367 resultados para Wandel


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Ein Überdauern von 225 Jahren ist eine lange Zeit, in der viel Wasser die Aare hinuntergeflossen ist – «Wasser bewegt», so das Motto unseres Jubiläumsjahres. In dieser Zeit war und ist die NGB einem kontinuierlichen Wandel der wissenschaftlichen Tätigkeiten, aber auch des gesellschaftlichen Umfelds unterworfen. Der folgende Artikel soll einen kurzen Überblick über die Entstehungsgeschichte und die Entwicklung der NGB in diesen 225 Jahren liefern. Als wichtigste Grundlagen dienten beim Recherchieren die bereits bestehenden Zusammenfassungen zum 100-, 150- und 200-jährigen Bestehen der NGB (siehe Referenzliste). Auch die in den «Mitteilungen» publizierten Jahresberichte der Präsidenten stellten wichtige Zeitzeugnisse dar, welche exemplarisch konsultiert und da und dort mit eingearbeitet wurden. Daneben finden sich in unserem Archiv Hunderte von Sitzungsprotokollen, welche ein Durchforsten und historisches Aufbereiten verdient hätten, was aber aus Zeitgründen vom Autor nicht zu bewerkstelligen war. Es liegt also ein spannendes historisches Forschungsgebiet brach, welches einer zukünftigen Bearbeitung harrt. Nebst dem Abhandeln des geschichtlichen Ablaufes war der Autor auch bestrebt, den historisch bedingten Ursprung verschiedenster Aktivitäten der NGB zu beleuchten und den Aktualitätsbezug herzustellen.

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Für die römische Epoche bis zur Neuzeit zählt der Triechter im Sempachersee zusammen mit dem Lauerzersee im Kanton Schwyz zu den bis heute vegetationsgeschichtlich am besten untersuchten Orten der Schweiz. Der Lauerzersee bestätigt die Resultate am Sempachersee zeitlich und in ihrem Ablauf. Dies bedeutet, dass nicht nur die Gegend um Sursee respektive im Polleneinzugsgebiet des Triechters des Sempachersees diese ausgeprägte Vegetationsdynamik zeigt, sondern dass diese Phasen von Landaufgabe in der Völkerwanderungszeit und einer Landnahme ab 600-700 n. Chr., welche in einer maximalen Entwaldung zwischen 1000-1200 n. Chr. gipfelt, grossräumigen Entwicklungen folgen und kein lokales Phänomen darstellen. Das Bild hat sich gewendet. War der Mensch in den ersten Jahrtausenden nach dem Rückzug der Gletscher noch vom Naturraum und Klima abhängig, verlor er in den letzten Jahrtausenden immer stärker seine Abhängigkeit von seiner Umgebung und gestaltet zunehmend die Landschaft selber.

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Netzwerk Aussenpolitik beschreibt den dynamischen Wandel der internationalen Beziehungen von einer Summe nationaler Aussenpolitiken zu einem vielschichtigen Netzwerk von multilateralen Kontakten. Für die staatliche Aussenpolitik war dieser Prozess eine Herausforderung der besonderen Art, da diese Netzwerke staatliche so gut wie nongouvernementale Aktivitäten umfassten. Die staatliche Beteiligung an dieser neuen Entwicklung musste daher abgesichert und die Instrumente der Aussenpolitik an die neuen Strukturen der internationalen Beziehungen angepasst werden. Reichhaltige in- und ausländische Archivquellen belegen die Herausbildung einer netzwerkorientierten Aussenpolitik als ein in Vergessenheit geratenes Charakteristikum schweizerischer Aussenpolitik, das derzeit als historische Wurzeln der Globalisierung neue Bedeutung zu gewinnen beginnt. Das Buch untersucht sowohl quantitativ als auch qualitativ die schweizerische Beteiligung an internationalen Organisationen und die offizielle Teilnahme an internationalen Konferenzen und Kongressen in der Zeit von 1914 bis 1950. Die Zeit der Krisen und Kriege erlaubt die Stabilität der internationalen Netzwerke zu diskutieren und die aussenpolitischen Reaktionen auf faschistische und nationalsozialistische Unterwanderung zu untersuchen. Dabei wird die Wechselwirkung zwischen Aussenpolitik und Netzwerken während der Weltkriege ebenso thematisiert wie deren Bedeutung bei der Transformation der internationalen Beziehungen zum UN-System.

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BACKGROUND Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the backbone of osteoarthritis pain management. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of different preparations and doses of NSAIDs on osteoarthritis pain in a network meta-analysis. METHODS For this network meta-analysis, we considered randomised trials comparing any of the following interventions: NSAIDs, paracetamol, or placebo, for the treatment of osteoarthritis pain. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and the reference lists of relevant articles for trials published between Jan 1, 1980, and Feb 24, 2015, with at least 100 patients per group. The prespecified primary and secondary outcomes were pain and physical function, and were extracted in duplicate for up to seven timepoints after the start of treatment. We used an extension of multivariable Bayesian random effects models for mixed multiple treatment comparisons with a random effect at the level of trials. For the primary analysis, a random walk of first order was used to account for multiple follow-up outcome data within a trial. Preparations that used different total daily dose were considered separately in the analysis. To assess a potential dose-response relation, we used preparation-specific covariates assuming linearity on log relative dose. FINDINGS We identified 8973 manuscripts from our search, of which 74 randomised trials with a total of 58 556 patients were included in this analysis. 23 nodes concerning seven different NSAIDs or paracetamol with specific daily dose of administration or placebo were considered. All preparations, irrespective of dose, improved point estimates of pain symptoms when compared with placebo. For six interventions (diclofenac 150 mg/day, etoricoxib 30 mg/day, 60 mg/day, and 90 mg/day, and rofecoxib 25 mg/day and 50 mg/day), the probability that the difference to placebo is at or below a prespecified minimum clinically important effect for pain reduction (effect size [ES] -0·37) was at least 95%. Among maximally approved daily doses, diclofenac 150 mg/day (ES -0·57, 95% credibility interval [CrI] -0·69 to -0·46) and etoricoxib 60 mg/day (ES -0·58, -0·73 to -0·43) had the highest probability to be the best intervention, both with 100% probability to reach the minimum clinically important difference. Treatment effects increased as drug dose increased, but corresponding tests for a linear dose effect were significant only for celecoxib (p=0·030), diclofenac (p=0·031), and naproxen (p=0·026). We found no evidence that treatment effects varied over the duration of treatment. Model fit was good, and between-trial heterogeneity and inconsistency were low in all analyses. All trials were deemed to have a low risk of bias for blinding of patients. Effect estimates did not change in sensitivity analyses with two additional statistical models and accounting for methodological quality criteria in meta-regression analysis. INTERPRETATION On the basis of the available data, we see no role for single-agent paracetamol for the treatment of patients with osteoarthritis irrespective of dose. We provide sound evidence that diclofenac 150 mg/day is the most effective NSAID available at present, in terms of improving both pain and function. Nevertheless, in view of the safety profile of these drugs, physicians need to consider our results together with all known safety information when selecting the preparation and dose for individual patients. FUNDING Swiss National Science Foundation (grant number 405340-104762) and Arco Foundation, Switzerland.

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This study investigates the landscape evolution and soil development in the loess area near Regensburg between approximately 6000-2000 yr BP (radiocarbon years), Eastern Bavaria. The focus is on the question how man and climate influenced landscape evolution and what their relative significance was. The theoretical background concerning the factors that controlled prehistoric soil erosion in Middle Europe is summarized with respect to rainfall intensity and distribution, pedogenesis, Pleistocene relief, and prehistoric farming. Colluvial deposits , flood loams, and soils were studied at ten different and representative sites that served as archives of their respective palaeoenvironments. Geomorphological, sedimentological, and pedological methods were applied. According to the findings presented here, there was a high asynchronity of landscape evolution in the investigation area, which was due to prehistoric land-use patterns. Prehistoric land use and settlement caused highly difIerenciated phases of morphodynamic activity and stability in time and space. These are documented at the single catenas ofeach site. In general, Pleistocene relief was substantially lowered. At the same time smaller landforms such as dells and minor asymmetric valleys filled up and strongly transformed. However, there were short phases at many sites, forming short lived linear erosion features ('Runsen'), resulting from exceptional rainfalls. These forms are results of single events without showing regional trends. Generally, the onset of the sedimentation of colluvial deposits took place much earlier (usually 3500 yr BP (radiocarbon) and younger) than the formation of flood loams. Thus, the deposition of flood loams in the Kleine Laaber river valley started mainly as a consequence of iron age farming only at around 2500 yr BP (radiocarbon). A cascade system explains the different ages of colluvial deposits and flood loams: as a result of prehistoric land use, dells and other minor Pleistocene landforms were filled with colluvial sediments. After the filling of these primary sediment traps , eroded material was transported into flood plains, thus forming flood loams. But at the moment we cannot quantify the extent ofprehistoric soil erosion in the investigation area. The three factors that controlled the prehistoric Iandscapc evolution in the Ioess area near Regensburg are as follows: 1. The transformation from a natural to a prehistoric cultural landscape was the most important factor: A landscape with stable relief was changed into a highly morphodynamic one with soil erosion as the dominant process of this change. 2. The sediment traps of the pre-anthropogenic relief determined where the material originated from soil erosion was deposited: either sedimentation took place on the slopes or the filled sediment traps of the slopes rendered flood loam formation possible. Climatic influence of any importance can only be documented as the result of land use in connection with singular and/or statistic events of heavy rainfalls. Without human impact, no significant change in the Holocene landscape would have been possible.

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