Controle de fitopatógenos do solo com materiais vegetais associados à solarização

A incorporação de material orgânico associada à solarização do solo é uma técnica promissora no controle de patógenos de plantas. O trabalho consistiu na prospecção de materiais vegetais promissores na produção de voláteis fungitóxicos capazes de inviabilizar as estruturas de resistência de fitopatógenos do solo. em condição de campo foram incorporados 3 Kg/m² de folhas e ramos de brócolos, eucalipto, mamona e mandioca brava, associada ou não à solarização, visando o controle de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici raça 2; Macrophomina phaseolina; Rhizoctonia solani AG-4 HGI e Sclerotium rolfsii. O controle foi avaliado por meio da sobrevivência das estruturas, em meios semi-seletivo específicos, aos 7, 14, 21 e 28 dias do início do experimento. Foram monitoradas as temperaturas do solo e do ar por um DataLogger Tipo CR23X (Campbell Scientific) e a porcentagem de CO2 e de O2 pelo equipamento analisador de gases (Testo 325-1). A associação da incorporação dos materiais vegetais com a solarização do solo inativou F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici raça 2, M. phaseolina e R. solani. O fungo S. rolfsii foi o único que não apresentou 100% de controle com solarização mais mamona durante o período estudado. A incorporação de mandioca seguido de solarização propiciou o controle de todos os fungos estudados com menos de sete dias da instalação do experimento, sendo tão eficiente quanto o brócolos na erradicação dos fitopatógenos veiculados pelo sol.

Bacterial biofilms with emphasis on coagulase-negative staphylococci

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

PCR associated with agar gel immunodiffusion assay improve caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAEV) control

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Tipos de colheita e épocas de aplicação de glifosato na erradicação de soqueiras de cana-de-açúcar

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sensibilidade de quatro genótipos de cana-de-açúcar, ao glifosato aplicado para a erradicação de soqueiras de duas idades, em dois sistemas de colheita, em um Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico. O produto foi aplicado na dose de 2.400 g ha-1 de i.a., aos 40 e 55 dias de idade da touceira, depois do terceiro corte. Para quantificar a ação do glifosato, foram contados os perfilhos vivos e mortos aos 30, 45 e 60 dias depois da aplicação do produto. em relação à porcentagem de morte dos perfilhos, ocorrem diferenças entre os genótipos quanto à suscetibilidade ao glifosato. A dose aplicada não foi suficiente para erradicar 100% dos perfilhos, mas para os genótipos IAC87-3184, RB835486 e SP87-344 o controle foi superior a 80%, tendo sido considerados sensíveis/intermediários, enquanto o IAC91-5155 foi considerado tolerante. O sistema de colheita da cana-de-açúcar não interferiu na eficiência do glifosato na eliminação da soqueira, entretanto, a aplicação feita aos 40 dias da touceira apresentou a maior porcentagem de perfilhos mortos.

Análise fenotípica e molecular da produção de biofilmes por estirpes de staphylococcus aureus isoladas de casos de mastite subclínica bovina

Biofilm formation is considered an advantage for Staphylococcus aureus mastitis isolates, facilitating bacterial persistence in the udder. It requires attachment to mammary epithelium, proliferation and accumulation of cells in multilayers and enclosing in a polymeric matrix known as exopolysaccharide. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis for formation of biofilms. A total of 94 Staphylococcus aureus strains obtained from milk samples of cows suffering from subclinical mastitis in dairy herds on two properties in the state of São Paulo were evaluated. These strains were characterized by in vitro biofilm formation, and by the presence of icaA and icaD genes which are responsible for intercellular adhesion. The results revealed that 98.9% of the isolates produced biofilm in vitro by adherence in sterile 96-well "U" bottom polystyrene tissue culture plates; 95.7% of the isolates possessed the icaA and icaD genes. These bacterial isolates biofilm producers may impair eradication of chronic mastitis, rendering antibiotherapy less effective. The detection of biofilm forming ability in mastitis isolates may provide useful information for more adequate therapeutic regimen and for preventive actions in the control of those bacterial isolates in bovine herds.

Novos Registros sobre Meloidogyne mayaguensis no Brasil e Estudo Morfológico Comparativo com M. incognita

Almeida, E.J., P.L.M. Soares, A.R. Silva & J.M. Santos. 2008. New records on Meloidogyne mayaguensis in Brazil and comparative study with M. incognita. Meloidogyne mayaguensis is the plant-parasitic nematode responsible for a great impact on guava production in Brazil, since it has been the cause for eradication of thousand of hectares of guava plantations in the Northeastern region. In the present study, this species was detected in soybean fields of Ituverava municipality, São Paulo state, and in different vegetable crops (lettuce, cucumber, pepper and cherry tomato) in Chapada dos Guimaraes municipality, Mato Grosso state, causing root galls and other symptoms. The species was identified on the basis of the perineal pattern of females, and on the morphology and morphometry of anterior region of males. Isozyme phenotype for esterase was used for confirmation. This constitutes the first report on the occurrence of M. mayaguensis on lettuce, cucumber, pepper and cherry tomato cultures in Mato Grosso state and the first one in soybean in São Paulo state. It was found that morphological features of male anterior region and female perineal pattern are enough for the safe distinction between M. mayaguensis and M. incognita.

Doenças respiratórias em aves atendidas no laboratório de oriento- Patologia da FMVZ-UNESP/Botucatu-SP, Brasil, nos anos de 2005 A 2006

The respiratory tract of birds shows anatomical and physiological characteristics that facilitates the occurrence of disease, mainly those of microbiological origin. This article analyzes the frequency of respiratory diseases in domestic and wild birds treated during the years 2005-2006 at the Ornitopathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootecnics, São Paulo State University (FMVZUNESP). Diagnoses were obtained through clinical and radiographic exams as well as haemogram, microbiological culture, parasitological tests and necropsy, being septicemic processes, aspergillosis and mycoplasmosis the most diagnosed diseases. No zoonotic threats were identified, so the entities were described as of low-impact on public health. However, the above mentioned agents can provoke death of birds and difficult for treating and eradication as well.

Programa de controle de surto de escorpião Tityus serrulatus, Lutz e Mello 1922, no município de Aparecida, SP (Scorpiones, Buthidae).

A scorpion control program was proposed for the town of Aparecida (SP), an endemic region of Tityus serrulatus. Clusters of scorpions in urban and rural areas, environmental degradation of the town's outskirts and new scorpion procreation and dispersal habitats were studied. In addition, infrastructure problems such as the disposal and collection of residential and municipal refuse, sanitation (sewage and storm sewer), condition of vacant lots and constructions in the urban area were evaluated. After an epidemiological study, educational measures such as the distribution of pamphlets, cleaning group work, visits to residences and cooperation from High School teachers and students were also suggested. Chemical control was indicated in high-risk sites, especially those of near-school buildings. Furthermore, the use of natural predators was also mentioned within the present sanitation regulations for urban areas. The authors assert that these procedures must be integrated and continued uninterruptedly for several years. They also suggest a collaborative work with those responsible for the dengue eradication program, as well as the institution of the scorpion study week, which would greatly contribute to the education of the population, to preventive programs and to scorpion control.

Fragmentos da história da malária em São Paulo

Due to its great incidence in Brazil, malaria is one of the most important transmissible disease studied in the papers that deal with public health today. Although it is present in the Brazilian history since the colonial period, it has hardly been studied from its historic perspective. The present article intends to give a general view of the disease in Brazil, specially in the state of São Paulo. The research is based on historic papers of health and epidemies not only in Brazil but also in the world, found in the legislative documentation of São Paulo. Until 1930, malaria had spread through the country and the health authorities took no care in stablishing especific campaigns to face the disease. This negligence was mostly due to the fact that the mortality rate of malaria was lesser than variola, yellow fever or the many other endemic or epidemic diseases. Eradication seemed to be close to an end but the social and economic transformations after the 70's brought the disease in a proportion ten times worse.

Alien fishes in lakes of the Doce river basin (Brazil): Range, new occurrences and conservation of native communities

The present study shows the distribution of alien fish species in tropical lakes in the middle Doce river basin, southeastern Brazil, obtained from a rapid assessment program. The causes for their introductions were sport-fishing improvement in some specific lakes and aquaculture in the studied basin. Presently, these species have a wide distribution occurring in 41 of the 54 lakes studied, representing an actual threat to regional native fish community. The natural connection among lakes and streams during the rainy season and the dispersal mediated by local people are the main invasion agents for alien fishes. The success of these invaders is probably due to absence of pre-existing effective competitors or top-predators in the invaded communities. We consider that the eradication of alien fishes by means of the available management tools may be very difficult due to the large number of lakes invaded and to the wide spectrum of lake conditions and resources exploited by these alien species. We recommend the use of environmental education as a tool to stop the human-mediated dispersion of aliens and to improve conservation of native fish community in lakes where these alien species are not present yet. © 2004 Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - UFMG.

Doenças respiratórios em aves atendidas no Laboratório de Ornitopatologia da FMVZ-UNESP/Botucatu-SP, Brasil, nos anos de 2005 a 2006

The respiratory tract of birds shows anatomical and physiological characteristics that facilitates the occurrence of disease, mainly those of microbiological origin. This article analyzes the frequency of respiratory diseases in domestic and wild birds treated during the years 2005-2006 at the Ornitopathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootecnics, São Paulo State University (FMVZ-UNESP). Diagnoses were obtained through clinical and radiographic exams as well as haemogram, microbiological culture, parasitological tests and necropsy, being septicemic processes, aspergillosis and mycoplasmosis the most diagnosed diseases. No zoonotic threats were identified, so the entities were described as of low-impact on public health. However, the above mentioned agents can provoke death of birds and difficult for treating and eradication as well.

Sustainable development 20 years on from the earth summit: progress, gaps and strategic guidelines for Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

Sustainable development: changing production patterns, social equity and the environment

Includes bibliography

No more!: the right of women to live a life free of violence in Latin America and the Caribbean

Includes bibliography

O Agronegócio e o problema do trabalho infantil

This article attempts to identify and analyze the motives that led several sectors of agro-business to engage in the struggle for the eradication of child labor in Brazil, as launched by international organizations for the defense of children's and adolescents' rights. It is our hypothesis that economic globalization and the internationalization of children's rights have given visibility to the problem of child labor, thus demanding the mobilization of entrepreneurial sectors linked to agro-business productive chains in Brazil. The article is divided into four inter-related sections. In the first one, we attempt to provide evidence for the interference of social and labor problems within the ambit of the economic activities of the agro-business sector, within the current context of globalization. This is followed by a study of major UN, UNICEF and ILO investments to internalize children's rights and policies to combat child labor, giving salience to their repercussions in Brazil. In the third section, we analyze strategies adopted by firms linked to agro-business with the purpose of avoiding the use of child labor within their productive chains. Finally, we seek to understand the motivations that have led agro-businessmen to take part in the struggle against child labor. We conclude that firms linked to agro-business took up the project of combating child labor in virtue of the internationalization of children and adolescents' rights, the inclusion of social issues in international markets, the intensification of the fiscalization of public power, the growth of action around entrepreneurial social responsibility and increased consumer consciousness.