The economic cost of hospital malnutrition in Europe; a narrative review

Background: Malnutrition among hospitalized patients increases length of stay (LOS) and carries extra hospitalization costs. Objective: To review the impact of malnutrition on hospital LOS and costs in Europe. Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar search. All articles from January 2004 until November 2014 were identified. Reference lists of relevant articles were also manually searched. Results: Ten studies on LOS and nine studies on costs were reviewed. The methods used to assess malnutrition and to calculate costs differed considerably between studies. Malnutrition led to an increased LOS ranging from 2.4 to 7.2 days. Among hospitalized patients, malnutrition led to an additional individual cost ranging between 1640 V and 5829 V. At the national level, the costs of malnutrition ranged between 32.8 million V and 1.2 billion V. Expressed as percentage of national health expenditures, the values ranged between 2.1% and 10%. Conclusions: In Europe, malnutrition leads to an increase in LOS and in hospital costs, both at the individual and the national level. Standardization of methods and results reported is needed to adequately compare results between countries. © 2015 European Society for Clinical Nutrition and Metabolism. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Alzheimer's disease-like APP processing in wild-type mice identifies synaptic defects as initial steps of disease progression.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent form of dementia in the elderly and no effective treatment is currently available. The mechanisms triggering AD onset and progression are still imperfectly dissected. We aimed at deciphering the modifications occurring in vivo during the very early stages of AD, before the development of amyloid deposits, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal death and inflammation. Most current AD models based on Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) overproduction beginning from in utero, to rapidly reproduce the histological and behavioral features of the disease within a few months, are not appropriate to study the early steps of AD development. As a means to mimic in vivo amyloid APP processing closer to the human situation in AD, we used an adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based transfer of human mutant APP and Presenilin 1 (PS1) genes to the hippocampi of two-month-old C57Bl/6 J mice to express human APP, without significant overexpression and to specifically induce its amyloid processing. RESULTS: The human APP, βCTF and Aβ42/40 ratio were similar to those in hippocampal tissues from AD patients. Three months after injection the murine Tau protein was hyperphosphorylated and rapid synaptic failure occurred characterized by decreased levels of both PSD-95 and metabolites related to neuromodulation, on proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS). Astrocytic GLT-1 transporter levels were lower and the tonic glutamatergic current was stronger on electrophysiological recordings of CA1 hippocampal region, revealing the overstimulation of extrasynaptic N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) which precedes the loss of long-term potentiation (LTP). These modifications were associated with early behavioral impairments in the Open-field, Y-maze and Morris Mater Maze tasks. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, this demonstrates that an AD-like APP processing, yielding to levels of APP, βCTF and Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio similar to those observed in AD patients, are sufficient to rapidly trigger early steps of the amyloidogenic and Tau pathways in vivo. With this strategy, we identified a sequence of early events likely to account for disease onset and described a model that may facilitate efforts to decipher the factors triggering AD and to evaluate early neuroprotective strategies.

Chromosomal polymorphism of D. subobscura: no differences between wild males and sons of wild females

When analyzing the chromosomal polymorphism of D. subobscura natural populations it is assumed that the information provided by wild males and sons of wild females is equivalent. Thus, using both in the analysis it is possible to increase the sample size. However, it is important to verify whether there are significant differences between both groups or not. The aim of this research has been to statistically compare the results of chromosomal polymorphism of both groups. We have used data from Avala Mountain (Serbia) where D. subobscura flies were collected from the 30th May to the 5th June 2011. Avala is located 18 km south of Belgrade and the trapping place is a forest with polydominant communities of Fagetum submontanum Table 1. Number and percentage of adult flies collected in Font Groga (Barcelona, Spain) on 9th October 2013. Males and sons of wild females were crossed with virgin females of the Küsnacht strain. Third instar larvae from F1 were dissected to obtain the salivary glands and the polytene chromosomes were stained and squashed in aceto-orcein solution. No significant differences were observed for any chromosome of the karyotype: A (p-value = 0.485), J (p-value = 0.230), U (p-value =0.572), E (p-value = 0.536), and O (p-value = 0.338). Thus, it seems that the two groups can be grouped together to obtain the chromosomal polymorphism of the population.

La construcción narrativa de la identidad en un contexto educativo intercultural = The narrative construction of identity in a intercultural educative setting

En este trabajo se expone e ilustra un modelo teórico para entender las funciones de la identidad, así como los mecanismospsicosociales asociados a su construcción: “Modelo Evolutivo y Funcional de la Identidad Mediada” (MEBIM). La identidad, mediada narrativamente, cumple una función personal orientada a la dirección de la propia vida, así como una función sociocultural vinculada a la búsqueda de reconocimiento de los derechos de los grupos sociales a los que uno se siente apegado. Se ilustran los factores asociados a la construcción de la identidad personal (sí mismos posibles, transiciones vitales, vínculo afectivo) y sociocultural (acción-transformación e identificación simbólica) a partir de 12 historias de vida realizadas con mestizos e indígenasde la Universidad Intercultural de Chiapas (México). Se sugiere que en contextos educativos formales, como la escuela o la Universidad, se deben propiciar narrativas personales y socioculturales con el objetivo de optimizar la identidad en un mundo a la vez globalizado y plural

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION VARIABILITY IN THE Uncaria tomentosa (cat’s claw) WILD POPULATION

Uncaria tomentosa (cat's claw) is a vine widely distributed throughout the South-American rainforest. Many studies investigating the chemical composition of cat's claw have focused on the pentacyclic (POA) and tetracyclic oxindole alkaloids (TOA), quinovic acid glycosides (QAG), and polyphenols (PPH). Nevertheless, it is still uncertain how environmental factors affect chemical groups. The aim of this work was to better understand the influence of environmental factors (geographic origin, altitude, and season) on cat's claw chemical composition. Stem bark, branches and leaf samples were extracted and analyzed by HPLC-PDA. The data obtained were explored by multivariate analysis (HCA and PCA). Higher amounts of oxindole alkaloids and PPH were found in leaves, followed by stem bark and branches. No clear relationship was verified among geographic origin or altitude and chemical composition, which remained unchanged regardless of season (dry or rainy). However, three oxindole alkaloid chemotypes were clearly recognized: chemotype I (POA with cis D/E ring junction); chemotype II (POA with trans D/E ring junction); and chemotype III (TOA). Thus, environmental factors appear to have only a minor influence on the chemical heterogeneity of the cat's claw wild population. Nevertheless, the occurrence of different chemotypes based on alkaloid profiles seems to be clear.

PYROLIGNEOUS LIQUOR PRODUCED FROM ACACIA MEARNSII DE WILD WOOD UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS AS A RENEWABLE SOURCE OF CHEMICALS

Acacia mearnsii de Wild (black wattle) is one of the most important trees planted in Southern Brazil for tannin extraction and charcoal production. The pyrolysis of the black wattle wood used for obtaining charcoal is performed in brick ovens, with the gas fraction being sent directly into the environment. The present study examines the condensable compounds present in the liquor produced from black wattle wood at different thermal degradation conditions, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Branches of black wattle were thermally degraded at controlled ambient and temperature conditions. Overall, a higher variety of compounds were obtained under atmospheric air pressure than under synthetic air pressure. Most of the tentatively identified compounds, such as carboxylic acids, phenols, aldehydes, and low molecular mass lignin fragments, such as guayacol, syringol, and eugenol, were products of lignin thermoconversion. Substituted aromatic compounds, such as vanillin, ethyl vanillin, and 2-methoxy-4-propeny-phenol, were also identified. At temperatures above 200 ºC, furan, 2-acetylfuran, methyl-2-furoate, and furfural, amongst others, were identified as polysaccharide derivatives from cellulose and hemicellulose depolymerization. This study evidences the need for adequate management of the condensable by-products of charcoal production, both for economic reasons and for controlling their potential environmental impact.

Avaliação da eficiência nutricional de três procedências australianas de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência nutricional de macronutrientes N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S nos diferentes componentes das árvores de três procedências de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.), com 2,4 anos de idade, plantadas em Butiá-RS (Brasil). As procedências selecionadas foram Lake George, Bodalla e Batemans Bay. Foi constatada variação na eficiência nutricional entre as procedências. Em ordem decrescente de eficiência de utilização dos nutrientes para produção de casca e madeira, cujos produtos são explorados dos povoamentos, obteve-se: Bodalla > Batemans Bay > Lake George. Embora a Lake George seja a procedência menos eficiente no uso dos nutrientes para formação de copa, casca e madeira, ela possui grande capacidade produtiva.

Conteúdo e exportação de micronutrientes em acácia-negra (Acacia Mearnsii De Wild.) procedência batemans bay (Austrália)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estimar o conteúdo e a exportação de micronutrientes (Mn, B, Cu, Zn e Fe) e o Na nos diferentes componentes de árvores de um povoamento de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.), procedência australiana Batemans Bay, com 2,4 anos de idade, em Butiá-RS (Brasil). A biomassa total estimada foi de 36.155 kg/ha, apresentando distribuição de 46,0, 20,0, 19,5, 12,0 e 3,0%, na madeira do lenho, nas folhas, nos galhos vivos, na casca e nos galhos mortos, respectivamente. A proporção de micronutrientes acumulados na biomassa dos componentes da árvore foram 43,76% nas folhas, 26,94% na madeira do tronco, 19,56% nos galhos vivos, 7,21% na casca e 2,54% nos galhos mortos. A quantidade estimada de micronutrientes contidos na biomassa acima do solo foi 10,4 kg/ha, acumulados da seguinte forma: Na (58,84%), Fe (21,79%), Zn (9,16%), B (4,09%), Mn (4,59%) e Cu (1,54%). A casca e a madeira do lenho acumulou Na (21,47%), Fe (6,71%), Mn (2,11%), Zn (1,66%), B (1,58%) e Cu (0,63%). A copa (folhas e galhos vivos e mortos) acumularam Na (37,36%), Fe (15,07%), Zn (7,49%), B (2,53%), Mn (2,48%) e Cu (0,91%). A exploração intensiva de áreas com a procedência Batemans Bay gera suspeitas de possíveis ocorrências de deficiências nutricionais de Na nas rotações futuras, tornando necessário o emprego de fertilizantes para manter a produtividade do sítio.

Retorno de nutrientes via deposição de serapilheira em um povoamento de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

Com este estudo, objetivou-se avaliar os aspectos envolvidos na transferência de serapilheira e nutrientes ao solo em um povoamento de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) com 3 anos de idade, em Butiá-RS. Para tanto, foram alocadas, sistematicamente, cinco parcelas de 18 x 24 m, onde foram distribuídos 20 coletores de serapilheira de 1 m² (quatro em cada). Para coleta de galhos, foram demarcadas na superfície do solo 15 subparcelas de 3 x 3 m. O material interceptado foi coletado mensalmente entre maio/1999 e dezembro/2001. Após a coleta, o material foi separado em frações (folhas, galhos, flores, frutos e fezes), seco em estufa, pesado, moído e analisado quanto aos teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg. A deposição média anual de serapilheira alcançou 5,85 Mg/ha, sendo composta por 77% de folhas, 3,7% de galhos, 2,5% de flores, 2,4% de frutos e 14,3% de fezes de lagarta. A baixa deposição de galhos foi atribuída à pequena intensidade do processo de desrama natural da espécie, principalmente nessa idade do povoamento. A deposição de serapilheira foi mais concentrada no verão. O maior fornecimento de nutrientes ao solo ocorreu através da fração folhas. As frações com maiores teores de N, P e Mg foram flores e frutos, somente perdendo para as folhas e fezes quanto à concentração de Ca e não diferindo em relação ao K. A magnitude de transferência de nutrientes ao solo, em kg/ha, foi igual a 106,2 de N > 62,8 de Ca > 41,8 de K > 9,4 de Mg > 3,4 de P.

Eficiência do uso de micronutrientes e sódio em três procedências de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.)

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência nutricional de micronutrientes (Mn, B, Cu, Zn e Fe) e Na nos diferentes componentes das árvores de três procedências de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii), com 2,4 anos de idade, plantadas em Butiá-RS (Brasil). As procedências selecionadas foram Lake George, Bodalla e Batemans Bay. Constatou-se grande variação na eficiência nutricional entre as procedências. A Lake George, além de acumular maior biomassa total, foi também a mais eficiente na utilização dos nutrientes na produção de biomassa total das árvores. No entanto, a Bodalla mostrou ser a procedência mais eficiente no uso dos nutrientes para produção de biomassa da casca e da madeira.

Multiplicação in vitro de gemas axilares de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.)

A acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii De Wild.) é uma espécie de difícil micropropagação devido à pequena capacidade de multiplicação e desenvolvimento de gemas. O presente estudo visou determinar a influência de diferentes citocininas na proliferação de gemas axilares em segmentos nodais de A. mearnsii. Plântulas germinadas in vitro forneceram explantes que foram inoculadas em meio básico B5 (GAMBORG et al., 1968). Testaram-se as citocininas: BAP (6-benzilaminopurina), BA (6-benziladenosina), 2iP (gama,gama-isopenteniladenina) e cinetina (6-furfuralamino-purina). Diferentes concentrações desses reguladores de crescimento foram empregadas: 1 mgL-1, 2 mgL-1 e 3 mgL-1. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados, em arranjo fatorial, com seis repetições e cinco plantas por parcela. As avaliações foram feitas aos 30 dias, através da contagem de gemas alongadas e da presença de calos. A utilização de BAP a 2 mgL-1 promoveu a maior taxa de multiplicação de gemas (3,5 brotos/explante).