The application of gas liquid chromatography to the simultaneous analysis of sugars and sugar phosphates in biological samples /|nby David J. LeBlanc. -- 260 St. Catharines [Ont. : s. n.],

A study was undertaken' to determine the applicability of gas liquid chromatography to the simultaneous analysis of sugars and sugar phosphates from biological samples. A new method of silylation involving dimethylsulfoxide, hexamethyldisilazane, trimethylchlorosilane and cyclohexane (1:0.2:0.1:1) which rapidly silylated sugars and sugar phosphates was developed. Subsequent chromatography on a 5% SE-52 column gave good resolution of the sugar and sugar phosphate samples. Sugar phosphates decomposed during chromatography and were lost at the 7 x 10-3 ~mole level. Acidic ethanol extraction of yeast samples revealed background contamination from the yeast sample, the culture medium and the silylation reagents which would further limit the level of detection obtainable with the glc for sugars in biological samples to the 3 x 10-4 ~mole level.

Industrial Adjustment: Context, Causes, Impacts and Methods for Analysis

Adjustement is an ongoing process by which factors of reallocated to equalize their returns in different uses. Adjustment occurs though market mechanisms or intrafirm reallocation of resources as a result of changes in terms of trade, government policies, resource availability, technological change, etc. These changes alter production opportunities and production, transaction and information costs, and consequently modify production functions, organizational design, etc. In this paper we define adjustment (section 2); review empirical estimates of the extent of adjustment in Canada and abroad (section 3); review selected features of the trade policy and adjustment context of relevance for policy formulation among which: slow growth, a shift to services, a shift to the Pacific Rim, the internationalization of production, investment distribution communications the growing use of NTB's, changes in foreign direct investment patterns, intrafirm and intraindustry trade, interregional trade flows, differences in micro economic adjustment processes of adjustment as between subsidiaries and Canadian companies (section 4); examine methodologies and results of studies of the impact of trade liberalization on jobs (section 5); and review the R. Harris general equilibrium model (section 6). Our conclusion emphasizes the importance of harmonizing commercial and domestic policies dealing with adjustment (section 7). We close with a bibliography of relevant publications.

Un contrat pédagogique : l'entente sur mesures volontaires dans l'application de la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse

"Thèse présentée à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de Docteur en droit (LL.D.)"

Sels de tétraarylphosphonium : synthèse et application à la synthèse de la (–)-coniine ; capacité trans-directrice du groupement amide en cyclopropanation d’oléfines

Le développement ainsi que l’amélioration des différentes techniques de purification sont des défis importants pour la chimie d’aujourd’hui. Certaines des méthodes actuelles, tel que le greffage d’un réactif sur un support solide permettant d’accéder à un produit pur par simple filtration du milieu, comportent toutefois certains inconvénients. En effet, les propriétés de solubilité de ces polymères rendent la mise en œuvre des réactions plus difficiles. C’est dans ce contexte que le groupe du Pr. Charette a rapporté l’utilisation de réactifs liés à un sel de tétraarylphosphonium (TAP). Ces sels peuvent être solubilisés dans un solvant tel que le dichlorométhane et aisément retirés du milieu réactionnel par précipitation à l’aide d’éther diéthylique (Chapitre 1). L’un des objectifs de cette thèse a donc été lié à la découverte de deux méthodes complémentaires qui, jusqu’à présent, sont considérées comme des méthodes de choix pour la synthèse des sels de TAP fonctionnalisés (Chapitre 2). L’une d’entre elles est utilisée par Soluphase inc., une entreprise qui commercialise ces sels de TAP. L’efficacité des sels en tant que support dans la synthèse de petites molécules a été démontrée lors de la synthèse d’un produit naturel, la (–)-coniine (Chapitre 3). L’isolement des intermédiaires synthétiques instables par simple précipitation à l’aide d’un support de TAP a permis de rendre cette synthèse plus efficace que celle déjà connue. Dans le deuxième volet de cette thèse, plusieurs problèmes reliés à la synthèse de dérivés cyclopropaniques 1,1-disubstitués ont été étudiés. Ces derniers font partie intégrale de plusieurs produits naturels et de médicaments. Cependant, leur formation par une réaction de cyclopropanation d’alcènes utilisant des réactifs diazoïques possédant deux groupements de type accepteur n’est pas tâche facile (Chapitre 4). En effet, cette réaction souffre d’un faible contrôle diastéréosélectif. Par le fait même, très peu de méthodologies de synthèse ont rapporté l’utilisation de ce type de réactifs diazoïques dans des réactions de cyclopropanation stéréosélectives. L’étude du mécanisme de la réaction de cyclopropanation catalysée au Rh(II) a proposé des indices favorisant un modèle ayant des précédents dans la littérature (Chapitre 5). Ces études nous ont mené à la découverte de la «capacité trans-directrice» du groupement amide lors des réactions de cyclopropanation d’oléfines. Nous avons donc utilisé cette propriété afin de résoudre plusieurs problèmes rencontrés dans la littérature. Nous avons montré qu’elle permet l’accès à des dérivés cyclopropaniques possédant deux groupements carboxyliques géminaux avec des sélectivités élevées (Chapitre 6). Ces produits étaient accessibles que par des séquences synthétiques nécessitant plusieurs étapes. De plus, nous avons démontrés que ces nouveaux dérivés cyclopropaniques sont des outils synthétiques fort utiles dans la synthèse de produits naturels d’intérêt biologique. Cette formidable «capacité trans-directrice» du groupement amide nous a permi de résoudre le problème de la synthèse asymétrique de dérivés carboxyliques α-cyano cyclopropaniques (Chapitre 7). De plus, ce projet nous a menées à la découverte de l’effet de divers additif achiraux permettant d’augmenter la sélectivité dans certaines réactions. Cette réaction possède une vaste étendue et l’utilité de ces nouveaux dérivés cyclopropaniques a été démontrée par plusieurs transformations de groupements fonctionnels.

Production and Characterization of Endocylanase from Bacillus Pumilus Using Solidstate Fermentation and its Application in 'Paper Pulp Processing

In the present studies it is clear that Bacillus pumilus xylanase is having the characteristic suited for an industrial enzyme (xylanases that are active and stable at elevated temperatures and alkaline pH are needed). SSF production of xylanases and its application appears to be an innovative technology where the fermented substrate is the enzyme source that is used directly in the bleaching process without a prior downstream processing. The direct use of SSF enzymes in bleaching is a relatively new biobleaching approach. This can certainly benefit the bleaching process to lower the xylanase production costs and improve the economics and viability of the biobleaching technology. The application of enzymes to the bleaching process has been considered as an environmentally friendly approach that can reduce the negative impact on the environment exerted by the use of chlorine-based bleaching agents. It has been demonstrated that pretreatment of kraft pulp with xylanase prior to bleaching (biobleaching) can facilitate subsequent removal of lignin by bleaching chemicals, thereby, reducing the demand for elemental chlorine or improving final paper brightness. Using this xylanase pre-treatment, has resulted in an increased of brightness (8.5 Unit) when compared to non-enzymatic treated bleached pulp prepared using identical conditions. Reduction of the consumption of active chlorine can be achieved which results in a decrease in the toxicity, colour, chloride and absorbable organic halogen (AOX) levels of bleaching effluents. The xylanase treatment improves drainage, strength properties and the fragility of pulps, and also increases the brightness of pulps. This positive result shows that enzyme pre-treatment facilitates the removal of chromophore fragments of pulp there by making the process more environment friendly

Production, purification, genetic characterization and application studies of tannase enzyme from marine fungus Aspergillus awamori

Marine fungi remain totally unexplored as a source of industrial enzyme and prospective applications. Further tannase production by a marine organism has so far not been established. The primary objective of this study included the evaluation of the potential of Aspergillus awamori isolated from sea water as part of an earlier study and available in the culture collection of the Microbial technology laboratory for tannase production through different fermentation methods, optimization of bioprocess variables by statistical methods, purification and characterization of the enzyme, genetic study, and assessment of its potential applications.

Production of Alkaline Protease by Free and Immobilised Cells of VIBRIO sp. Under Different Fermentation Systems and Its Application on Deproteinisation of Prawn Shell Waste for Chitin Recovery

This thesis presents a detailed account of a cost - effective approach towards enhanced production of alkaline protease at profitable levels using different fermentation designs employing cheap agro-industrial residues. It involves the optimisation of process parameters for the production of a thermostable alkaline protease by Vibrio sp. V26 under solid state, submerged and biphasic fermentations, production of the enzyme using cell immobilisation technology and the application of the crude enzyme on the deproteinisation of crustacean waste.The present investigation suggests an economic move towards Improved production of alkaline protease at gainful altitudes employing different fermentation designs utilising inexpensive agro-industrial residues. Moreover, the use of agro-industrial and other solid waste substrates for fermentation helps to provide a substitute in conserving the already dwindling global energy resources. Another alternative for accomplishing economically feasible production is by the use of immobilisation technique. This method avoids the wasteful expense of continually growing microorganisms. The high protease producing potential of the organism under study ascertains their exploitation in the utilisation and management of wastes. However, strain improvement studies for the production of high yielding variants using mutagens or by gene transfer are required before recommending them to Industries.Industries, all over the world, have made several attempts to exploit the microbial diversity of this planet. For sustainable development, it is essential to discover, develop and defend this natural prosperity. The Industrial development of any country is critically dependent on the intellectual and financial investment in this area. The need of the hour is to harness the beneficial uses of microbes for maximum utilisation of natural resources and technological yields. Owing to the multitude of applications in a variety of industrial sectors, there has always been an increasing demand for novel producers and resources of alkaline proteases as well as for innovative methods of production at a commercial altitude. This investigation forms a humble endeavour towards this perspective and bequeaths hope and inspiration for inventions to follow.

El patrimoni industrial: Conservació i musealització. El cas català

Màster Oficial en Gestió del Patrimoni Cultural

Application of Biofloc Technology (BFT) in the nursery rearing and farming of giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii (deMan)

In India a study conducted by CIFE and CIBA (1997), concluded that shrimp farming does more good than harm and it is not eco-unfriendly (Krishnan and Birthal, 2002). Upsurge in coastal aquaculture activity induced by high profitability is reported to have caused adverse impacts on coastal ecosystems and social environments (Parthasarathy and Nirmala, 2000). The crustacean farming sector has received criticism for excessive use of formulated feed containing high protein, of which around 50% gets accumulated at the pond bottom as unconsumed (Avnimelech, 1999; Hari et al., 2004, 2006). The wasted feeds undergo the process of degradation and results in the release of toxic metabolites to the culture system. Reduction of protein in the feed, manipulation and utilisation of natural food in the culture system are the remedy for the above problems. But before reducing the feed protein, it should be confirmed that the feed with reduced protein is not affecting the growth and health of the cultured animal. In the present study, biofloc technology is identified as one of the innovative technologies for ensuring the ecological and environmental Sustainability and examines the compatibility of BFT for the sustainable aquaculture of giant prawn, M. rosenbergii. This thesis starts with a general introduction (Chapter-1), a brief review of the most relevant literature (Chapter-2), results of various experiments (Chapter-3-6), summary (Chapter-7) and recommendations and future research perspectives in the field of biofloc based aquaculture (Chapter – 8). The major objectives of this thesis are, to improve the ecological and economical sustainability of prawn farming by the applicationof BFT and to improve the nutrient utilisation in aquaculture systems.

Spray Pyrolysed Tin Chalcogenide Thin Films: Optimization of optoelectronic properties of SnS for possible photovoltaic application as an absorber layer

In the early 19th century, industrial revolution was fuelled mainly by the development of machine based manufacturing and the increased use of coal. Later on, the focal point shifted to oil, thanks to the mass-production technology, ease of transport/storage and also the (less) environmental issues in comparison with the coal!! By the dawn of 21st century, due to the depletion of oil reserves and pollution resulting from heavy usage of oil the demand for clean energy was on the rising edge. This ever growing demand has propelled research on photovoltaics which has emerged successful and is currently being looked up to as the only solace for meeting our present day energy requirements. The proven PV technology on commercial scale is based on silicon but the recent boom in the demand for photovoltaic modules has in turn created a shortage in supply of silicon. Also the technology is still not accessible to common man. This has onset the research and development work on moderately efficient, eco-friendly and low cost photovoltaic devices (solar cells). Thin film photovoltaic modules have made a breakthrough entry in the PV market on these grounds. Thin films have the potential to revolutionize the present cost structure of solar cells by eliminating the use of the expensive silicon wafers that alone accounts for above 50% of total module manufacturing cost.Well developed thin film photovoltaic technologies are based on amorphous silicon, CdTe and CuInSe2. However the cell fabrication process using amorphous silicon requires handling of very toxic gases (like phosphene, silane and borane) and costly technologies for cell fabrication. In the case of other materials too, there are difficulties like maintaining stoichiometry (especially in large area films), alleged environmental hazards and high cost of indium. Hence there is an urgent need for the development of materials that are easy to prepare, eco-friendly and available in abundance. The work presented in this thesis is an attempt towards the development of a cost-effective, eco-friendly material for thin film solar cells using simple economically viable technique. Sn-based window and absorber layers deposited using Chemical Spray Pyrolysis (CSP) technique have been chosen for the purpose