Non-monophyly of fish in the Sinipercidae (Perciformes) as inferred from cytochrome b gene

The sinipercids represent a group of 12 species of freshwater percoid fish, including nine in Siniperca and three species in Coreoperca. Despite several classification attempts and a preliminary molecular phylogeny, the phylogenetic relationships and systematic position of sinipercids remained still unsolved. The complete cytochrome b gene sequences from nine sinipercid species four non-sinipercid fish species were cloned, and a total of 12 cyt b sequences from 10 species of sinipercids and 11 cyt b sequences from 10 species of non-sinipercid fish also in Perciformes were included in the phylogenetic analysis. As expected, the two genera Siniperca and Coreoperca within sinipercids are recovered as monophyletic. However, nine species representing Moronidae, Serranidae, Centropomidae, Acropomatidae, Emmelichtyidae, Siganidae and Centrarchidae included in the present study are all nested between Coreoperca and Siniperca, which provides marked evidence for a non-monophyly of sinipercid fishes. Coreoperca appears to be closest to Centrachus representing the family Centrarchidae. Coreoperca whiteheadi and C. herzi are sibling species, which together are closely related to C. kawamebari. In the Siniperca, the node between S. roulei and the remaining species is the most ancestral, followed by that of S. fortis. S. chuatsi and S. kneri are sibling species, sister to S. obscura. However, the sinipercids do not seem to have a very clear phylogenetic history, for different methods of phylogenetic reconstruction result in different tree topologies, and the only conclusive result in favor of a paraphyletic origin of the two sinipercid genera is the parametric bootstrap test. The paraphyly of Sinipercidae may suggest that the "synapomorphs" such as cycloid scales, upon which this family is based, were independently derived at least twice within sinipercid fishes, and further study should be carried out to include the other two Siniperca species and to incorporate other genes.

Phylogenetic relationships of the Chinese sisorid catfishes: a nuclear intron versus mitochondrial gene approach

Several recent molecular phylogenetic studies of the sisorid catfishes (Sisoridae) have challenged some aspects of their traditional taxonomy and cladistic hypotheses of their phylogeny. However, disagreement with respect to relationships within this family in these studies highlights the need for additional data and analyses. Here we subjected 15 taxa representing 12 sisorids genera to comprehensive phylogenetic analyses using the second intron of low-copy nuclear S7 ribosomal protein (rpS7) gene and the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene segments both individually and in combination. The competing sisorid topologies were then tested by using the approximately unbiased (AU) test and the Shimodaira-Hasegawa (SH) test. Our results support previously suggested polyphyly of Pareuchiloglanis. The genus Pseudecheneis is likely to be nested in the glyptosternoids and Glaridoglanis might be basal to the tribe Glyptosternini. However, justified by AU and SH test, the sister-group relationship between Pseudecheneis and the monophyletic glyptosternoids cannot be rejected based on the second intron of rpS7 gene and combined data analyses. It follows that both gene segments are not suitable for resolving the phylogenetic relationships within the sisorid catfishes. Overall, the second intron of rpS7 gene yielded poor phylogenetic performance when compared to 16S rRNA gene, the evolutionary hypothesis of which virtually agreed with the combined data analyses tree. This phenomenon can be explained by the insufficient length and fast saturation of substitutions in the second intron of rpS7 gene, due to substitution patterns such as frequent indels (insertion/deletion events) of bases in the sequences during the evolution.

pattern matching compilation of functions defined in context-free languages

LFC is a functional language based on recursive functions defined in context-free languages. In this paper, a new pattern matching algorithm for LFC is presented, which can represent a sequence of patterns as an integer by an encoding method. It is a rather simple method and produces efficient case-expressions for pattern matching definitions of LFC. The algorithm can also be used for other functional languages, but for nested patterns it may become complicated and further studies are needed.

谓词μ演算和模态图的语义一致性

模态图是谓词μ演算的一种有效的图形表示形式。证明了谓词μ演算和模态图的语义一致性，详细讨论了谓词μ演算公式、嵌套谓词等式系和模态图之间的关系，并给出了一种优化的从线性公式到嵌套谓词等式系的转换算法。

面向海量层次信息可视化的嵌套圆鱼眼视图

针对海量层次信息可视化问题,提出嵌套圆鱼眼视图及实现方法.首先分析了相关工作;然后构造了针对同层兄弟节点的变形函数,给出了针对焦点节点同层兄弟节点的外切圆变形排列算法、变形后节点的子节点的嵌套圆递归排列算法及将二维鱼眼视图映射为三维鱼眼视图的方法;最后将该方法应用于计算机文件系统可视化.实验结果表明:该方法在相对小的显示空间内,既能显示海量信息的整体视图,又能突出局部焦点细节信息,具有较高的任务完成效率与用户满意度.

Interactions of three dual-dressing effects of four-wave mixing in a five-level atomic system

We study the four-wave mixing (FWM) in an opening five-level system with two dressing fields. There are three kinds of doubly dressing mechanisms (parallel cascade, sequential cascade, and nested cascade) in the system for doubly dressed four-wave mixing. These mechanisms reflect different correlations between two dressing fields and different effects of two dressing fields to the FWM. Investigation of these mechanisms is helpful to understand the generated high-order nonlinear optical signal dressed by multi-fields.

中国部分地区未经治疗HIV-1 感染者耐药基因研究

高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART)的应用，极大的降低了AIDS发病率和死亡 率，延长了HIV感染者的生命。但HIV耐药在很大程度上影响了HAART的疗效， 耐药株的产生成为影响抗病毒治疗效果的主要因素。欧洲、美国的耐药监测技术 规范均推荐在新感染未经抗病毒药物治疗的患者中进行原发耐药检测。我国政府 于2003年底出台了艾滋病治疗的“四免一关怀”政策，陆续在全国范围内开展了大 规模的免费抗病毒治疗，监测我国未经抗病毒药物治疗HIV-1感染者中的耐药情 况可以为制定合理的用药方案和减少耐药毒株出现提供科学依据。 根据世界卫生组织(WHO)的“HIV 耐药监测指南”，无偿献血者中的HIV-1 感染者，可以认定为HIV 新诊断未治疗人群。分析了云南无偿献血者的血浆和 外周血单核细胞(PBMC)，研究云南无偿献血人群的耐药状况。 已有实验室血清学方法识别HIV-1 新近感染和长期感染，用BED-CEIA 方 法，在河南、安徽、山西自愿咨询检测(VCT)人群中检出新近感染人群，进行耐 药基因研究, 对照研究了部分长期感染人群。 样品提取核酸后，巢式聚合酶链反应(nested-PCR)扩增pol 基因区(含蛋白酶 区1～99 氨基酸全长和逆转录酶区1～242 氨基酸)。PCR 产物双脱氧法测序，所 得序列与洛斯阿拉莫斯HIV 核酸序列库(Los Alamos HIV Database)标准株构建系 统进化树分析亚型；用斯坦福大学耐药数据库(Standford HIV Drug Resistance Database)分析耐药。 研究发现，云南省2005～2006 年无偿献血者中，有52 例为HIV-1 阳性，其 中49 例血浆和相应的PBMC 样品病毒基因扩增成功。序列分析表明，HIV 病毒 的亚型分布为CRF08_BC (51.0%), CRF07_BC (24.5%), CRF01_AE (20.4%)和B (4.1%)；所有样品均未发现蛋白酶抑制剂（PI）耐药基因位点主要突变，只在6 例(11.7%)样品中发现7 例次PI 次要耐药位点突变；另外，在9 例(18.4%)样品中发现10 例次核苷类逆转录酶抑制剂(NRTI) 耐药突变，1 例(2.0%)发生非核苷类 逆转录酶抑制剂(NNRTI) 耐药突变；针对具体药物PI/NRTI/NNRTI 均只有1 例 有潜在的低度耐药，临床仍对药物敏感。PBMC 和血浆的病毒耐药没有显著差异。 从河南、安徽、山西27 个VCT 检测点2006～2007 年采集的10310 例样品 中，通过WB 和BED-CEIA 检测出新近感染人群63 例，分析成功50 例血浆样 品；河南VCT 长期感染样品中随机抽样，分析成功19 例样品。分析成功的69 例VCT 样品中，HIV 病毒株的亚型分布分别为B’ (95.7%)，CRF01_AE(2.9%)和 C(1.4%)。上诉样品均未检出PI 主要耐药相关突变，只在26 例(37.7%)样品中存 在27 例次PI 次要耐药相关突变；3 例(4.3%)样品出现6 例次NRTI 耐药相关突 变，7 例(10.1%)样品出现8 例次NNRTI 耐药相关突变。通过与斯坦福大学耐药 数据库比对，没有发现针对PI 类药物的临床耐药；但有2 例(2.8%)针对NRTI 类 药物耐药，1 例有M184V 突变导致对拉米夫定(3TC)和氟代拉米夫定(FTC)高度 耐药；1 例样品存在T215Y、M41L、L210W 三重突变位点，对阿巴卡韦(ABC)、 去羟肌苷(ddI)和坦那夫韦(TDF)中度耐药，对齐多夫定(AZT)和司他夫定(d4T)高 度耐药；针对NNRTI 类药物，有3 例(4.3%)毒株有耐药，1 例有K103N 突变导 致对奈韦拉平(NVP)、地拉韦啶(DLV)和依菲韦伦(EFV)的高度耐药；1 例有Y188L 突变导致对NVP 和EFV 的高度耐药；1 例存在K101E 和G190A 双重突变，导 致对NVP 的高度耐药，对DLV、EFV 和依曲韦林(ETR)中度耐药。 比较长期感染和新近感染者之间的亚型和耐药，未发现显著差异。 研究结果表明，云南、河南和安徽未经治疗HIV-1 感染者中耐药处于低流行 状态。亚型分布云南无偿献血者以CRF_BC 为主，河南、安徽VCT 人群以B’ 为主。应持续在未经治疗人群中进行耐药监测。

BPEL流程监视的可视化实现

When a BPEL process is executed,it is necessary to dynamically monitor the process.BPEL is a executable language,which is not suitable for visual monitoring.On the other hand,BPMN is designed to visually describe business process and is more intuitive for monitoring.To visually monitor a BPEL process, transformation from BPEL to BPMN is necessary.However,current study of transformation from BPEL to BPMN does not support the transformation of"link"activity.Besides,no work has been done to add supplementary information into BPMN during transformation.In this paper,we transform nested BPEL process into a flat BPMN process graph without hierarchy through applying a flattening strategy.Especially, we analyze various scenarios of the transformation of link activity,and provide a method to deal with it. Besides,we analyze the mapping between BPEL activities and BPMN graph,through which we found out that some supplementary information cannot automatically obtained from BPEL process.These supplementary information need to be added during transformation.At the end of this paper,we present the structure of our monitoring tool which is based on our transformation algorithm.

嵌套森林流域分布式降雨一径流模型及尺度转换

分布式水文模型和水文过程尺度转换是当前国际水文学研究的热点和难点，然而，在国内这方面研究尚处起步阶段。本文选择四川崛江上游一级支流杂谷脑河森林流域，首先对流域内杂谷脑、桑坪两水文站1962-2002年月径流实测序列进行小波分析，了解该流域径流变化趋势和周期特征；在已有常规气象数据基础上，提出了流域尺度实际蒸散量的估算模式，其参数的物理概念明确，可移植应用到同类生态分区的流域，改变了以往多数参照使用作物蒸发量经验公式的现状，为分布式模型的实际蒸散量的估算提供了有力工具；依据水文观测资料和流域特征，构建高山峡谷地区嵌套森林流域分布式降雨一径流模型，模型主要考虑的水文过程包括植被截留、蒸散、土壤入渗、坡面漫流、饱和壤中流、回归流、河网汇流等，并在中尺度流域进行验证，模拟结果显示，该模型能够较为合理的模拟研究区降雨一径流过程，效率系数达到0.6以上；应用该模型模拟米亚罗站上游、杂谷脑水文站上游、桑坪水文站上游（即整个杂谷脑流域）三个尺度的嵌套流域的降雨一径流过程，探索分布式模型进行尺度转换的效果及可行性，结果表明，只要能够满足模型参数和输入数据在时间尺度和空间尺度上的转换，就可以通过相同的模型结构在226km~2-4619km~2（单元格尺度为150m-500m）尺度范围内，应用本文构建的分布式模型进行降雨一径流过程的尺度转换。

香港地区湍蛙遗传多样性研究

依据线粒体上ND2和CO1两个变异较大的基因序列分析了香港地区香港湍蛙7种群、华南湍蛙1种群，以及大陆其他地区华南湍蛙7种群，戴云湍蛙1种群，武夷湍蛙1种群的系统发育关系，进而探讨香港湍蛙的遗传多样性、香港湍蛙特有性、如何确定香港湍蛙最佳保护单元以及这四种湍蛙的物种分类地位。 1． 香港湍蛙保护遗传学研究 香港湍蛙核苷酸传多样性较低，从其遗传多样性信息、单倍型网络分析、中性检验值以及岐点分布结果一致显示香港湍蛙很可能经历了瓶颈后的扩张，种群正在由一个较小的有效种群大小迅速增长, 有足够的时间通过变异用于积累单倍型的多态性, 而对于提高核苷酸多样化而言, 时间尚短（Nei M et al，1975，Avise J C，2000；李明等，2003）。 分子变异分析结果显示香港湍蛙种群间存在较多的基因交流，且系统发育树上各种群间交叉在一起，没有形成与地理单元相关的分支，而从其单倍型网络看，他们源于共同的祖先，是一个单系群，与地理单元间没有形成显著的遗传分化。因此应作为一个进化显著单元（ESU）。结合其与其他湍蛙发育关系及遗传距离以及野外采集信息认为香港湍蛙只在香港地区有分布，属于香港特有种。该物种内遗传多样性较低，又属于世界自然保护联盟红皮书中的近危种，同时也是《野生动物保护条例》中的受保护野生动物，且由于香港城市建设等使得其栖息环境受到威胁，因此在香港特别行政区应该受到重点保护。 从单倍型分布和核苷酸多样性可以看出大榄涌种群和城门种群具有较高的单倍型多样性和核苷酸多样性，应该作为保护的重点区域。 2. 华南湍蛙东、南沿海种群间系统关系 华南湍蛙分布广，各种群存在着丰富的遗传多样性信息且中部种群广西龙胜和湖南张家界种群核苷酸多样性明显高于其他边缘种群华南湍蛙。种群间几乎没有基因交流，且各种群间无共享单倍型，可见已形成了显著的遗传分化。各种群间遗传距离都较远，其中广东南昆山种群以及福建三港种群与其他种群距离最远，因此可以推测其他种群（广东深圳、香港大屿山、广西龙胜和防城以及湖南张家界种群）可能为独立进化的种群。但是否是一新种或一隐存种，还需要结合形态学进行更深入的研究。 本研究中无论从系统关系看还是从遗传距离看，大屿山种群与深圳种群最近，支持陈坚峰等将其定为华南湍蛙，即华南湍蛙新增一个分布点：香港大屿山。 系统树上广西防城种群（支B）与龙胜和湖南种群（支A）形成姐妹群。香港大屿山种群与深圳种群先形成姐妹群（支C），但却没有与其距离很近的广东南岭及南昆山种群（支D）形成姐妹群，可能粤北和粤中的环境及气候较复杂因此与粤南其他种群形成了明显的隔离。同时可以看出华南湍蛙种群遗传分化与地理距离没有显著的相关性。 3. 四种湍蛙间的系统关系 根据线粒体CO1基因建立四种湍蛙间的系统关系及其遗传距离，很清楚地看到，香港湍蛙与戴云湍蛙关系很近，而华南湍蛙则与武夷湍蛙较近。然而，戴云湍蛙同一个种群内部共有两个单倍型DY1和DY2，且两个单倍型间遗传距离大于DY1与香港湍蛙间遗传距离，更远远大于香港湍蛙种群内部的距离，即戴云湍蛙内部两个单倍型间遗传距离达到了种级水平，同样在系统发育树上这两个单倍型与香港湍蛙形成并系。但是，戴云湍蛙种内在形态上差异不显著。因此，其是否属于萌芽物种分化形成（budding speciation）或已经完全分化为两个不同的种值得进一步研究？ 与戴云湍蛙香港湍蛙关系类似，从系统树上看华南湍蛙不形成单系，而是分成两个大支，与武夷湍蛙形成并系，且福建和南昆山的华南湍蛙与武夷湍蛙遗传距离远大于武夷湍蛙种内福建种群与浙江种群的遗传距离，达到了种级分化水平。由此，可以推断武夷湍蛙是有效种。系统树上广东深圳、香港大屿山、广西防城和龙胜以及湖南张家界种群与华南湍蛙福建及南昆山各种群间遗传距离已超出了种内各种群间的遗传距离，但是至于这一支是否应为另外一个种，有必要扩大采样，并结合核基因及形态信息进行进一步研究。 MtDNA of ND2 and CO1 gene were used to investigate genetic diversity of Amolops in Hongkong .We collected seven populations of A. hongkongensis,，one population of A.ricketti from Hong Kong and other seven populations of A.ricketti from East and South of Chinese mainland. As well as one population of A. daiyunensis and one population of A.wuyiensis Phylogenetic relationship were analyzed of four species. Discussed whether A.hongkongensis is an endemic species and how can we make the conservation and management decisions. 1. Conservation Genetics of A. hongkongensis A. hongkongensis has a low nucleotide diversity, the results of genetic diversity, haplotype network, neutrality test and the mismatch distributions indicate that A. hongkongensis experienced a recent expansion after a bottle neck. They had enough time to accumulated haplotype diversity, but it’s too short to have a high nucleotide diversity（Nei M et al，1975，Avise J C，2000；Li et al，2003）. The result of AMOVA reveals that it has much gene exchange among the populations of A. hongkongensis. The clades of the phylogenetic tree were mixed together, no significant genetic differentiation among 8 populations and they share the same ancestor from the network analysis, these indicate that they are monophyly and should be protected as one ESU. Combined with the information of relationships of interspecies, genetic distance and distribution investigate, We conclude that A. hongkongensis is an endemic species of Hong Kong. Considering on the status of low genetic diversity in A.hongkongensis, and this species was listed in the IUCN red list as near threatened, as well as listed in the . Furthermore, it’s habitat loss and degradation more rapidly as the human activity got higher and higher. So it’s urgent to protect them in Hong Kong. Our results suggest that Tai Lam Wu and TAI MO Shan -Shing Mun populations have the higher priority to be protected because their higher genetic diversity. 2．Phylogenetic relationships among populations of Amolops ricketti from the Southern and eastern China A. ricketti has the considerable genetic diversity of mitochondrial haplotypes within and among populations, and Mitochondrial DNA diversity was higher in populations at the central area of the present distribution range of the frog，i. e. the Longsheng population and Zhangjiajie population, than at the edges of their distribution range. They have no share haplotype among populations, and have a significant genetic differentiation. Genetic distance is high among the populations, especially the distance of Nankun and Sangang group with others, which suggested that they evolved independently. May be there is a cryptic species or a new species, a further study is needed. The results of gene tree and the genetic distance clearly demonstrate that the population from LanTau island is A. ricketti, so we agree with Chen et al(2005) . That means A.ricketti have a new distribution site: LanTau island, HongKong. Phylogenetic relationships were analyzed through NJ and Mrbayes methods and got a consistent topological structure, the structure indicated that the ingroup were comprised four groups. Populations Longsheng and Zhangjiajie were first clustered as clade A; Populations Fangcheng was clustered together (clade B) as a sister group to clade A；Populations Shenzhen and Lantau island were sister groups and clustered as clade C；Then the clade D included populations Nankunshan and Nanling in Guangdong province and Sangang in Fujian province. 3. Phylogenetic Relationships among these four specises Phylogenetic relationships based on 1503bp CO1 gene and the genetic distance show that A. hongkongensis close to A. daiyunensis whereas A.ricketti near to A.wuyiensis. Nevertheless, there are two haplotypes in A.daiyunensis and the genetic distance between them higher than the distance between DY1 with A. hongkongensis. A. hongkongensis is nested in the paraphyletic ancestral species A. daiyunensis. Without significant difference in the morphological characters, So, we considered both A.daiyunensis and A.hongkongensis are valid species, may be this represents a case of ‘budding speciation’ like Batrachuperus pinchonii(Fu and Zeng,2008) in the population of A. daiyunensis. Just like two species above A. wuyiensis and A. ricketti are not monophyly, instead, A.wuyiensis is nested in the paraphyletic ancestral species A.ricketti. We need do more research to make sure whether they are new species.

来自易变山羊草抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因的克隆与序列分析

禾谷孢囊线虫（Heterodera avenae）是严重危害禾谷类作物的病原线虫之一,它广泛分布于澳大利亚、欧洲、北美、印度和中国等世界主要小麦产区,使作物严重减产,造成巨大的经济损失。目前最有效的防治措施之一是将外源抗性基因导入栽培小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)，培育抗禾谷孢囊线虫的新品种。但迄今为止抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因克隆研究的相关报道却很少。 本实验根据此前从抗禾谷孢囊线虫材料E-10扩增得到的与来自节节麦（Aegilops tauschii）的抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因Cre3高度同源的序列Rccn4,设计出三条嵌套引物,采用SON-PCR(single oligonucleotide nested PCR)方法,从E-10基因组DNA中得到一个长为1264 bp的扩增产物(命名为Rccn-L),测序比对结果显示,这一序列将Rccn4的3’端延伸了1209 bp,与抗禾谷孢囊线虫Cre3基因核苷酸同源性为86﹪，核苷酸编码区长1026 bp，含一个不完整的开放阅读框,一个终止密码子，没有起始密码子和内含子结构,编码一个342个氨基酸残基的蛋白质。该蛋白质等电点为5.19，分子量为38112.6Da。从序列的第113位开始到第332位是NBS-LRR类抗病性基因LRR区,呈现XXLXXLXXL重复。LRR编码区内亮氨酸残基的含量达17﹪，与抗禾谷孢囊线虫Cre3基因LRR编码区的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为89﹪和78﹪。本实验首次将SON-PCR成功地运用于植物基因克隆，为植物基因克隆提供了又一有效方法。 此外,还根据Cre3基因及其他的NBS-LRR类植物抗性基因的NBS和LRR区保守序列设计了两对特异性引物，从禾谷孢囊线虫抗性材料易变山羊草基因组DNA中扩增到两个相应的目标条带。测序分析结果表明，它们的长度分别为532bp和1175bp，构成了一个有32bp的共同序列的NBS-LRR编码区。其序列总长为1675bp（命名为RCCN），含有一个不完整的开放阅读框，没有起始密码子、终止密码子和内含子结构。其中编码序列为1673bp，可编码一个557个氨基酸的蛋白质，等电点（pI）为5.39，分子量为63537.5Da。与Cre3的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为87.8﹪和77﹪。RCCN氨基酸序列中含有已知抗病基因NBS区域的几个保守模体：kinase2区的ILDD、kinase3的（ⅰ）ESKILVTTRSK，（ⅱ）KGSPLAARTVGG，（ⅲ）RRCFAYCS及EGF。RCCN NBS区与Cre3 NBS区的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为96.4﹪和94﹪。从氨基酸序列的274位到548位为LRR保守区，呈现不规则的aXXLXXLXXL（其中a代表I，V，L，F或M）重复，其中亮氨酸的含量为15.6﹪。该区域与Cre3的LRR区的核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为80.8﹪和74﹪。推测该序列可能为一个抗禾谷孢囊线虫的新基因。 本文对抗禾谷孢囊线虫基因的克隆研究，为进一步克隆基因全序列，探索其结构与功能，和研究该基因表达与调控提供了关键信息。同时也为通过基因工程途径将抗性基因向优良小麦品种高效、定向转移，最终培育出小麦抗禾谷孢囊线虫新品种奠定了基础。 Cereal cyst nematode (CCN) is a damaging pathogen of broad acre cereal crops in Australia, Europe, North America, India and China. It affects wheat, barley, oat and triticale and causes yield loss of up to 80%. At present, Transferring resistance genes against CCN into wheat cultivars and breeding varieties are considered one of the most effective methods for controlling the CCN. However, there are very limited reports concerning the cloning studies of resistance genes against the cereal cyst nematode. According to the sequence of Rccn4 which had high similarity to the nucleotide binding site (NBS) coding region of cereal cyst nematode resistance gene, Cre3， We designed three 3’ nested primers. Using single oligonucleotide nested PCR (SON-PCR) we successfully amplified one band, Rccn-L, of 1264bp from E-10 which is the wheat-Ae.variabilis translocation line containing the cereal cyst nematode resistance gene of Ae.variabilis. We found that this band of interesting is the 3’ flanking sequence of 1209bp in size of Rccn4. The coding region was 1026bp, which contained an incomplete open reading frame and a terminator codon, without initiation codon and intron, encoding a peptide of 342 amino acid residues, and shared 86﹪nucleotide sequence identity with Cre3. This peptide had a conserved LRR domain, containing the imperfect repeats,XXLXXLXXL, which contains 17﹪ leucine residues and shares, respectively, 89﹪ nucleotide sequence and 78﹪ amino acid sequence identity with the LRR sequence of Cre3 locus. This research firstly used SON-PCR in the research of plant genome successfully, which indicated that SON-PCR is another method of cloning plant gene. At the same time, According to the conversed motif of NBS and LRR region of cereal cyst nematode resistance gene Cre3 from wild wheat (Triticum tauschlii L.) and the known NBS-LRR group resistance genes, we designed two pairs of specific primers for NBS and LRR region respectively. One band of approximately 530bp was amplified using the specific primers for conversed NBS region and one band of approximately 1200bp was amplified with the specific primers for conversed LRR region. After sequencing, we found that these two sequences included 32bp common nucleotide sequence and have 1675 bp in total, which was registered as RCCN in the Genbank. RCCN contained a NBS-LRR domain and an incomplete open reading frame without initiation codon, terminator codon and inxon. Its exon encodes a peptide of 557 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of the protein from the amino acid was 63.537 KDa. The amino acid sequence of RCCN contained conserved motif: ILDD, ESKILVTTRSK, KGSPLAARTVGG, RRCFAYCS, EGF，LRR. RCCN shares 87.8﹪ nucleotide sequence and 77﹪ amino acid sequence identity with cereal cyst nematode gene Cre3. It might be a novel cereal cyst nematode resistance gene. These research results of cloning the resistance genes against cereal cyst nematode bring a great promise for transferring resistance genes into wheat cultivars and breeding new wheat varieties against cereal cyst nematode by gene engineering. And these results also lay the hard foundation for the expressing researches of these genes.

A Relay Level Set Method for Automatic Image Segmentation

This paper presents a new image segmentation method that applies an edge-based level set method in a relay fashion. The proposed method segments an image in a series of nested subregions that are automatically created by shrinking the stabilized curves in their previous subregions. The final result is obtained by combining all boundaries detected in these subregions. The proposed method has the following three advantages: 1) It can be automatically executed without human-computer interactions; 2) it applies the edge-based level set method with relay fashion to detect all boundaries; and 3) it automatically obtains a full segmentation without specifying the number of relays in advance. The comparison experiments illustrate that the proposed method performs better than the representative level set methods, and it can obtain similar or better results compared with other popular segmentation algorithms.

Estimates of genetic parameters for growth traits of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Heritabilities and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated for body weight, test diameter, and test height of the sea urchin from measurements on progeny resulting from 11 sires and 33 dams by artificial fertilization of 3 females by single males, and measurements at 8, 10, and 12 months after metamorphism. Point estimate for heritabilities based on the sire components of variance were moderate to high for body weight (0.21-0.49), test diameter (0.21-0.47), and test height (0.22-0.37). Genetic correlations were significant for body weight with test diameter (0.30similar to0.65) and test height (0.30similar to0.54) and test diameter with test height (0.31similar to0.65). Genetic correlation estimates, derived the nested design and half-sib correlation analysis used in this study, appear to provide reliable estimates. Significant phenotypic correlations were found for body weight with test diameter (0.82similar to0.86) and test height (0.49similar to0.83), and test diameter with test height (0.47similar to0.84). The phenotypic correlations for test height with body weight (0.491) and test diameter (0.467) at 12 months' of age were smaller than those earlier sampling periods.(C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Numerical simulation of tides and tidal currents in Liaodong Bay with POM

A three-dimensional ocean circulation model, called Princeton Ocean Model (POM), is employed to simulate tides and tidal currents in Liaodong Bay. The nested grid technique is adopted to improve the computation precision. Computed harmonic constants of M-1, M-2 tides at five tidal gauge stations and surface elevations at two oil platforms are compared with those observed, and show good agreements with them. Based on the calculated results, the co-amplitude and co-phase tag lines of nil and M-2 tidal constituents, the residual current field of M-2 constituent, tidal form, tidal Current ellipse and the moving style of tidal current are given. It is found that diurnal tidal constituents have no amphidromic point whereas semi-diurnal constituents have one in the region of interest. Meanwhile, some meaningful results are concluded and presented, which are conducive to a thorough knowledge of the characteristics of tides and tidal currents in the Liaodong Bay.

Phylogenetic position and morphology of thecae and cysts of Scrippsiella (Dinophyceae) species in the East China Sea

Resting cysts of the marine phytoplanktonic dinoflagellate Scrippsiella spp. are encountered in coastal habitats and shallow seas all over the world. Identification of Scrippsiella species requires information on cyst morphology because the plate pattern of the flagellated cell is conserved. Cysts from sediments of the East China Sea were identified based on traits from both the cysts and the thecal patterns of germinated cells. Calcareous cysts belonged predominantly to S. trochoidea (F. Stein) A. R. Loebl., S. rotunda J. Lewis, and S. precaria Montresor et Zingone. The former two species also produced smooth and noncalcified cysts in the field. A new species, S. donghaienis H. Gu sp. nov, was obtained from six noncalcified cysts with organic spines. These cysts are spherical, full of pale white and greenish granules with a mesoepicystal archeopyle. The vegetative cells consist of a conical epitheca and a round hypotheca with a plate formula of po, x, 4', 3a, 7 '', 6c (5c + t), 6 s, 5''', 2'''' and are morphologically indistinguishable from S. trochoidea. Results of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence comparisons revealed that S. donghaienis was distinct from the S. trochoidea complex and appeared nested within the Calciodinellum/Calcigonellum clade. Culture experiments showed that the presence of a red body in the cyst and the shape of the archeopyle were constant within cell lines from one generation to the next, while the morphological features of the cyst wall, such as calcification and spine shape, appeared to be phenotypically plastic.