基因第3806位的EcoRI酶切位点在某些个体中缺失所致。酶切产物共呈现出3种基因型，分别定义为AA，AB和BB。χ2检验证明该多态性位点与牙鲆抗迟缓爱德华氏菌LSE40的能力有一定关系。利用多因素非条件Logistic回归分析对死亡组和存活组牙鲆的各种形态学数据以及不同基因型之间进行了分析，发现体长、头长和体高均具有显著的相关性（P<0.05），而这几个因素与体重的相关性不显著（P>0.05）。多因素非条件Logistic分析后发现：AA基因型对死亡率具有显著的影响（P<0.05），是主要的危险因素，而AB基因型的作用不显著（P>0.05）；头长是主要的保护因素（P<0.05），体重对死亡率的影响很小。χ2检验证明，等位基因A是对死亡的主要危险等位基因，B是对存活有利的主要等位基因。推测该位点可以作为牙鲆抗迟缓爱德华氏菌的潜在标记。

Seasonal variation in metabolism of cultured Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, in Sanggou Bay, China

Rates of respiration and excretion of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, were measured seasonally from June 2002 to July 2003 under ambient conditions of food, water temperature, pH, and salinity in Sanggou Bay, an important mariculture coast in north China. The aim of this study is to obtain fundamental data for further establishing an energy budget model and assessing the carrying capacity for cultivation of C. gigas in north China. Oysters were collected monthly or bimonthly from the integrated culture areas of bivalve and kelp in the bay. Oxygen consumption and ammonium and phosphorus excretion rates were measured, and ratios of O/N and NIP were calculated. One-way ANOVA was applied to determine differences among these parameters that act as a function of seasonal variation. All the physiological parameters yielded highly significant variations with season (P<0.01) The rate of respiration varied seasonally, with the highest oxygen consumption rate in July and the lowest rate in January, ranging from 0.07 to 2.13 mg O-2 h(-1) g(-1) dry tissue weight (DW). Maximum and minimum ammonium excretion rates were recorded in August and January, respectively, ranging from 0.51 to 5.40 mu mol NH4-N h(-1) g(-1) DW. Rates of phosphorus excretion varied from 0.11 (in January) to 0.64 (in July) mu mol PO4-P h(-1) g(-1) DW. The O/N and N/P ratios changed from 9.2 (in January) to 59.8 (in July) and from 4.6 (in January) to 10.9 (in August), respectively. For each season, the allometric relationship between the physiological response (e.g., rate of oxygen consumption, ammonium and phosphorus excretion) and DW of the animal was estimated using the formula: Y=a x DWb. (C) 2005 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CIMS环境下单元的柔性计划生产方法

本文研究了ＣＩＭＳ环境下的生产计划问题．考虑了两种市场需求驱动生产方式，一种是在计划周期内各阶段市场需求由预先订货决定，另一种是市场需求不是由预先订货决定，而是一个随机变量．但可根据统计，确认它服从某种分布规律，对于这两种生产方式，本文可给出最优的生产计划。

高阶广义屏波动方程叠前深度偏移

Attaining sufficient accuracy and efficiency of generalized screen propagator and improving the quality of input gathers are often problems　of wave equation presack depth migration,　in this paper,a high order formula of generalized screen propagator　for one-way wave equation is proposed by using the asymptotic expansion of single-square-root operator. Based on the formula，a new generalized screen propagator is developed ,which is composed of split-step Fourier propagator and high order correction terms，the new generalized screen propagator not only improving calculation precision without sharply increasing the quantity of computation，facilitates the suitability of generalized screen propagator to the media with strong lateral velocity variation.　As wave-equation prestack depth migration is sensitive to the quality of input gathers, which greatly affect the output，and the available seismic data processing system has inability to obtain traveltimes corresponding to the multiple arrivals, to estimate of great residual statics， to merge seismic datum from different projects and to design inverse Q filter, we establish　difference equations with an embodiment of Huygens’s principle for obtaining traveltimes corresponding to the multiple arrivals,bring forward a time variable matching filter for seismic datum merging by using the fast algorithm called Mallat tree for wavelet transformations， put forward a method for estimation of residual statics by applying the optimum model parameters estimated by iterative inversion with three organized algorithm,i.e,the CMP intertrace cross-correlation algorithm,the Laplacian image edge extraction algorithm,and the DFP algorithm, and present phase-shift inverse Q filter based on Futterman’s amplitude and phase-velocity dispersion formula and wave field extrapolation theory. All of their numerical and real data calculating results shows that our theory and method are practical and efficient. Key words: prestack depth migration, generalized screen propagator, residual statics，inverse Q filter ,traveltime，3D seismic datum mergence

复杂条件地层滤波预测的理论与关键技术研究

The theory researches of prediction about stratigraphic filtering in complex condition are carried out, and three key techniques are put forward in this dissertation. Theoretical aspects: The prediction equations for both slant incidence in horizontally layered medium and that in laterally variant velocity medium are expressed appropriately. Solving the equations, the linear prediction operator of overlaid layers, then corresponding reflection/transmission operators, can be obtained. The properties of linear prediction operator are elucidated followed by putting forward the event model for generalized Goupillaud layers. Key technique 1: Spectral factorization is introduced to solve the prediction equations in complex condition and numerical results are illustrated. Key technique 2: So-called large-step wavefield extrapolation of one-way wave under laterally variant velocity circumstance is studied. Based on Lie algebraic integral and structure preserving algorithm, large-step wavefield depth extrapolation scheme is set forth. In this method, the complex phase of wavefield extrapolation operator’s symbol is expressed as a linear combination of wavenumbers with the coefficients of this linear combination in the form of the integral of interval velocity and its derivatives over depth. The exponential transform of the complex phase is implemented through phase shifting, BCH splitting and orthogonal polynomial expansion. The results of numerical test show that large-step scheme takes on a great number of advantages as low accumulating error, cheapness, well adaptability to laterally variant velocity, small dispersive, etc. Key technique 3: Utilizing large-step wavefield extrapolation scheme and based on the idea of local harmonic decomposition, the technique generating angle gathers for 2D case is generalized to 3D case so as to solve the problems generating and storing 3D prestack angle gathers. Shot domain parallel scheme is adopted by which main duty for servant-nodes is to compute trigonometric expansion coefficients, while that for host-node is to reclaim them with which object-oriented angle gathers yield. In theoretical research, many efforts have been made in probing into the traits of uncertainties within macro-dynamic procedures.

改进叠前深度偏移的计算效率＆叠前高分辨率成像

An high-resolution prestack imaging technique of seismic data is developed in this thesis. By using this technique, the reflected coefficients of sheet sands can be gained in order to understand and identify thin oil reservoirs. One-way wave equation based migration methods can more accurately model seismic wave propagation effect such as multi-arrivals and obtain almost correct reflected energy in the presence of complex inhomogeneous media, and therefore, achieve more superiorities in imaging complex structure. So it is a good choice to apply the proposed high-resolution imaging to the presatck depth migration gathers. But one of the main shorting of one-way wave equation based migration methods is the low computational efficiency, thus the improvement on computational efficiency is first carried out. The method to improve the computational efficiency of prestack depth migration is first presented in this thesis, that is frequency-dependent varying-step depth exploration scheme plus a table-driven, one-point wavefield interpolation technology for wave equation based migration methods; The frequency-dependent varying-step depth exploration scheme reduces the computational cost of wavefield depth extrapolation, and the a table-driven, one-point wavefield interpolation technology reconstructs the extrapolated wavefield with an equal, desired vertical step with high computational efficiency. The proposed varying-step depth extrapolation plus one-point interpolation scheme results in 2/3 reduction in computational cost when compared to the equal-step depth extrapolation of wavefield, but gives the almost same imaging. The frequency-dependent varying-step depth exploration scheme is presented in theory by using the optimum split-step Fourier. But the proposed scheme can also be used by other wave equation based migration methods of the frequency domain. The proposed method is demonstrated by using impulse response, 2-D Marmousi dataset, 3-D salt dataset and the 3-D field dataset. A method of high-resolution prestack imaging is presented in the 2nd part of this thesis. The seismic interference method to solve the relative reflected coefficients is presented. The high-resolution imaging is obtained by introducing a sparseness- constrained least-square inversion into the reflected coefficient imaging. Gaussian regularization is first imposed and a smoothed solution is obtained by solving equation derived from the least-square inversion. Then the Cauchy regularization is introducing to the least-square inversion , the sparse solution of relative reflected coefficients can be obtained, that is high-resolution solution. The proposed scheme can be used together with other prestack imaging if the higher resolution is needed in a target zone. The seismic interference method in theory and the solution to sparseness-constrained least-square inversion are presented. The proposed method is demonstrated by synthetic examples and filed data.

Fourier有限差分法深度偏移与正演模拟

With the development of seismic exploration, the target becomes more and more complex, which leads to a higher demand for the accuracy and efficiency in 3D exploration. Fourier finite-difference (FFD) method is one of the most valuable methods in complex structure exploration, which keeps the ability of finite-differenc method in dealing with laterally varing media and inherits the predominance of the phase-screen method in stablility and efficiency. In this thesis, the accuracy of the FFD operator is highly improved by using simulated annealing algorithm. This method takes the extrapolation step and band width into account, which is more suitable to various band width and discrete scale than the commonely-used optimized method based on velocity contrast alone. In this thesis, the FFD method is extended to viscoacoustic modeling. Based on one-way wave equation, the presented method is implemented in frequency domain; thus, it is more efficient than two-way methods, and is more convenient than time domain methods in handling attenuation and dispersion effects. The proposed method can handle large velocity contrast and has a high efficiency, which is helpful to further research on earth absorption and seismic resolution. Starting from the frequency dispersion of the acoustic VTI wave equation, this thesis extends the FFD migration method to the acoustic VTI media. Compared with the convetional FFD method, the presented method has a similar computational efficiency, and keeps the abilities of dealing with large velocity contrasts and steep dips. The numerical experiments based on the SEG salt model show that the presented method is a practical migration method for complex acoustical VTI media, because it can handle both large velocity contrasts and large anisotropy variations, and its accuracy is relatively high even in strong anisotropic media. In 3D case, the two-way splitting technique of FFD operator causes artificial azimuthal anisotropy. These artifacts become apparent with increasing dip angles and velocity contrasts, which prevent the application of the FFD method in 3D complex media. The current methods proposed to reduce the azimuthal anisotropy significantly increase the computational cost. In this thesis, the alternating-direction-implicit plus interpolation scheme is incorporated into the 3D FFD method to reduce the azimuthal anisotropy. By subtly utilizing the Fourier based scheme of the FFD method, the improved fast algorithm takes approximately no extra computation time. The resulting operator keeps both the accuracy and the efficiency of the FFD method, which is helpful to the inhancements of both the accuracy and the efficiency for prestack depth migration. The general comparison is presented between the FFD operator and the generalized-screen operator, which is valuable to choose the suitable method in practice. The percentage relative error curves and migration impulse responses show that the generalized-screen operator is much sensiutive to the velocity contrasts than the FFD operator. The FFD operator can handle various velocity contrasts, while the generalized-screen operator can only handle some range of the velocity contrasts. Both in large and weak velocity contrasts, the higher order term of the generalized-screen operator has little effect on improving accuracy. The FFD operator is more suitable to large velocity contrasts, while the generalized-screen operator is more suitable to middle velocity contrasts. Both the one-way implicit finite-difference migration and the two-way explicit finite-differenc modeling have been implemented, and then they are compared with the corresponding FFD methods respectively. This work gives a reference to the choosen of proper method. The FFD migration is illustrated to be more attractive in accuracy, efficiency and frequency dispertion than the widely-used implicit finite-difference migration. The FFD modeling can handle relatively coarse grids than the commonly-used explicit finite-differenc modeling, thus it is much faster in 3D modeling, especially for large-scale complex media.

积分偏移的计算几何与并行实现

The Second Round of Oil & Gas Exploration needs more precision imaging method, velocity vs. depth model and geometry description on Complicated Geological Mass. Prestack time migration on inhomogeneous media was the technical basic of velocity analysis, prestack time migration on Rugged surface, angle gather and multi-domain noise suppression. In order to realize this technique, several critical technical problems need to be solved, such as parallel computation, velocity algorithm on ununiform grid and visualization. The key problem is organic combination theories of migration and computational geometry. Based on technical problems of 3-D prestack time migration existing in inhomogeneous media and requirements from nonuniform grid, parallel process and visualization, the thesis was studied systematically on three aspects: Infrastructure of velocity varies laterally Green function traveltime computation on ununiform grid, parallel computational of kirchhoff integral migration and 3D visualization, by combining integral migration theory and Computational Geometry. The results will provide powerful technical support to the implement of prestack time migration and convenient compute infrastructure of wave number domain simulation in inhomogeneous media. The main results were obtained as follows: 1. Symbol of one way wave Lie algebra integral, phase and green function traveltime expressions were analyzed, and simple 2-D expression of Lie algebra integral symbol phase and green function traveltime in time domain were given in inhomogeneous media by using pseudo-differential operators’ exponential map and Lie group algorithm preserving geometry structure. Infrastructure calculation of five parts, including derivative, commutating operator, Lie algebra root tree, exponential map root tree and traveltime coefficients , was brought forward when calculating asymmetry traveltime equation containing lateral differential in 3-D by this method. 2. By studying the infrastructure calculation of asymmetry traveltime in 3-D based on lateral velocity differential and combining computational geometry, a method to build velocity library and interpolate on velocity library using triangulate was obtained, which fit traveltime calculate requirements of parallel time migration and velocity estimate. 3. Combining velocity library triangulate and computational geometry, a structure which was convenient to calculate differential in horizontal, commutating operator and integral in vertical was built. Furthermore, recursive algorithm, for calculating architecture on lie algebra integral and exponential map root tree (Magnus in Math), was build and asymmetry traveltime based on lateral differential algorithm was also realized. 4. Based on graph theory and computational geometry, a minimum cycle method to decompose area into polygon blocks, which can be used as topological representation of migration result was proposed, which provided a practical method to block representation and research to migration interpretation results. 5. Based on MPI library, a process of bringing parallel migration algorithm at arbitrary sequence traces into practical was realized by using asymmetry traveltime based on lateral differential calculation and Kirchhoff integral method. 6. Visualization of geological data and seismic data were studied by the tools of OpenGL and Open Inventor, based on computational geometry theory, and a 3D visualize system on seismic imaging data was designed.

基于波动方程的层间多次波预测方法研究

In exploration geophysics，velocity analysis and migration methods except reverse time migration are based on ray theory or one-way wave-equation. So multiples are regarded as noise and required to be attenuated. It is very important to attenuate multiples for structure imaging, amplitude preserving migration. So it is an interesting research in theory and application about how to predict and attenuate internal multiples effectively. There are two methods based on wave-equation to predict internal multiples for pre-stack data. One is common focus point method. Another is inverse scattering series method. After comparison of the two methods, we found that there are four problems in common focus point method: 1. dependence of velocity model; 2. only internal multiples related to a layer can be predicted every time; 3. computing procedure is complex; 4. it is difficult to apply it in complex media. In order to overcome these problems, we adopt inverse scattering series method. However, inverse scattering series method also has some problems: 1. computing cost is high; 2. it is difficult to predict internal multiples in the far offset; 3. it is not able to predict internal multiples in complex media. Among those problems, high computing cost is the biggest barrier in field seismic processing. So I present 1D and 1.5D improved algorithms for reducing computing time. In addition, I proposed a new algorithm to solve the problem which exists in subtraction, especially for surface related to multiples. The creative results of my research are following: 1. derived an improved inverse scattering series prediction algorithm for 1D. The algorithm has very high computing efficiency. It is faster than old algorithm about twelve times in theory and faster about eighty times for lower spatial complexity in practice; 2. derived an improved inverse scattering series prediction algorithm for 1.5D. The new algorithm changes the computing domain from pseudo-depth wavenumber domain to TX domain for predicting multiples. The improved algorithm demonstrated that the approach has some merits such as higher computing efficiency, feasibility to many kinds of geometries, lower predictive noise and independence to wavelet； 3. proposed a new subtraction algorithm. The new subtraction algorithm is not used to overcome nonorthogonality, but utilize the nonorthogonality's distribution in TX domain to estimate the true wavelet with filtering method. The method has excellent effectiveness in model testing. Improved 1D and 1.5D inverse scattering series algorithms can predict internal multiples. After filtering and subtracting among seismic traces in a window time, internal multiples can be attenuated in some degree. The proposed 1D and 1.5D algorithms have demonstrated that they are effective to the numerical and field data. In addition, the new subtraction algorithm is effective to the complex theoretic models.

叠前时间偏移: 基于波动方程的架构、发展和应用

This dissertation starts from the point that the prestack time migration can been considered as an approximation of the prestack depth migration, giving a wave equation based prestack time migration approach. The new approach includes: analytically getting the travel time and amplitude based on the one way wave equation and the stationary-phase theory, using ‘spread’ imaging method and imaging following the prestack depth migration, updating the velocity model with respect to the flats of the events in CRP gathers. Based on this approach, we present a scheme that can image land seismic data without field static correction. We may determine the correct near surface velocities and stack velocities by picking up the residual correction of the events in the CRP gathers. We may get the rational migration section based on the updated velocities and correct the migration section from a floating datum plane to a universal datum plane. We may adaptively determine the migration aperture according to the dips of the imaging structures. This not only speed up the processing, but may suppress the migration noise produce by the extra aperture. We adopt the deconvolution imaging condition of wave equation migration. It may partially compensate the geometric divergence. In this scheme, we use the table-driven technique which may enhance the computational efficiency. If the subsurface is much more complicated, it may be impossible to distinguish the DTS curve. To solve this problem, we proposed a technique to determine the appropriate range of the DTS curve. We synthesize DTS panel in this range using different velocities and depths, and stack the amplitude around the zero time. Determine the correct velocity and location of the considered grid point by comparing the values.

单程波算子空间-波数域可分近似方法研究

In the petroleum exploration industry, it is very important to simulate the evolvement of wave field beneath our earth in the aspects of time and space quickly and effectively. Because of the huge data size in petroleum exploration and also the strict requirement of time limit in the actual process of production, simplification of models and approximation of algorithm are necessary. At the same time, every fine improvement to algorithm has its great practical significance and use value. Based on the reasons above, this dissertation researches the separable approximation methods of space-wave number domain for One-way Wave Operator and gets the conclusions as follow: 1. It is insufficient to value One-way Wave Operator purely from the mathematical modulus and phase error, while, holding some specific structural character of operator should be more important. Because, the evaluation criterion of One-way Wave Operator’s imaging ability is quite complicate and obscured, which is similar to the evaluation of an artwork. 2. We can not search for a best or most effective One-way Wave Operator approximation solution for all. However, to different speed model and precision requirement the best approximation solution does exist which is maybe also a compromise, because it is very beneficial to One-way Wave Operator to take full advantage of speed model’s pre-tested information.

表面相关多次波衰减方法与应用研究

The function of seismic data in prospecting and exploring oil and gas has exceeded ascertaining structural configuration early. In order to determine the advantageous target area more exactly, we need exactly image the subsurface media. So prestack migration imaging especially prestack depth migration has been used increasingly widely. Currently, seismic migration imaging methods are mainly based on primary energy and most of migration methods use one-way wave equation. Multiple will mask primary and sometimes will be regarded as primary and interferes with the imaging of primary, so multiple elimination is still a very important research subject. At present there are three different wavefield prediction and subtraction methods: wavefield extrapolation; feedback loop; and inverse-scattering series. I mainly do research on feedback loop method in this paper. Feedback loop method includs prediction and subtraction.Currently this method has some problems as follows. Firstly, feedback loop method requires the seismic data used to predict multiple is full wavefield data, but usually the original seismic data don’t meet this assumption, so seismic data must be regularized. Secondly, Multiple predicted through feedback loop method usually can’t match the real multiple in seismic data and they are different in amplitude, phase and arrrival time. So we need match the predicted multiple and that in seismic data through estimating filtering factors and subtract multiple from seismic data. It is the key for multiple elimination how to select a correct matching filtering method. There are many matching filtering methods and I put emphasis on Least-square adaptive matching filtering and L1-norm minimizing adaptive matching filtering methods. Least-square adaptive matching filtering method is computationally very fast, but it has two assumptions: the signal has minimum energy and is orthogonal to the noise. When seismic data don’t meet the two assumptions, this method can’t get good matching results and then can’t attenuate multiple correctly. L1-norm adaptive matching filtering methods can avoid these two assumptions and then get good matching results, but this method is computationally a little slow. The results of my research are as follows: 1. Proposed a method that interpolates seismic traces based on F-K migration and demigration. The main advantage of this method is that it can interpolate seismic traces in any offsets. It shows this method is valid through a simple model. 2. Comparing different Least-square adaptive matching filtering methods. The results show that equipose multi-channel adaptive matching filtering methods can get better results of multiple elimination than other matcing methods through three model data and two field data. 3. Proposed equipose multi-channel L1-norm adaptive matching filtering method. Because L1-norm is robust to large amplitude differences, there are no assumption on the signal has minimum energy and orthogonality, this method can get better results of multiple elimination. 4. Research on multiple elimination in inverse data space. The method is a new multiple elimination method and it is different from those methods mentioned above.The advantages of this method is that it is simple in theory and no need for the adaptive subtraction and computationally very fast. The disadvantage of this method is that it is not stabilized in its solution. The results show that equipose multi-channel and equipose pesudo-multi-channel least-square matching filtering and equipose multi-channel and equipose pesudo-multi-channel L1-norm matching filtering methods can get better results of multiple elimination than other matcing methods through three model data and many field data.

叠前时间偏移：各向异性、多次波衰减及应用

At present, in order to image complex structures more accurately, the seismic migration methods has been developed from isotropic media to the anisotropic media. This dissertation develops a prestack time migration algorithm and application aspects for complex structures systematically. In transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI media), the dissertation starts from the theory that the prestack time migration is an approximation of the prestack depth migration, based on the one way wave equation and VTI time migration dispersion relation, by combining the stationary-phase theory gives a wave equation based VTI prestack time migration algorithm. Based on this algorithm, we can analytically obtain the travel time and amplitude expression in VTI media, as while conclude how the anisotropic parameter influence the time migration, and by analyzing the normal moveout of the far offset seismic data and lateral inhomogeneity of velocity, we can update the velocity model and estimate the anisotropic parameter model through the time migration. When anisotropic parameter is zero, this algorithm degenerates to the isotropic time migration algorithm naturally, so we can propose an isotopic processing procedure for imaging. This procedure may keep the main character of time migration such as high computational efficiency and velocity estimation through the migration, and, additionally, partially compensate the geometric divergence by adopting the deconvolution imaging condition of wave equation migration. Application of this algorithm to the complicated synthetic dataset and field data demonstrates the effectiveness of the approach. In the dissertation we also present an approach for estimating the velocity model and anisotropic parameter model. After analyzing the velocity and anisotropic parameter impaction on the time migration, and based on the normal moveout of the far offset seismic data and lateral inhomogeneity of velocity, through migration we can update the velocity model and estimate the anisotropic parameter model by combining the advantages of velocity analysis in isotropic media and anisotropic parameter estimation in VTI media. Testing on the synthetic and field data, demonstrates the method is effective and very steady. Massive synthetic dataset、2D sea dataset and 3D field datasets are used for VTI prestack time migration and compared to the stacked section after NMO and prestack isotropic time migration stacked section to demonstrate that VTI prestack time migration method in this paper can obtain better focusing and less positioning errors of complicated dip reflectors. When subsurface is more complex, primaries and multiples could not be separated in the Radon domain because they can no longer be described with simple functions (parabolic). We propose an attenuating multiple method in the image domain to resolve this problem. For a given velocity model，since time migration takes the complex structures wavefield propagation in to account, primaries and multiples have different offset-domain moveout discrepancies, then can be separated using techniques similar to the prior migration with Radon transform. Since every individual offset-domain common-reflection point gather incorporates complex 3D propagation effects, our method has the advantage of working with 3D data and complicated geology. Testing on synthetic and real data, we demonstrate the power of the method in discriminating between primaries and multiples after prestack time migration, and multiples can be attenuated in the image space considerably.