Presença de isquemia na cintigrafia de perfusão miocárdica na ausência de estenose coronária relevante

Problemática em estudo: A frequente ocorrência da ausência de estenose coronária relevante no procedimento de Hemodinâmica/Tomografia Axial Computorizada (TAC) coronária, em pacientes nos quais fora detectada a presença de isquemia na Cintigrafia de Perfusão Miocárdica (CPM). Objectivos: Particularizar o papel das técnicas nucleares convencionais, nomeadamente a Tomografia Computorizada por Emissão de Fotão Único (SPECT), no estudo da viabilidade do tecido miocárdico. Avaliar pacientes nos quais foi identificada a presença de isquemia no exame de SPECT cardíaco mas procedimento de Hemodinâmica/TAC coronária normal ou sem estenose relevante, para pesquisa de possíveis falsos-positivos da CPM. Elaborar um estudo populacional, que permita demonstrar a relação entre a incidência de falsos positivos e factores como o género, a idade, factores de risco (hipertensão arterial, diabetes, hipercolesterolemia e tabagismo) e as alterações mais relevantes nos exames complementares de diagnóstico aos quais foram sujeitos. Definir o prognóstico para estes doentes, comparando-os com pacientes com CPM normal. Metodologia: Contextualização bibliográfica do tema, seguida do levantamento de todas as CPM realizadas no 1º semestre de 2012, em doentes seguidos no Centro Hospitalar Cova da Beira (CHCB), e a identificação daquelas com resultados positivos para a presença de isquemia; comparação com os exames de Hemodinâmica e TAC coronária para a pesquisa de falsos-positivos. Recolha de informação relativa à idade, género, factores de risco, eventos cardíacos que tenham tido lugar até um ano após a realização da CPM, e outros exames efectuados por estes pacientes, tais como o Electrocardiograma (ECG) e o Ecocardiograma. Análise estatística descritiva e inferencial dos resultados obtidos de forma a estabelecer/descartar a existência de relações entre as variáveis em estudo. Comparação dos resultados obtidos em relação a um grupo de controlo, integrado por pacientes com CPM normal realizada no mesmo período, com a elaboração de uma proposta de prognóstico para os casos falsos-positivos. Material: A recolha de dados foi baseada na Tabela de Recolha de Dados, enviada em Anexo. Os processos consultados eram processos de natureza electrónica, acessíveis por computador, através do programa Sclínico, no Gabinete de Biblioteca e Documentação do CHCB. A análise estatística dos resultados obtidos foi realizada com recurso ao programa IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Para a caracterização da amostra recorreu-se à estatística descritiva, sendo analisadas as medidas de tendência central e de dispersão (média e desvio padrão), bem como a distribuição de frequências, quer absolutas, quer relativas. Seguiu-se a inferência estatística, com o intuito de verificar possíveis relações existentes entre as variáveis. Para isso foram utilizados testes paramétricos ou não paramétricos, adequados à amostra e hipóteses em estudo, nomeadamente o teste t de Student, com recurso ainda ao teste Kolmogorov-Smirnov com correcção de significância de Lilliefors e do teste de Levene. Foi ainda utilizado o teste Qui-Quadrado e, na ausência dos pressupostos para sua aplicação, recorreu-se ao teste exacto de Fisher. Resultados/Discussão: Foi estudada uma amostra total de 144 casos de pacientes submetidos a CPM. Desta amostra foram particularizados 2 grupos; um grupo de controlo (n=81) e um grupo de falsos positivos (n=13) e analisadas as principais diferenças entre estes 2 grupos, tendo em conta as variáveis anteriormente descritas. As principais diferenças, identificadas do ponto de vista da estatística descritiva, verificaram-se ao nível do tipo de stress (farmacológico; falsos positivos - 63.64%, grupo de controlo – 40.74%), factores de risco (hipercolesterolemia; falsos positivos - 53.85%, grupo de controlo – 29.63%), ECG (fibrose; falsos positivos - 16.67%, grupo de controlo – 0%), Ecocardiograma (alteração da contractilidade segmentar; falsos positivos - 33.33%, grupo de controlo – 14.86%) e em relação aos eventos cardíacos posteriores (falsos positivos - 7.69%; grupo de controlo - 4.94%). A estatística inferencial permitiu apenas estabelecer uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre a existência de fibrose no ECG e a ocorrência de falsos positivos. Conclusão: Este estudo permitiu concluir que, de uma forma puramente descritiva, os casos falsos positivos se verificam mais predominantemente numa faixa etária média de 73.69 anos, no género feminino, com a localização das lesões na CPM a ser mais frequente no apex e mais rara no septo interventricular. O stress descritivamente mais associado a estes casos foi o stress farmacológico, com uma fracção de ejecção igual ou superior a 50%, com dois factores de risco associados, sendo os mais prevalentes a hipertensão arterial (HTA) e a hipercolesterolemia, sendo no entanto, este último, o factor de risco mais diferenciador em relação aos restantes casos. A maioria dos casos, em termos descritivos, não apresenta alterações no ECG, mas a existirem, a que mais se verifica é a fibrose. Relativamente ao ecocardiograma, existe uma maior prevalência de casos nos quais se verificam alterações neste exame complementar de diagnóstico, sendo a hipertrofia das paredes e a alteração da contractilidade segmentar do VE as alterações mais importantes, sendo, no entanto, este último, o factor mais diferenciador/característico. A prevalência descritiva de eventos cardíacos, num período de tempo após um ano da realização da CPM, é reduzida nos casos falsos positivos, mas ainda assim, superior à verificada nos restantes casos, o que em termos comparativos pressupõe uma deterioração em termos de prognóstico para estes pacientes. A análise estatística inferencial dos resultados obtidos permitiu apenas uma correlação entre a existência de fibrose no ECG e a ocorrência de falsos positivos. A análise de uma população geral de maiores dimensões, que permitisse a identificação de um número de falsos positivos igual ou superior a 30, possibilitaria, muito provavelmente, uma maior relação entre as diferentes amostragens e, consequentemente, uma base estatística que permitisse a obtenção de conclusões mais sólidas, estabelecendo/descartando as relações entre as várias variáveis em estudo, sendo esta, uma importante premissa a ter em conta para estudos futuros.

Síndrome de Hutchinson-Gilford ou progéria: passado, presente e abordagens terapêuticas futuras

Dissertação de Mestrado, Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, 2014

Role of Ccbe1 during cardiac differentiation of mouse ESCs

Tese de Doutoramento, Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Biomédicas e Medicina, Universidade do Algarve, 2016

Eventos cardiovasculares en el Lupus eritematoso sistémico. Estudio del registro español Relesser

Objetivos: (1) Estudiar la frecuencia de eventos cardiovasculares (CV) que presentaron los pacientes de una gran cohorte española de lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) tras el diagnóstico de la enfermedad, y (2) investigar los principales factores de riesgo implicados en la aterosclerosis. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal retrospectivo basado en RELESSER, un registro multicéntrico, nacional de pacientes diagnosticados de LES. Pacientes: sujetos con diagnóstico de LES (criterios ACR 1997), atendidos en 45 servicios de Reumatología españoles. Variables: demográficas, clínicas, factores de riesgo tradicionales y eventos CV. La variable de desenlace fue evento CV que se definió por la presencia de al menos uno de los siguientes tras el diagnóstico de LES: 1) Enfermedad cardiaca isquémica (infarto agudo de miocardio y/o angina por clínica y/o electrocardiograma y/o enzimas y/o coronariografía), 2) accidente cerebrovascular (ACV) basado en un diagnóstico previo o por clínica y/o imagen; y 3) enfermedad arterial periférica por diagnóstico previo o por imagen. Los pacientes con eventos CV previos al diagnóstico de LES se excluyeron del análisis. Protocolo: la información fue recogida a partir de las historias clínicas usando un protocolo específico en una plataforma web y con previo entrenamiento de los investigadores. Análisis estadístico: Descriptivo y comparaciones entre grupos utilizando χ2, T-Student o U Mann-Whitney. Análisis de regresión logística múltiple para analizar los posibles factores de riesgo CV asociados a aterosclerosis. Resultados: Desde el año 2.011 al 2.012, 3.658 pacientes con LES fueron reclutados en RELESSER y solo 9 se excluyeron por insuficiente información sobre eventos CV. De los 3.649 restantes, 374 (10,9%) presentaron al menos un evento CV. Doscientos sesenta y nueve (7,4%) pacientes tuvieron 318 eventos CV tras el diagnóstico de LES. El 86,2% de esos pacientes eran mujeres, mediana [RIQ] de edad de 54,9 años [43,2 ̶ 66,1] y una duración del LES de 212.0 meses [120,8 ̶ 289,0]. La media (DE) de edad al cuando sufrieron el primer evento CV fue 48,6 (17,1) años. Los ACV (5,7%), fueron los eventos más frecuentes seguidos de la cardiopatía isquémica (3,8%) y la enfermedad arterial periférica (2,2%). El análisis multivariante mostró una fuerte asociación (OR [IC 95%]) entre los eventos CV y la edad (1,03 [1,02 ̶ 1,04]), la hipertensión arterial (1,71 [1,20 ̶ 2,44]), el tabaquismo (1,48 [1,06 ̶ 2,07]), la diabetes (2,2 [1,32 ̶ 3,74]), la dislipemia (2.18 [1,54 ̶ 3,09], el lupus neuropsiquiátrico (2,42 [1,56 ̶ 3,75]), la presencia de valvulopatía (2,44[1,34 ̶ 4,26]), serositis (1,54 [1,09 ̶ 2.18]), anticuerpos antifosfolípidos (1,57 [1,13 ̶ 2,17]), disminución del complemento (1,81 [1,12 ̶ 2,93]) y la toma de azatioprina (1,47 [1,04 ̶ 2,07]). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con LES presentan una alta prevalencia de enfermedad CV prematura que se asocia con factores de riesgo CV tradicionales y relacionados con el LES. Aunque se necesitan futuros estudios que lo comprueben, nuestro trabajo demuestra, por primera vez, una asociación entre la diabetes y los eventos CV en pacientes con LES.

Long-term benefit of early pre-reperfusion metoprolol administration in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Results from the Metocard-CNIC trial (Effect of Metoprolol in Cardioprotection during an Acute Myocardial Infarction)

The goal of this trial was to study the long-term effects of intravenous (IV) metoprolol administration before reperfusion on left ventricular (LV) function and clinical events. Early IV metoprolol during ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) has been shown to reduce infarct size when used in conjunction with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). The METOCARD-CNIC (Effect of Metoprolol in Cardioprotection During an Acute Myocardial Infarction) trial recruited 270 patients with Killip class ≤II anterior STEMI presenting early after symptom onset (<6 h) and randomized them to pre-reperfusion IV metoprolol or control group. Long-term magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed on 202 patients (101 per group) 6 months after STEMI. Patients had a minimal 12-month clinical follow-up. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) at the 6 months MRI was higher after IV metoprolol (48.7 ± 9.9% vs. 45.0 ± 11.7% in control subjects; adjusted treatment effect 3.49%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44% to 6.55%; p = 0.025). The occurrence of severely depressed LVEF (≤35%) at 6 months was significantly lower in patients treated with IV metoprolol (11% vs. 27%, p = 0.006). The proportion of patients fulfilling Class I indications for an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) was significantly lower in the IV metoprolol group (7% vs. 20%, p = 0.012). At a median follow-up of 2 years, occurrence of the pre-specified composite of death, heart failure admission, reinfarction, and malignant arrhythmias was 10.8% in the IV metoprolol group versus 18.3% in the control group, adjusted hazard ratio (HR): 0.55; 95% CI: 0.26 to 1.04; p = 0.065. Heart failure admission was significantly lower in the IV metoprolol group (HR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.015 to 0.95; p = 0.046). In patients with anterior Killip class ≤II STEMI undergoing pPCI, early IV metoprolol before reperfusion resulted in higher long-term LVEF, reduced incidence of severe LV systolic dysfunction and ICD indications, and fewer heart failure admissions.

Myocardial edema after ischemia/reperfusion is not stable and follows a bimodal pattern: Imaging and histological tissue characterization

It is widely accepted that edema occurs early in the ischemic zone and persists in stable form for at least 1 week after myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. However, there are no longitudinal studies covering from very early (minutes) to late (1 week) reperfusion stages confirming this phenomenon. This study sought to perform a comprehensive longitudinal imaging and histological characterization of the edematous reaction after experimental myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. The study population consisted of 25 instrumented Large-White pigs (30 kg to 40 kg). Closed-chest 40-min ischemia/reperfusion was performed in 20 pigs, which were sacrificed at 120 min (n = 5), 24 h (n = 5), 4 days (n = 5), and 7 days (n = 5) after reperfusion and processed for histological quantification of myocardial water content. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) scans with T2-weighted short-tau inversion recovery and T2-mapping sequences were performed at every follow-up stage until sacrifice. Five additional pigs sacrificed after baseline CMR served as controls. In all pigs, reperfusion was associated with a significant increase in T2 relaxation times in the ischemic region. On 24-h CMR, ischemic myocardium T2 times returned to normal values (similar to those seen pre-infarction). Thereafter, ischemic myocardium-T2 times in CMR performed on days 4 and 7 after reperfusion progressively and systematically increased. On day 7 CMR, T2 relaxation times were as high as those observed at reperfusion. Myocardial water content analysis in the ischemic region showed a parallel bimodal pattern: 2 high water content peaks at reperfusion and at day 7, and a significant decrease at 24 h. Contrary to the accepted view, myocardial edema during the first week after ischemia/reperfusion follows a bimodal pattern. The initial wave appears abruptly upon reperfusion and dissipates at 24 h. Conversely, the deferred wave of edema appears progressively days after ischemia/reperfusion and is maximal around day 7 after reperfusion.

Impact of the timing of metoprolol administration during STEMI on infarct size and ventricular function

Pre-reperfusion administration of intravenous (IV) metoprolol reduces infarct size in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). This study sought to determine how this cardioprotective effect is influenced by the timing of metoprolol therapy having either a long or short metoprolol bolus-to-reperfusion interval. We performed a post hoc analysis of the METOCARD-CNIC (effect of METOprolol of CARDioproteCtioN during an acute myocardial InfarCtion) trial, which randomized anterior STEMI patients to IV metoprolol or control before mechanical reperfusion. Treated patients were divided into short- and long-interval groups, split by the median time from 15 mg metoprolol bolus to reperfusion. We also performed a controlled validation study in 51 pigs subjected to 45 min ischemia/reperfusion. Pigs were allocated to IV metoprolol with a long (−25 min) or short (−5 min) pre-perfusion interval, IV metoprolol post-reperfusion (+60 min), or IV vehicle. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) was performed in the acute and chronic phases in both clinical and experimental settings. For 218 patients (105 receiving IV metoprolol), the median time from 15 mg metoprolol bolus to reperfusion was 53 min. Compared with patients in the short-interval group, those with longer metoprolol exposure had smaller infarcts (22.9 g vs. 28.1 g; p = 0.06) and higher left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (48.3% vs. 43.9%; p = 0.019) on day 5 CMR. These differences occurred despite total ischemic time being significantly longer in the long-interval group (214 min vs. 160 min; p < 0.001). There was no between-group difference in the time from symptom onset to metoprolol bolus. In the animal study, the long-interval group (IV metoprolol 25 min before reperfusion) had the smallest infarcts (day 7 CMR) and highest long-term LVEF (day 45 CMR). In anterior STEMI patients undergoing primary angioplasty, the sooner IV metoprolol is administered in the course of infarction, the smaller the infarct and the higher the LVEF. These hypothesis-generating clinical data are supported by a dedicated experimental large animal study.

Early intravenous beta-blockers in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction before primary percutaneous coronary intervention

The impact of intravenous (IV) beta-blockers before primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) on infarct size and clinical outcomes is not well established. This study sought to conduct the first double-blind, placebo-controlled international multicenter study testing the effect of early IV beta-blockers before PPCI in a general ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) population. STEMI patients presenting <12 h from symptom onset in Killip class I to II without atrioventricular block were randomized 1:1 to IV metoprolol (2 × 5-mg bolus) or matched placebo before PPCI. Primary endpoint was myocardial infarct size as assessed by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) at 30 days. Secondary endpoints were enzymatic infarct size and incidence of ventricular arrhythmias. Safety endpoints included symptomatic bradycardia, symptomatic hypotension, and cardiogenic shock. A total of 683 patients (mean age 62 ± 12 years; 75% male) were randomized to metoprolol (n = 336) or placebo (n = 346). CMR was performed in 342 patients (54.8%). Infarct size (percent of left ventricle [LV]) by CMR did not differ between the metoprolol (15.3 ± 11.0%) and placebo groups (14.9 ± 11.5%; p = 0.616). Peak and area under the creatine kinase curve did not differ between both groups. LV ejection fraction by CMR was 51.0 ± 10.9% in the metoprolol group and 51.6 ± 10.8% in the placebo group (p = 0.68). The incidence of malignant arrhythmias was 3.6% in the metoprolol group versus 6.9% in placebo (p = 0.050). The incidence of adverse events was not different between groups. In a nonrestricted STEMI population, early intravenous metoprolol before PPCI was not associated with a reduction in infarct size. Metoprolol reduced the incidence of malignant arrhythmias in the acute phase and was not associated with an increase in adverse events.

Predictors of in-hospital mortality among cardiogenic shock patients. Prognostic and therapeutic implications

Cardiogenic shock (CS) has a poor prognosis. The heterogeneity in the mortality through different subgroups suggests that some factors can be useful to perform risk stratification and guide management. We aimed to find predictors of in-hospital mortality in these patients. We analyzed all cases of cardiogenic shock due to medical conditions admitted in our intensive acute cardiovascular care unity from November 2010 till November 2015. Clinical, biochemical and hemodynamic variables were registered, as was the Interagency Registry for Mechanically Assisted Circulatory Support (INTERMACS) profile at 24 h of CS diagnosis. From a total of 281 patients, 28 died within the first 24 h and were not included in the analysis. A total of 253 patients survived the first 24 h, mean age was 68.8 ± 14.4 years, and 174 (68.8%) were men. Etiologies: acute coronary syndrome 146 (57.7%), acute heart failure 60 (23.7%), arrhythmias 35 (13.8%), and others 12 (4.8%). A total of 91 patients (36.0%) died during hospitalization. We found the following independent predictors of in-hospital mortality: age (odds ratio [OR] 1.032, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.003–1.062), blood glucose (OR 1.004, 95% CI 1.001–1.008), heart rate (OR 1.014, 95% CI 1.001–1.028), and INTERMACS profile (OR 0.168, 95% CI 0.107–0.266). In patients with CS the INTERMACS profile at 24 h of diagnosis was associated with higher in-hospital mortality. This and other prognostic variables (age, blood glucose, and heart rate) may be useful for risk stratification and to select appropriate medical or invasive interventions.

Valor pronóstico del incremento de la tensión arterial sistólica con el ejercicio en pacientes hipertensos con enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada.

La asociación entre un incremento exagerado de la presión arterial sistólica con el ejercicio (IEPASE) y la probabilidad de eventos cardiovasculares es controvertida. Nuestro propósito fue determinar la posible asociación de un IEPASE con la supervivencia y con el riesgo de eventos cardíacos graves en pacientes hipertensos con enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada. Se trata de un estudio retrospectivo y observacional sobre una muestra de 5.226 pacientes con historia de hipertensión arterial y enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada referidos a ecocardiografía de ejercicio. El IEPASE se definió como un incremento de la presión arterial sistólica con el ejercicio igual o superior al percentil 95 de esta población (80 mmHg). Los objetivos fueron mortalidad total, mortalidad de origen cardíaco e infarto de miocardio (IM). En un seguimiento medio de 4,7 años, se registraron 978 muertes (371 de origen cardíaco) y 798 IM. Las tasas anuales de mortalidad, mortalidad de origen cardíaco e IM fueron del 2,73; 0,83 y 2,63% en pacientes con IEPASE y de 4,4; 1,58 y 3,98%, respectivamente en aquellos sin IEPASE (p < 0,001; p = 0,012 y p = 0,014, respectivamente). Tras un ajuste multivariado, el IEPASE resultó predictor de mortalidad por cualquier causa (HR: 0,70; IC 95%: 0,52-0,95; p = 0,023) e IM (HR: 0,69; IC 95%: 0,50-0,95; p = 0,022), pero la asociación con mortalidad cardiaca no alcanzó significación estadística (HR: 0,72; IC 95%: 0,43-1,20; p = 0,2). El IEPASE se asoció con mayor probabilidad de supervivencia y menor riesgo de IM en pacientes hipertensos con enfermedad coronaria conocida o sospechada.

Efficacy and safety of out-of-hospital intravenous metoprolol administration in anterior ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction: insights from the METOCARD-CNIC trial

We seek to examine the efficacy and safety of prereperfusion emergency medical services (EMS)–administered intravenous metoprolol in anterior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing eventual primary angioplasty. This is a prespecified subgroup analysis of the Effect of Metoprolol in Cardioprotection During an Acute Myocardial Infarction trial population, who all eventually received oral metoprolol within 12 to 24 hours. We studied patients receiving intravenous metoprolol by EMS and compared them with others treated by EMS but not receiving intravenous metoprolol. Outcomes included infarct size and left ventricular ejection fraction on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging at 1 week, and safety by measuring the incidence of the predefined combined endpoint (composite of death, malignant ventricular arrhythmias, advanced atrioventricular block, cardiogenic shock, or reinfarction) within the first 24 hours. From the total population of the trial (N=270), 147 patients (54%) were recruited during out-of-hospital assistance and transferred to the primary angioplasty center (74 intravenous metoprolol and 73 controls). Infarct size was smaller in patients receiving intravenous metoprolol compared with controls (23.4 [SD 15.0] versus 34.0 [SD 23.7] g; adjusted difference –11.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] –18.6 to –4.3). Left ventricular ejection fraction was higher in the intravenous metoprolol group (48.1% [SD 8.4%] versus 43.1% [SD 10.2%]; adjusted difference 5.0; 95% CI 1.6 to 8.4). Metoprolol administration did not increase the incidence of the prespecified safety combined endpoint: 6.8% versus 17.8% in controls (risk difference –11.1; 95% CI –21.5 to –0.6). Out-of-hospital administration of intravenous metoprolol by EMS within 4.5 hours of symptom onset in our subjects reduced infarct size and improved left ventricular ejection fraction with no excess of adverse events during the first 24 hours.

Very low risk ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction? It exists and may be easily identified

Early discharge protocols have been proposed for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) low risk patients despite the existence of few but significant cardiovascular events during mid-term follow-up. We aimed to identify a subgroup of patients among those considered low-risk in which prognosis would be particularly good. We analyzed 30-day outcomes and long-term follow-up among 1.111 STEMI patients treated with reperfusion therapy. Multivariate analysis identified seven variables as predictors of 30-day outcomes: Femoral approach; age > 65; systolic dysfunction; postprocedural TIMI flow < 3; elevated creatinine level > 1.5 mg/dL; stenosis of left-main coronary artery; and two or higher Killip class (FASTEST). A total of 228 patients (20.5%), defined as very low-risk (VLR), had none of these variables on admission. VLR group of patients compared to non-VLR patients had lower in-hospital (0% vs. 5.9%; p < 0.001) and 30-day mortality (0% vs. 6.25%: p < 0.001). They also presented fewer in-hospital complications (6.6% vs. 39.7%; p < 0.001) and 30-day major adverse events (0.9% vs. 4.5%; p = 0.01). Significant mortality differences during a mean follow-up of 23.8 ± 19.4 months were also observed (2.2% vs. 15.2%; p < 0.001). The first VLR subject died 11 months after hospital discharge. No cardiovascular deaths were identified in this subgroup of patients during follow-up. About a fifth of STEMI patients have VLR and can be easily identified. They have an excellent prognosis suggesting that 24–48 h in-hospital stay could be a feasible alternative in these patients.

Revisión sistemática utilidad de asa y calcio con o sin vitamina d en la prevención de cáncer colorrectal y la recurrencia de pólipos adenomatosos en paciente con riesgo de padecer esta patología

Introducción: El cáncer colorrectal es una patología con alto impacto en la salud pública, debido a su prevalencia, incidencia, severidad, costo e impacto en la salud mental y física del individuo y la familia. Ensayos clínicos realizados en pacientes con antecedente de infarto al miocardio que consumían ácido acetil salicílico (asa), calcio con y sin vitamina D, mostraron asociación entre el consumo de estos medicamentos y disminución en la incidencia en cáncer colorrectal y pólipos adenomatosos. Objetivo: Evaluar la literatura sobre el uso de asa, calcio con y sin vitamina D con relación a su impacto en la prevención del cáncer colorrectal y pólipos adenomatosos. Métodos: Se realizó revisión sistemática buscando ensayos clínicos realizados en pacientes con factores de riesgo para cáncer colorrectal y pólipos adenomatosos que usaron asa, calcio con y sin vitamina D fueron incluidos. Resultados: se escogieron 105 para la revisión sistemática. Conclusiones: Es necesario desarrollar más estudios que lleven a evaluar el efecto protector de la aspirina, calcio y vitamina D. En los artículos revisados la aspirina a dosis de 81 a 325 mg día se correlaciona con reducción de riesgo de aparición de CRC aunque la dosis ideal, el tiempo de inicio y la duración de la ingesta continua no son claros. Hacen falta estudios que comparen poblaciones con ingesta de asa a diferentes dosis.

Correlacion entre hemoglobina glicosilada con hallazgos sintax score ii en pacientes con sospecha clínica de enfermedad coronaria, hospitalizados en la unidad coronaria del hospital San José centro en enero a septiembre del año 2015

Se realiza un estudio de corte transversal en el periodo de enero a septiembre del año 2016 en la unidad coronaria del Hospital San José Centro de la Ciudad de Bogotá; en pacientes con sospecha de enfermedad coronaria (Síndrome coronario agudo y angina estable) y antecedente de Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2, se recolectaron 42 pacientes con los criterios de inclusión a quienes se realizó angiografía coronaria como parte del protocolo de estudio y manejo de la unidad, el objetivo primario fue demostrar la posible correlación entre niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada y la escala de severidad SYNTAX Score I y II de enfermedad coronaria, como objetivos secundarios; caracterizar las variables sociodemográficas, comorbilidades y posible relación con el tipo de presentación de enfermedad coronaria. Como hallazgos relevantes no se encontró correlación importante ni significativa entre niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada y la escala Syntax score II ni Syntax score I, a pesar de que la mayoría de pacientes mostraban mal control crónico de su diabetes mellitus tipo 2, con niveles mayores > 7%, como hallazgo positivo se encontro asociación estadísticamente significativa con niveles de LDL y las diferentes formas de presentación de enfermedad coronaria, a mayor niveles de LDL mayor probabilidad de IAM e IAM con elevación del segmento ST. Se considera que con estudios multicentricos en diferentes ciudades y unidades de cuidado cardiovascular con diferentes niveles de riesgo, se podría demostrar la posible correlación entre niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada y los grados de severidad de enfermedad coronaria representados por las escalas Syntax score I y II.