[Archives de la Parole]. , Dhamar (Bengali Song) / William Sinkler Darby, collecteur ; Baboo Anghor Nath Chuckerbutty [i.e. Babu Aghore Nath Chakrabarty], chant ; accompagnement instrumental (sarangi et tablâ)

[Traditions. Asie. Inde]

[Archives de la Parole]. , Jhijit medley (Bengali Song) / William Sinkler Darby, collecteur ; Abdool Gafoor [i.e. Ustad Abdul Gafur], chant ; accompagnement instrumental (harmonium indien, tablâ, flûte)

[Traditions. Asie. Inde]

[Archives de la Parole]. , Piloo baroa (from Julia) : Bengali Song / William Sinkler Darby, collecteur ; Miss Bindoo Bala [i.e. Bindu Bala] (Adoron Theatre), chant ; accompagnement instrumental (harmonium indien, tablâ, flûte)

[Traditions. Asie. Inde]

Information retention during competitive interactions : siblings need to constantly repeat vocal displays

Memory is essential to adjust behaviour according to past experience. In societies where animals interact on numerous occasions, memory of previous social interactions may help optimise investment in competition. How long information about the resource holding potential and motivation to compete of conspecifics is retained depends on how fast the value of this information fades, but also on the cost and benefit of retaining information. Information retention has never been investigated in the context of interactions prevailing within the family and more specifically sibling competition. In the absence of parents, barn owl (Tyto alba) nestlings vocally compete for priority of access to the next indivisible food item brought by a parent. The finding that owlets eavesdrop on vocal interactions between siblings to adjust investment in vocalization once competing with them suggests that they memorize siblings' vocal interactions. Playback experiments showed that owlets take into account the past siblings' vocal performance that signals hunger for at least 15 min, but only if the performance was witnessed during a sufficiently long period of time (30 min). Moreover, using natural vocal exchanges in another set of individuals, we showed that sibling signalling was no more taken into account after a few minutes. This suggests that young barn owls need to continuously display their motivation to trigger siblings' withdrawal from the current competition. Repeating a vocal display may ensure its honesty. Studying the extent to which individuals retain past information is important to understand how individuals adjust their competitive investment over resources.

Efficiency and significance of multiple vocal signals in sibling competition

Animals can compete for resources by displaying various acoustic signals that may differentially affect the outcome of competition. We propose the hypothesis that the most efficient signal to deter opponents should be the one that most honestly reveals motivation to compete. We tested this hypothesis in the barn owl (Tyto alba) in which nestlings produce more calls of longer duration than siblings to compete for priority access to the indivisible prey item their parents will deliver next. Because nestlings increase call rate to a larger extent than call duration when they become hungrier, call rate would signal more accurately hunger level. This leads us to propose three predictions. First, a high number of calls should be more efficient in deterring siblings to compete than long calls. Second, the rate at which an individual calls should be more sensitive to variation in the intensity of the sibling vocal competition than the duration of its calls. Third, call rate should influence competitors' vocalization for a longer period of time than call duration. To test these three predictions we performed playback experiments by broadcasting to singleton nestlings calls of varying durations and at different rates. According to the first prediction, singleton nestlings became less vocal to a larger extent when we broadcasted more calls compared to longer calls. In line with the second prediction, nestlings reduced vocalization rate to a larger extent than call duration when we broadcasted more or longer calls. Finally, call rate had a longer influence on opponent's vocal behavior than call duration. Young animals thus actively and differentially use multiple signaling components to compete with their siblings over parental resources.

Correlations between vocal input and visual response apparently enhance presence in a virtual environment

This work investigates novel alternative means of interaction in a virtual environment (VE).We analyze whether humans can remap established body functions to learn to interact with digital information in an environment that is cross-sensory by nature and uses vocal utterances in order to influence (abstract) virtual objects. We thus establish a correlation among learning, control of the interface, and the perceived sense of presence in the VE. The application enables intuitive interaction by mapping actions (the prosodic aspects of the human voice) to a certain response (i.e., visualization). A series of single-user and multiuser studies shows that users can gain control of the intuitive interface and learn to adapt to new and previously unseen tasks in VEs. Despite the abstract nature of the presented environment, presence scores were generally very high.

BoBo mixing meseasurement at Belle using dilepton events tagged with a soft pion

L'expérience Belle, située dans le centre de recherche du KEK, au Japon, est consacrée principalement à l'étude de la violation de CP dans le système des mésons B. Elle est placée sur le collisionneur KEKB, qui produit des paires Banti-B. KEKB, l'une des deux « usines à B » actuellement en fonction, détient le record du nombre d'événements produits avec plus de 150 millions de paires. Cet échantillon permet des mesures d'une grande précision dans le domaine de la physique du méson B. C'est dans le cadre de ces mesures de précision que s'inscrit cette analyse. L'un des phénomènes remarquables de la physique des hautes énergies est la faculté qu'a l'interaction faible de coupler un méson neutre avec son anti-méson. Dans le présent travail, nous nous intéressons au méson B neutre couplé à l'anti-méson B neutre, avec une fréquence d'oscillation _md mesurable précisément. Outre la beauté de ce phénomène lui-même, une telle mesure trouve sa place dans la quête de l'origine de la violation de CP. Cette dernière n'est incluse que d'une façon peu satisfaisante dans le modèle standard des interactions électro-faibles. C'est donc la recherche de phénomènes physiques encore inexpliqués qui motive en premier lieu la collaboration Belle. Il existe déjà de nombreuses mesures de _md antérieures. Celle que nous présentons ici est cependant d'une précision encore jamais atteinte grâce, d'une part, à l'excellente performance de KEKB et, d'autre part, à une approche originale qui permet de réduire considérablement la contamination de la mesure par des événements indésirés. Cette approche fut déjà mise à profit par d'autres expériences, dans des conditions quelque peu différentes de celles de Belle. La méthode utilisée consiste à reconstruire partiellement l'un des mésons dans le canal ___D*(D0_)l_l, en n'utilisant que les informations relatives au lepton l et au pion _. L'information concernant l'autre méson de la paire Banti-B initiale n'est tirée que d'un seul lepton de haute énergie. Ainsi, l'échantillon à disposition ne souffre pas de grandes réductions dues à une reconstruction complète, tandis que la contamination due aux mésons B chargés, produits par KEKB en quantité égale aux B0, est fortement diminuée en comparaison d'une analyse inclusive. Nous obtenons finalement le résultat suivant : _md = 0.513±0.006±0.008 ps^-1, la première erreur étant l'erreur statistique et la deuxième, l'erreur systématique.<br/><br/>The Belle experiment is located in the KEK research centre (Japan) and is primarily devoted to the study of CP violation in the B meson sector. Belle is placed on the KEKB collider, one of the two currently running "B-meson factories", which produce Banti-B pairs. KEKB has created more than 150 million pairs in total, a world record for this kind of colliders. This large sample allows very precise measurements in the physics of beauty mesons. The present analysis falls within the framework of these precise measurements. One of the most remarkable phenomena in high-energy physics is the ability of weak interactions to couple a neutral meson to its anti-meson. In this work, we study the coupling of neutral B with neutral anti-B meson, which induces an oscillation of frequency _md we can measure accurately. Besides the interest of this phenomenon itself, this measurement plays an important role in the quest for the origin of CP violation. The standard model of electro-weak interactions does not include CP violation in a fully satisfactory way. The search for yet unexplained physical phenomena is, therefore, the main motivation of the Belle collaboration. Many measurements of _md have previously been performed. The present work, however, leads to a precision on _md that was never reached before. This is the result of the excellent performance of KEKB, and of an original approach that allows to considerably reduce background contamination of pertinent events. This approach was already successfully used by other collaborations, in slightly different conditions as here. The method we employed consists in the partial reconstruction of one of the B mesons through the decay channel ___D*(D0_)l_l, where only the information on the lepton l and the pion _ are used. The information on the other B meson of the initial Banti-B pair is extracted from a single high-energy lepton. The available sample of Banti-B pairs thus does not suffer from large reductions due to complete reconstruction, nor does it suffer of high charged B meson background, as in inclusive analyses. We finally obtain the following result: _md = 0.513±0.006±0.008 ps^-1, where the first error is statistical, and the second, systematical.<br/><br/>De quoi la matière est-elle constituée ? Comment tient-elle ensemble ? Ce sont là les questions auxquelles la recherche en physique des hautes énergies tente de répondre. Cette recherche est conduite à deux niveaux en constante interaction. D?une part, des modèles théoriques sont élaborés pour tenter de comprendre et de décrire les observations. Ces dernières, d?autre part, sont réalisées au moyen de collisions à haute énergie de particules élémentaires. C?est ainsi que l?on a pu mettre en évidence l?existence de quatre forces fondamentales et de 24 constituants élémentaires, classés en « quarks » et « leptons ». Il s?agit là de l?une des plus belles réussites du modèle en usage aujourd?hui, appelé « Modèle Standard ». Il est une observation fondamentale que le Modèle Standard peine cependant à expliquer, c?est la disparition quasi complète de l?anti-matière (le « négatif » de la matière). Au niveau fondamental, cela doit correspondre à une asymétrie entre particules (constituants de la matière) et antiparticules (constituants de l?anti-matière). On l?appelle l?asymétrie (ou violation) CP. Bien qu?incluse dans le Modèle Standard, cette asymétrie n?est que partiellement prise en compte, semble-t-il. En outre, son origine est inconnue. D?intenses recherches sont donc aujourd?hui entreprises pour mettre en lumière cette asymétrie. L?expérience Belle, au Japon, en est une des pionnières. Belle étudie en effet les phénomènes physiques liés à une famille de particules appelées les « mésons B », dont on sait qu?elles sont liées de près à l?asymétrie CP. C?est dans le cadre de cette recherche que se place cette thèse. Nous avons étudié une propriété remarquable du méson B neutre : l?oscillation de ce méson avec son anti-méson. Cette particule est de se désintégrer pour donner l?antiparticule associée. Il est clair que cette oscillation est rattachée à l?asymétrie CP. Nous avons ici déterminé avec une précision encore inégalée la fréquence de cette oscillation. La méthode utilisée consiste à caractériser une paire de mésons B à l?aide de leur désintégration comprenant un lepton chacun. Une plus grande précision est obtenue en recherchant également une particule appelée le pion, et qui provient de la désintégration d?un des mésons. Outre l?intérêt de ce phénomène oscillatoire en lui-même, cette mesure permet d?affiner, directement ou indirectement, le Modèle Standard. Elle pourra aussi, à terme, aider à élucider le mystère de l?asymétrie entre matière et anti-matière.

Transition aux soins adultes : une vue d'ensemble [Transition to adult care: an overview]

De nos jours, près de 90% des enfants atteints d'une maladie chronique survivent au-delà de l'âge de vingt ans et doivent passer de la pédiatrie aux soins adultes et de l'enfance à l'adolescence et à l'âge adulte. Selon la Society for Adolescent Medicine and Health (SAHM), les objectifs d'une transition organisée et coordonnée aux soins adultes pour les jeunes malades chroniques devraient permettre d'optimiser leur santé et de faciliter la réalisation de leur potentiel maximal.1 En conséquence, bien que le but principal de la transition soit la continuité des soins, elle n'est pas limitée au transfert (le passage de l'information et du patient de la pédiatrie aux soins adultes) mais est beaucoup plus large et inclut la préparation à la vie adulte. Ainsi donc, la transition devrait commencer tôt pendant l'adolescence, finir quand le patient devient un jeune adulte et englober trois parties : une phase de préparation en pédiatrie, une de transfert de la pédiatrie aux soins adultes et une dernière d'engagement aux soins adultes. Nowadays nearly 90% of children with a chronic condition survive to adulthood and must make the transition from pediatric to adult care. This transition must include not only the continuity of care but also the preparation for adult life so that these young people can develop their full potential. Divided into three phases (preparation, transfer and engagement), the transition process should be adapted to adolescents and ensure access to quality care.

Estimating 750 years of temperature variations and uncertainties in the Pyrenees by tree-ring reconstructions and climate simulations.

Past temperature variations are usually inferred from proxy data or estimated using general circulation models. Comparisons between climate estimations derived from proxy records and from model simulations help to better understand mechanisms driving climate variations, and also offer the possibility to identify deficiencies in both approaches. This paper presents regional temperature reconstructions based on tree-ring maximum density series in the Pyrenees, and compares them with the output of global simulations for this region and with regional climate model simulations conducted for the target region. An ensemble of 24 reconstructions of May-to-September regional mean temperature was derived from 22 maximum density tree-ring site chronologies distributed over the larger Pyrenees area. Four different tree-ring series standardization procedures were applied, combining two detrending methods: 300-yr spline and the regional curve standardization (RCS). Additionally, different methodological variants for the regional chronology were generated by using three different aggregation methods. Calibration verification trials were performed in split periods and using two methods: regression and a simple variance matching. The resulting set of temperature reconstructions was compared with climate simulations performed with global (ECHO-G) and regional (MM5) climate models. The 24 variants of May-to-September temperature reconstructions reveal a generally coherent pattern of inter-annual to multi-centennial temperature variations in the Pyrenees region for the last 750 yr. However, some reconstructions display a marked positive trend for the entire length of the reconstruction, pointing out that the application of the RCS method to a suboptimal set of samples may lead to unreliable results. Climate model simulations agree with the tree-ring based reconstructions at multi-decadal time scales, suggesting solar variability and volcanism as the main factors controlling preindustrial mean temperature variations in the Pyrenees. Nevertheless, the comparison also highlights differences with the reconstructions, mainly in the amplitude of past temperature variations and in the 20th century trends. Neither proxy-based reconstructions nor model simulations are able to perfectly track the temperature variations of the instrumental record, suggesting that both approximations still need further improvements.

Improved predictive mapping of indoor radon concentrations using ensemble regression trees based on automatic clustering of geological units.

PURPOSE: According to estimations around 230 people die as a result of radon exposure in Switzerland. This public health concern makes reliable indoor radon prediction and mapping methods necessary in order to improve risk communication to the public. The aim of this study was to develop an automated method to classify lithological units according to their radon characteristics and to develop mapping and predictive tools in order to improve local radon prediction. METHOD: About 240 000 indoor radon concentration (IRC) measurements in about 150 000 buildings were available for our analysis. The automated classification of lithological units was based on k-medoids clustering via pair-wise Kolmogorov distances between IRC distributions of lithological units. For IRC mapping and prediction we used random forests and Bayesian additive regression trees (BART). RESULTS: The automated classification groups lithological units well in terms of their IRC characteristics. Especially the IRC differences in metamorphic rocks like gneiss are well revealed by this method. The maps produced by random forests soundly represent the regional difference of IRCs in Switzerland and improve the spatial detail compared to existing approaches. We could explain 33% of the variations in IRC data with random forests. Additionally, the influence of a variable evaluated by random forests shows that building characteristics are less important predictors for IRCs than spatial/geological influences. BART could explain 29% of IRC variability and produced maps that indicate the prediction uncertainty. CONCLUSION: Ensemble regression trees are a powerful tool to model and understand the multidimensional influences on IRCs. Automatic clustering of lithological units complements this method by facilitating the interpretation of radon properties of rock types. This study provides an important element for radon risk communication. Future approaches should consider taking into account further variables like soil gas radon measurements as well as more detailed geological information.

Nonverbal social sensing in action: Unobtrusive recording and extracting of nonverbal behavior in social interactions illustrated with a research example

Nonverbal behavior coding is typically conducted by "hand". To remedy this time and resource intensive undertaking, we illustrate how nonverbal social sensing, defined as the automated recording and extracting of nonverbal behavior via ubiquitous social sensing platforms, can be achieved. More precisely, we show how and what kind of nonverbal cues can be extracted and to what extent automated extracted nonverbal cues can be validly obtained with an illustrative research example. In a job interview, the applicant's vocal and visual nonverbal immediacy behavior was automatically sensed and extracted. Results show that the applicant's nonverbal behavior can be validly extracted. Moreover, both visual and vocal applicant nonverbal behavior predict recruiter hiring decision, which is in line with previous findings on manually coded applicant nonverbal behavior. Finally, applicant average turn duration, tempo variation, and gazing best predict recruiter hiring decision. Results and implications of such a nonverbal social sensing for future research are discussed.

Entraînement à faire face au stress professionnel pour les personnes avec un retard intellectuel : une étude pilote / Training to cope with workplace stress for people with mild intellectual disability: a pilot study

Cette étude pilote cherche à tester la faisabilité de l'entraînement à la cohérence cardiaque avec des personnes atteintes d'un retard intellectuel dans le cadre d'un atelier protégé. Un entraînement à la cohérence cardiaque est proposé aux participants volontaires pour une durée de deux semaines à la prise de travail, matin et après-midi. Une appréciation des effets de ces exercices respiratoires est effectuée avant et après entraînement par la mesure d'indices de variabilité cardiaque et une évaluation de la perception du stress professionnel. La comparaison des valeurs récoltées pré et post-entraînement révèle une amélioration significative dans l'activation de la branche parasympathique. L'évaluation des valeurs du RMSSD sont inversement corrélées à l'évaluation des participants de leurs stress perçu. Ensemble, nos résultats indiquent que la population atteinte de retard intellectuel est réceptive à l'apprentissage de la cohérence cardiaque et que la baisse de leur stress est liée à une hausse de l'activité inhibitrice parasympathique, plutôt qu'à une diminution de l'activité excitatrice sympathique. Les considérations offertes par cette étude exploratoire doivent être étayées, mais permettent d'ores et déjà d'ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives dans la prise en charge de populations pour lesquelles la gestion du stress est mal adaptée.

Elders and the ITCs use to communicate with children and grandchildren

Past research in using ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) in interpersonal communication showed that age plays an important role. There is a general assumption that the elderly are left behind regarding the adoption and the use of ICTs. Furthermore, elders tend to use ICTs mainly for instrumental purposes and the use is rather non-sophisticated. When elders are using ICTs to maintain their social network, similar patterns could be found: They start using internet, or intensify its use, when their children move abroad while they might decrease using the tool if the motivation ends. In this research we explore elders' incentives to go online and use internet services to communicate; the type of agencies they use to communicate with children and grandchildren abroad; and the situations that make them stop using the ICTs or even reject internet mediated communications. We base our discussion on the empirical evidence the two authors gathered in different cities and countries: Barcelona, Romania, Toronto, Los Angeles, Montevideo and Lima, through semi-structured interviews and observation, with people aged 60 years old and over. The results show that the ability for using ICT tools in an autonomous way is a better explanation than age. In this, we distinguish between assisted users and autonomous users. We found that oldest seniors and those seniors who are less socially active are more likely to be assisted users than those who are socially or professionally active. For them communication with their children and grandchildren abroad follows no agency or it is mediated by significant others from their local social network, who are able to use ICTs and select specific information to share, in the second step, with the elder. For some younger participants the use of ICTs is rather situational and imposed by their children or grandchildren, who installed the tool in the first place and assisted them in using it. Finally, other elders describe a proficient and independent use of ICTs so they use the devices and services the way they want to.We discuss the implications of the patterns in using ICTs, for elders' social life and their relationships with children and grandchildren. First, we emphasis the fact that those elders rejecting the ICTs or being unskilled in using them to communicate might be left out from their family circle, particularly when children are abroad -they would experience more isolation. Second, we underline the fact that when children and grandchildren are the ones that control the ICTs used by their parents and grandparents, they are controlling also the information flow and this will redefine the power relations between elders and their younger relatives.

On Variational Ensemble Kalman Filtering

The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and four dimensional assimilation variational method (4D-VAR) are both advanced data assimilation methods. The EKF is impractical in large scale problems and 4D-VAR needs much effort in building the adjoint model. In this work we have formulated a data assimilation method that will tackle the above difficulties. The method will be later called the Variational Ensemble Kalman Filter (VEnKF). The method has been tested with the Lorenz95 model. Data has been simulated from the solution of the Lorenz95 equation with normally distributed noise. Two experiments have been conducted, first with full observations and the other one with partial observations. In each experiment we assimilate data with three-hour and six-hour time windows. Different ensemble sizes have been tested to examine the method. There is no strong difference between the results shown by the two time windows in either experiment. Experiment I gave similar results for all ensemble sizes tested while in experiment II, higher ensembles produce better results. In experiment I, a small ensemble size was enough to produce nice results while in experiment II the size had to be larger. Computational speed is not as good as we would want. The use of the Limited memory BFGS method instead of the current BFGS method might improve this. The method has proven succesful. Even if, it is unable to match the quality of analyses of EKF, it attains significant skill in forecasts ensuing from the analysis it has produced. It has two advantages over EKF; VEnKF does not require an adjoint model and it can be easily parallelized.

Integração de técnicas analíticas e proposta de experimentos para cursos de graduação em análise instrumental: uso de espectrômetro de absorção atômica para medidas de absorção molecular

Simple experiments are proposed for measuring molecular absorption of chromate and dichromate ions using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The experiments can help undergraduate students in instrumental analysis courses understand important aspects involving conceptual and instrumental similarities and differences between frequently used analytical techniques. Hollow cathode lamps were selected with wavelengths in the region of molecular absorption of chromate and dichromate. Calibration curves were obtained and the linear dynamic range was evaluated. Results were compared with those obtained in a molecular absorption spectrometer. The molar absorptivities obtained were also compared.