Immunogold Detection of L-glutamate and D-serine in Small Synaptic-Like Microvesicles in Adult Hippocampal Astrocytes.

Glutamate and the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor ligand D-serine are putative gliotransmitters. Here, we show by immunogold cytochemistry of the adult hippocampus that glutamate and D-serine accumulate in synaptic-like microvesicles (SLMVs) in the perisynaptic processes of astrocytes. The estimated concentration of fixed glutamate in the astrocytic SLMVs is comparable to that in synaptic vesicles of excitatory nerve terminals (∼45 and ∼55 mM, respectively), whereas the D-serine level is about 6 mM. The vesicles are organized in small spaced clusters located near the astrocytic plasma membrane. Endoplasmic reticulum is regularly found in close vicinity to SLMVs, suggesting that astrocytes contain functional nanodomains, where a local Ca(2+) increase can trigger release of glutamate and/or D-serine.

A novel anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (GBR 401) with high killing activity against B cell malignancies.

BACKGROUND: CD19 is a B cell lineage specific surface receptor whose broad expression, from pro-B cells to early plasma cells, makes it an attractive target for the immunotherapy of B cell malignancies. In this study we present the generation of a novel humanized anti-CD19 monoclonal antibody (mAb), GBR 401, and investigate its therapeutic potential on human B cell malignancies. METHODS: GBR 401 was partially defucosylated in order to enhance its cytotoxic function. We analyzed the in vitro depleting effects of GBR 401 against B cell lines and primary malignant B cells from patients in the presence or in absence of purified NK cells isolated from healthy donors. In vivo, the antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) efficacy of GBR 401 was assessed in a B cell depletion model consisting of SCID mice injected with healthy human donor PBMC, and a malignant B cell depletion model where SCID mice are xenografted with both primary human B-CLL tumors and heterologous human NK cells. Furthermore, the anti-tumor activity of GBR 401 was also evaluated in a xenochimeric mouse model of human Burkitt lymphoma using mice xenografted intravenously with Raji cells. Pharmacological inhibition tests were used to characterize the mechanism of the cell death induced by GBR 401. RESULTS: GBR 401 exerts a potent in vitro and in vivo cytotoxic activity against primary samples from patients representing various B-cell malignancies. GBR 401 elicits a markedly higher level of ADCC on primary malignant B cells when compared to fucosylated similar mAb and to Rituximab, the current anti-CD20 mAb standard immunotherapeutic treatment for B cell malignancies, showing killing at 500 times lower concentrations. Of interest, GBR 401 also exhibits a potent direct killing effect in different malignant B cell lines that involves homotypic aggregation mediated by actin relocalization. CONCLUSION: These results contribute to consolidate clinical interest in developing GBR 401 for treatment of hematopoietic B cell malignancies, particularly for patients refractory to anti-CD20 mAb therapies.

Neuroendocrine, metabolic, and immune functions during the acute phase response of inflammatory stress in monosodium L-glutamate-damaged, hyperadipose male rat.

In rats, neonatal treatment with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG) induces several metabolic and neuroendocrine abnormalities, which result in hyperadiposity. No data exist, however, regarding neuroendocrine, immune and metabolic responses to acute endotoxemia in the MSG-damaged rat. We studied the consequences of MSG treatment during the acute phase response of inflammatory stress. Neonatal male rats were treated with MSG or vehicle (controls, CTR) and studied at age 90 days. Pituitary, adrenal, adipo-insular axis, immune, metabolic and gonadal functions were explored before and up to 5 h after single sub-lethal i.p. injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 150 microg/kg). Our results showed that, during the acute phase response of inflammatory stress in MSG rats: (1) the corticotrope-adrenal, leptin, insulin and triglyceride responses were higher than in CTR rats, (2) pro-inflammatory (TNFalpha) cytokine response was impaired and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine response was normal, and (3) changes in peripheral estradiol and testosterone levels after LPS varied as in CTR rats. These data indicate that metabolic and neroendocrine-immune functions are altered in MSG-damaged rats. Our study also suggests that the enhanced corticotrope-corticoadrenal activity in MSG animals could be responsible, at least in part, for the immune and metabolic derangements characterizing hypothalamic obesity.

Demyelination in brain cell aggregate cultures, induced by a monoclonal antibody against the myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG).

Previous work has shown that aggregate cultures prepared from fetal rat telencephalon and grown in a chemically defined medium offer a useful model to study developmental processes such as myelin synthesis. Since compact myelin is formed in these cultures, we investigated the possibility to use this culture system to study demyelinating mechanisms. In particular, we examined the effect of a monoclonal antibody (8-18C5) directed against the myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). We found that addition of anti-MOG antibodies and complement to aggregate cultures led to a highly significant decrease in myelin basic protein (MBP) content and 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphohydrolase (CNP) specific activity. These results indicate that, in our culture system, anti-MOG antibodies have a strong demyelinating effect.

Mutation screening of the glutamate cysteine ligase modifier (GCLM) gene in patients with schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Experimental evidences show that glutathione and its rate-limiting synthesizing enzyme, the glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL), are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Furthermore, genetic association has been previously reported between two single nucleotide polymorphisms lying in noncoding regions of glutamate cysteine ligase modifier (GCLM) gene, which specifies for the modifier subunit of GCL and schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE: We wanted to investigate the presence of GCLM true functional mutations, likely in linkage disequilibrium with the previously identified single nucleotide polymorphism alleles, in the same set of cases that allowed the detection of the original association signal. METHODS: We screened all the coding regions of GCLM and their intronic flanking vicinities in 353 patients with schizophrenia by direct DNA sequencing. RESULTS: Ten sequence variations were identified, five of which were not previously described. None of these DNA changes was within the GCLM coding sequence and in-silico analysis failed to indicate functional impairment induced by these variations. Furthermore, screening of normal controls and downstream statistical analyses revealed no significant relationship of any of these DNA variants with schizophrenia. CONCLUSION: It is unlikely that functional mutations in the GCLM gene could play a major role in genetic predisposition to schizophrenia and further studies will be required to assess its etiological function in the disease.

Effects of sodium arsenite on neurite outgrowth and glutamate AMPA receptor expression in mouse cortical neurons.

There has been broad concern that arsenic in the environment exerts neurotoxicity. To determine the mechanism by which arsenic disrupts neuronal development, primary cultured neurons obtained from the cerebral cortex of mouse embryos were exposed to sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) at concentrations between 0 and 2μM from days 2 to 4 in vitro and cell survival, neurite outgrowth and expression of glutamate AMPA receptor subunits were assessed at day 4 in vitro. Cell survival was significantly decreased by exposure to 2μM NaAsO2, whereas 0.5μM NaAsO2 increased cell survival instead. The assessment of neurite outgrowth showed that total neurite length was significantly suppressed by 1μM and 2μM NaAsO2, indicating that the lower concentration of NaAsO2 impairs neuritogenesis before inducing cell death. Immunoblot analysis of AMPA receptor subunit expression showed that the protein level of GluA1, a specific subunit of the AMPA receptor, was significantly decreased by 1μM and 2μM NaAsO2. When immunocytochemistry was used to confirm this effect by staining for GluA1 expression in neuropeptide Y neurons, most of which contain GluA1, GluA1 expression in neuropeptide Y neurons was found to be significantly suppressed by 1μM and 2μM NaAsO2 but to be increased at the concentration of 0.5μM. Finally, to determine whether neurons could be rescued from the NaAsO2-induced impairment of neuritogenesis by compensatory overexpression of GluA1, we used primary cultures of neurons transfected with a plasmid vector to overexpress either GluA1 or GluA2, and the results showed that GluA1/2 overexpression protected against the deleterious effects of NaAsO2 on neurite outgrowth. These results suggest that the NaAsO2 concentration inducing neurite suppression is lower than the concentration that induces cell death and is the same as the concentration that suppresses GluA1 expression. Consequently, the suppression of GluA1 expression by NaAsO2 seems at least partly responsible for neurite suppression induced by NaAsO2.

Variant ionotropic glutamate receptors as chemosensory receptors in Drosophila.

Ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs) mediate neuronal communication at synapses throughout vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. We have characterized a family of iGluR-related genes in Drosophila, which we name ionotropic receptors (IRs). These receptors do not belong to the well-described kainate, AMPA, or NMDA classes of iGluRs, and they have divergent ligand-binding domains that lack their characteristic glutamate-interacting residues. IRs are expressed in a combinatorial fashion in sensory neurons that respond to many distinct odors but do not express either insect odorant receptors (ORs) or gustatory receptors (GRs). IR proteins accumulate in sensory dendrites and not at synapses. Misexpression of IRs in different olfactory neurons is sufficient to confer ectopic odor responsiveness. Together, these results lead us to propose that the IRs comprise a novel family of chemosensory receptors. Conservation of IR/iGluR-related proteins in bacteria, plants, and animals suggests that this receptor family represents an evolutionarily ancient mechanism for sensing both internal and external chemical cues.

Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy using genetically engineered antibody-streptavidin fusion proteins for treatment of non-hodgkin lymphoma.

Purpose: Pretargeted radioimmunotherapy (PRIT) using streptavidin (SAv)-biotin technology can deliver higher therapeutic doses of radioactivity to tumors than conventional RIT. However, "endogenous" biotin can interfere with the effectiveness of this approach by blocking binding of radiolabeled biotin to SAv. We engineered a series of SAv FPs that downmodulate the affinity of SAv for biotin, while retaining high avidity for divalent DOTA-bis-biotin to circumvent this problem.Experimental Design: The single-chain variable region gene of the murine 1F5 anti-CD20 antibody was fused to the wild-type (WT) SAv gene and to mutant SAv genes, Y43A-SAv and S45A-SAv. FPs were expressed, purified, and compared in studies using athymic mice bearing Ramos lymphoma xenografts.Results: Biodistribution studies showed delivery of more radioactivity to tumors of mice pretargeted with mutant SAv FPs followed by (111)In-DOTA-bis-biotin [6.2 +/- 1.7% of the injected dose per gram (%ID/gm) of tumor 24 hours after Y43A-SAv FP and 5.6 +/- 2.2%ID/g with S45A-SAv FP] than in mice on normal diets pretargeted with WT-SAv FP (2.5 +/- 1.6%ID/g; P = 0.01). These superior biodistributions translated into superior antitumor efficacy in mice treated with mutant FPs and (90)Y-DOTA-bis-biotin [tumor volumes after 11 days: 237 +/- 66 mm(3) with Y43A-SAv, 543 +/- 320 mm(3) with S45A-SAv, 1129 +/- 322 mm(3) with WT-SAv, and 1435 +/- 212 mm(3) with control FP (P < 0.0001)].Conclusions: Genetically engineered mutant-SAv FPs and bis-biotin reagents provide an attractive alternative to current SAv-biotin PRIT methods in settings where endogenous biotin levels are high. Clin Cancer Res; 17(23); 7373-82. (C)2011 AACR.

Amino acid transport : the special case of a H/L-glutamate cotransport system in Asparagus sprengeri mesophyll cells /

The addition of L-Glutamate (L-GLU) and L-Hethionine ~ulfoximine (L-HSO) to mechanically isolated. photosynthetically competent, Asparagus sprengeri mesophyll cells ~u~pended in 1mM CaS04 cau~ed an immediate transient alkalinization of the cell su~pension medium in both the light and dark. The alkalinization response was specific and stereospecific as none of the L-isomers of the other 19 protein amino acids tested or D-GLU gave this response. Uptake of 14C-L-GLU was stimulated by the light. The addition of non-radioactive L-GLU. or L-GLU analogs together with 14C-L-GLU showed that only L-GLU and L-HSO stimulated alkalinization whilst inhibiting the uptake of 14C-L-GLU. Both the L-GLU dependent alkalinization and the upt~ke of 14C-L-GLU were stimulated when the external pH was decreased from 6.5 to 5.5. Increasing external K+ concentrations inhibited the uptake of 14C-L-GLU. Fusicoccin (FC) stimulated uptake. The L-GLU dependent alkalinization re~ponse exhibited monophasic saturation kinetics while the uptake of 14C-L-GLU exhibited biphasic saturation kinetics. In addition to a saturable component. the uptake kinetics also showed a linear component of uptake. Addition of L-GLU and L-MSO caused internal acidification of the cell as measured by a change in the distribution of 14C-DMO. There was no change in K+ efflux when L-GLU was added. A H+ to L-GLUinflux stoichiometry of 3:1 wa~ mea~ured at an external I.-GLU concentration of O.5mM and increased with increasing external 13 L-QLU concentration. Metabolism of L-GLU was detected manometrlcally by observing an increase in COa evolution upon the addition of L-QLU and by detection of i*C02 evolution upon the addition of »*C-L-GLU. »*C02 evolution was higher in the dark than in the light. The data are consistent with the operation of a H+/L-QLO cotransport system. The data also show that attempts to quantify the stoichlometry of the process were complicated by the metabolism of L-GLU.

Conformational analysis of antibody binding site using EDMA methods /

Euclidean distance matrix analysis (EDMA) methods are used to distinguish whether or not significant difference exists between conformational samples of antibody complementarity determining region (CDR) loops, isolated LI loop and LI in three-loop assembly (LI, L3 and H3) obtained from Monte Carlo simulation. After the significant difference is detected, the specific inter-Ca distance which contributes to the difference is identified using EDMA.The estimated and improved mean forms of the conformational samples of isolated LI loop and LI loop in three-loop assembly, CDR loops of antibody binding site, are described using EDMA and distance geometry (DGEOM). To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time the EDMA methods are used to analyze conformational samples of molecules obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. Therefore, validations of the EDMA methods using both positive control and negative control tests for the conformational samples of isolated LI loop and LI in three-loop assembly must be done. The EDMA-I bootstrap null hypothesis tests showed false positive results for the comparison of six samples of the isolated LI loop and true positive results for comparison of conformational samples of isolated LI loop and LI in three-loop assembly. The bootstrap confidence interval tests revealed true negative results for comparisons of six samples of the isolated LI loop, and false negative results for the conformational comparisons between isolated LI loop and LI in three-loop assembly. Different conformational sample sizes are further explored by combining the samples of isolated LI loop to increase the sample size, or by clustering the sample using self-organizing map (SOM) to narrow the conformational distribution of the samples being comparedmolecular conformations. However, there is no improvement made for both bootstrap null hypothesis and confidence interval tests. These results show that more work is required before EDMA methods can be used reliably as a method for comparison of samples obtained by Monte Carlo simulations.

Electrogenic proton/L-glutamate symport in isolated asparagus sprengeri mesophyll cell

Medium' alkaliniiation occurred -lipon the addition of L-Glu to mechanically isolated Asparagus sprenger-i mesophyll cells suspended in 1 mM CaS04. Alkalinization resulted from the coupled entry of H+ and L-Glu anion into the cells. This H+ IL-Glu symport did not stimulate K+ efflux. K+ efflux has been observed during H~ lamino acid symport in other systems. The stimulation of K+ efflux by proton coupled symport is regarded as an indicator of a plasma membrane depolarizing electrogenic symport process. H+ IL-Glu symport in Asparagus sprengerimesophyl1 cells was investigated to determine whether or not the process was electrogenic. The rate of uptake of 0.25 11M 3H-MTPP+ ( Methyltriphenylphosphonium, methyl-3H ) is a probe for monitoring changes in the membrane potential. 3HMTPP+ uptake was reduced by K+ or CCCP, agents known to depolarize the membrane potential. Uptake of 3H-MTPP+ was also inhibited by L-Glu but not by D-Glu. Conversely, 10 mM external MTPP+ inhibited the uptake of 14C-U-LGlu. Simultaneous measurements of the rates of 14C-U-L-Glu uptake and L-Glu dependent H+ influx showed that the molar stoichiometry of H+ IL-Glu symport was 2 to 1. K+ or Na+ stimulated H+ efflux was completely inhibited by DCCD, DES, oligomycin and antimycin reagents which inhibit ATP driven H+ efflux. The H+ efflux \Vas also stimulate.d by the weak acids, butyric acid and acetic acid, which are known fo-aCidify the cytoplasm. This weak acid stimulated H+ efflux was also completely inhibited by oligomycin. It was calculated that net L-Glu dependent H+ influx increased by 100% in the presence of oligomycin and that despite net medium alkalinization H+ IL-Glu symport stimulates ATP dependent H+ efflux. 11 The data presented in this study indicate that H+ IL-Glu symport is electrogenic. The data also show that ATP dependent Ht efflux rather than K+ efflux is the- process compensating for thi~ electrogenic H+ IL-Glu symport.

Modulation de l’expression du transporteur vésiculaire du glutamate : implication dans la plasticité des neurones dopaminergiques

De nombreuses études ont établi que la majorité des neurones libèrent plus qu’une substance chimique. Il est bien connu que les neurones peuvent co-exprimer et co-libérer des neuropeptides en plus de leur neurotransmetteur, mais des évidences de la co-libération de deux petits neurotransmetteurs à action rapide se sont accumulées récemment. Des enregistrements électrophysiologiques ont aussi montré que des neurones sérotoninergiques et dopaminergiques isolés peuvent libérer du glutamate quand ils sont placés en culture. De plus, la présence de glutamate et de glutaminase a été détectée dans des neurones sérotoninergiques, dopaminergiques et noradrénergiques par immunomarquage sur des tranches de cerveau. Malheureusement, en considérant le rôle métabolique du glutamate, sa détection immunologique n’est pas suffisante pour assurer le phénotype glutamatergique d’un neurone. Récemment, la découverte de trois transporteurs vésiculaires du glutamate (VGLUT1-3) a grandement facilité l’identification des neurones glutamatergiques. Ces transporteurs sont nécessaires pour la libération de glutamate et constituent les premiers marqueurs morphologiques du phénotype glutamatergique. Il a été démontré que des neurones noradrénergiques expriment VGLUT2 et que des neurones sérotoninergiques expriment VGLUT3. Mais aucune évidence d’expression d’un des sous-types de VGLUT n’a été reportée pour les neurones dopaminergiques. Le but de notre travail était d’identifier quel sous-type de VGLUT est exprimé par les neurones dopaminergiques mésencéphaliques, et de déterminer si le phénotype glutamatergique de ces neurones peut être modulé dans des conditions particulières. Premièrement, nous avons utilisé des microcultures pour isoler les neurones dopaminergiques et des doubles marquages immunocytochimiques pour observer l’expression de VGLUT dans les neurones positifs pour la tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Nous avons montré que la majorité (80%) des neurones TH+ isolés exprime spécifiquement VGLUT2. Cette expression est précoce au cours du développement in vitro et limitée aux projections axonales des neurones dopaminergiques. Toutefois, cette forte expression in vitro contraste avec la non-détection de ce transporteur dans les rats adultes in vivo. Nous avons décidé ensuite de regarder si l’expression de VGLUT2 pouvait être régulée pendant le développement cérébral de jeunes rats et sous des conditions traumatiques, par double hybridation in situ. Entre 14 et 16 jours embryonnaires, les marquages de VGLUT2 et de TH montraient une superposition significative qui n’était pas retrouvée à des stades ultérieurs. Dans le mésencéphale de jeunes rats postnataux, nous avons détecté l’ARNm de VGLUT2 dans environs 1-2% des neurones exprimant l’ARNm de TH dans la substance noire et l’aire tegmentaire ventrale (ATV). Pour explorer la régulation de l’expression de VGLUT2 dans des conditions traumatiques, nous avons utilisé la 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) pour léser les neurones dopaminergiques dans les jeunes rats. Dix jours après la chirurgie, nous avons trouvé que 27% des neurones dopaminergiques survivants dans l’ATV exprimaient l’ARNm de VGLUT2 dans les rats 6-OHDA. Finalement, nous avons observé la colocalisation de la protéine VGLUT2 dans les terminaisons TH positives par microscopie électronique. Dans les rats normaux, la protéine VGLUT2 est retrouvée dans 28% des terminaisons axonales TH dans le noyau accumbens. Dans les rats lésés à la 6-OHDA, nous avons observé une diminution considérable des terminaisons TH positives, et une augmentation dans la proportion (37%) des terminaisons dopaminergiques présentant du VGLUT2. Nos résultats suggèrent que le phénotype glutamatergique des neurones dopaminergiques est régulé au cours du développement, peut être réactivé dans des états pathologiques, et que ces neurones peuvent libérer du glutamate dans conditions spécifiques.

Implication du glutamate et de l'oxyde nitrique dans la modulation de la dépression synaptique à court terme à la jonction neuromusculaire de Rana pipiens

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Importance of the HSP90 molecular chaperoning pathway for antibody diversification by determining AID stability

La protéine AID (déaminase induite par l’activation) joue un rôle central dans la réponse immunitaire adaptative. En désaminant des désoxycytidines en désoxyuridines au niveau des gènes immunoglobulines, elle initie l’hypermutation somatique (SHM), la conversion génique (iGC) et la commutation isotypique (CSR). Elle est essentielle à une réponse humorale efficace en contribuant à la maturation de l’affinité des anticorps et au changement de classe isotypique. Cependant, son activité mutagénique peut être oncogénique et causer une instabilité génomique propice au développement de cancers et de maladies autoimmunes. Il est donc critique de réguler AID, en particulier ses niveaux protéiques, pour générer une réponse immunitaire efficace tout en minimisant les risques de cancer et d’autoimmunité. Un élément de régulation est le fait qu’AID transite du cytoplasme vers le noyau mais reste majoritairement cytoplasmique à l’équilibre. AID est par ailleurs plus stable dans le cytoplasme que dans le noyau, ce qui contribue à réduire sa présence à proximité de l’ADN. Le but de cette thèse était d’identifier de nouveaux partenaires et déterminants d’AID régulant sa stabilité et ses fonctions biologiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons identifié AID comme une nouvelle protéine cliente d’HSP90. Nous avons montré qu’HSP90 interagit avec AID dans le cytoplasme, ce qui empêche la poly-ubiquitination d’AID et sa dégradation par le protéasome. En conséquence, l’inhibition d’HSP90 résulte en une diminution significative des niveaux endogènes d’AID et corrèle avec une réduction proportionnelle de ses fonctions biologiques dans la diversification des anticorps mais aussi dans l’introduction de mutations aberrantes. Dans un second temps, nous avons montré que l’étape initiale dans la stabilisation d’AID par la voie de chaperonnage d’HSP90 dépend d’HSP40 et d’HSP70. En particulier, la protéine DnaJa1, qui fait partie de la famille des protéines HSP40s, limite la stabilisation d’AID dans le cytoplasme. La farnésylation de DnaJa1 est importante pour l’interaction entre DnaJa1 et AID et moduler les niveaux de DnaJa1 ou son état de farnésylation impacte à la fois les niveaux endogènes d’AID mais aussi la diversification des anticorps. Les souris DNAJA1-/- présentent une réponse immunitaire compromise en cas d’immunisation, qui est dûe à des niveaux réduits d’AID et un défaut de commutation de classe. Dans un troisième temps, nous avons montré que la protéine AID est intrinsèquement plus instable que sesprotéines paralogues APOBEC. Nous avons identifié l’acide aspartique en seconde position d’AID ainsi qu’un motif semblable au PEST comme des modulateurs de la stabilité d’AID. La modification de ces motifs augmente la stabilité d’AID et résulte en une diversification des anticorps plus efficace. En conclusion, l’instabilité intrinsèque d’AID est un élément de régulation de la diversification des anticorps. Cette instabilité est en partie compensée dans le cytoplasme par l’action protective de la voie de chaperonnage DnaJa1-HSP90. Par ailleurs, l’utilisation d’inhibiteurs d’HSP90 ou de farnésyltransférases pourrait être un outil intéressant pour la modulation indirecte des niveaux d’AID et le traitement de lymphomes/leucémies et de maladies auto-immunes causés par AID.