868 resultados para Vertical crustal motion
Resumo:
La propagación frecuente de ondas Kelvin de hundimiento o “downwelling” atrapadas a la costa, suele caracterizar la ocurrencia de El Niño costero frente al Perú. Estas ondas causan la elevación del nivel del mar y se asocian a la profundización de la estructura vertical sub-superficial de la columna de agua, influenciando en la fertilidad del afloramiento costero. En el presente estudio se describe la variabilidad mensual de la estructura vertical de la columna de agua frente a la costa de Paita-Piura y se comparan con anomalías del nivel del mar frente a Galápagos y en la costa norte del país. Para tal propósito se calculó una climatología con la base de datos histórica de temperatura del punto fijo de Paita, puesta a disposición por el Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute (MBARI), para el periodo 1994-2010. Luego de la remoción de datos extremos dudosos, se realizó una interpolación vertical de los datos cada 10 m y una climatología de los datos a frecuencia mensual. La serie de tiempo de anomalía de temperatura muestra una gran consistencia con el arribo de ondas Kelvin a las costa de Sudamérica, por lo cual su monitoreo es de gran utilidad para la alerta temprana de El Niño.
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OBJECTIVE: Diaphragmatic navigators are frequently used in free-breathing coronary MR angiography, either to gate or prospectively correct slice position or both. For such approaches, a constant relationship between coronary and diaphragmatic displacement throughout the respiratory cycle is assumed. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between diaphragmatic and coronary artery motion during free breathing. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A real-time echoplanar MR imaging sequence was used in 12 healthy volunteers to obtain 30 successive images each (one per cardiac cycle) that included the left main coronary artery and the domes of both hemidiaphragms. The coronary artery and diaphragm positions (relative to isocenter) were determined and analyzed for effective diaphragmatic gating windows of 3, 5, and 7 mm (diaphragmatic excursions of 0-3, 0-5, and 0-7 mm from the end-expiratory position, respectively). RESULTS: Although the mean slope correlating the displacement of the right diaphragm and the left main coronary artery was approximately 0.6 for all diaphragmatic gating windows, we also found great variability among individual volunteers. Linear regression slopes varied from 0.17 to 0.93, and r2 values varied from .04 to .87. CONCLUSION: Wide individual variability exists in the relationship between coronary and diaphragmatic respiratory motion during free breathing. Accordingly, coronary MR angiographic approaches that use diaphragmatic navigator position for prospective slice correction may benefit from patient-specific correction factors. Alternatively, coronary MR angiography may benefit from a more direct assessment of the respiratory displacement of the heart and coronary arteries, using left ventricular navigators.
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Here I develop a model of a radiative-convective atmosphere with both radiative and convective schemes highly simplified. The atmospheric absorption of radiation at selective wavelengths makes use of constant mass absorption coefficients in finite width spectral bands. The convective regime is introduced by using a prescribed lapse rate in the troposphere. The main novelty of the radiative-convective model developed here is that it is solved without using any angular approximation for the radiation field. The solution obtained in the purely radiation mode (i. e. with convection ignored) leads to multiple equilibria of stable states, being very similar to some results recently found in simple models of planetary atmospheres. However, the introduction of convective processes removes the multiple equilibria of stable states. This shows the importance of taking convective processes into account even for qualitative analyses of planetary atmosphere
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We investigate the hypothesis that the atmosphere is constrained to maximize its entropy production by using a one-dimensional (1-D) vertical model. We prescribe the lapse rate in the convective layer as that of the standard troposphere. The assumption that convection sustains a critical lapse rate was absent in previous studies, which focused on the vertical distribution of climatic variables, since such a convective adjustment reduces the degrees of freedom of the system and may prevent the application of the maximum entropy production (MEP) principle. This is not the case in the radiative–convective model (RCM) developed here, since we accept a discontinuity of temperatures at the surface similar to that adopted in many RCMs. For current conditions, the MEP state gives a difference between the ground temperature and the air temperature at the surface ≈10 K. In comparison, conventional RCMs obtain a discontinuity ≈2 K only. However, the surface boundary layer velocity in the MEP state appears reasonable (≈3 m s-¹). Moreover, although the convective flux at the surface in MEP states is almost uniform in optically thick atmospheres, it reaches a maximum value for an optical thickness similar to current conditions. This additional result may support the maximum convection hypothesis suggested by Paltridge (1978)
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In the NW Himalaya of India, high-grade metamorphic rocks of the High Himalayan Crystalline Zone (HHCZ) are exposed as a 50 km large dome along the Miyar and Gianbul valleys. This Gianbul dome is cored by migmatitic paragneiss formed at peak conditions around 750 degreesC and 8 kbar, and symmetrically surrounded by sillimanite, kyanite +/- staurolite, garnet, biotite, and chlorite Barrovian mineral zones. Thermobarometric and structural investigations reveal that the Gianbul dome results from a polyphase tectono-metamorphic evolution. The first phase corresponds to the NE-directed thrusting of the Shikar Beh nappe, that is responsible for the Barrovian prograde metamorphic field gradient in the southern limb of the dome. In the northern limb of the dome, the Barrovian prograde metamorphism is the consequence of a second tectonic phase, associated with the SW-directed thrusting of the Nyimaling-Tsarap nappe. Following these crustal thickening events, exhumation and doming of the HHCZ high-grade rocks were controlled by extension along the north-dipping Zanskar Shear Zone, in the frontal part of the Nyimaling-Tsarap nappe, as well as by coeval to late extension along the south-dipping Khanjar Shear Zone, in the southern limb of the Gianbul dome. Rapid syn-convergence extension along both of these detachments induced a nearly isothermal decompression, resulting in a high-temperature/low-pressure metamorphic overprint, as well as enhanced partial melting. Such a rapid exhumation within a compressional orogenic context appears unlikely to be controlled solely by granitic diapirism. Alternatively, large-scale doming in the Himalaya could reflect a sub-vertical ductile extrusion of partially melted rocks.
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A common problem in video surveys in very shallow waters is the presence of strong light fluctuations, due to sun light refraction. Refracted sunlight casts fast moving patterns, which can significantly degrade the quality of the acquired data. Motivated by the growing need to improve the quality of shallow water imagery, we propose a method to remove sunlight patterns in video sequences. The method exploits the fact that video sequences allow several observations of the same area of the sea floor, over time. It is based on computing the image difference between a given reference frame and the temporal median of a registered set of neighboring images. A key observation is that this difference will have two components with separable spectral content. One is related to the illumination field (lower spatial frequencies) and the other to the registration error (higher frequencies). The illumination field, recovered by lowpass filtering, is used to correct the reference image. In addition to removing the sunflickering patterns, an important advantage of the approach is the ability to preserve the sharpness in corrected image, even in the presence of registration inaccuracies. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated in image sets acquired under strong camera motion containing non-rigid benthic structures. The results testify the good performance and generality of the approach
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The relief of the seafloor is an important source of data for many scientists. In this paper we present an optical system to deal with underwater 3D reconstruction. This system is formed by three cameras that take images synchronously in a constant frame rate scheme. We use the images taken by these cameras to compute dense 3D reconstructions. We use Bundle Adjustment to estimate the motion ofthe trinocular rig. Given the path followed by the system, we get a dense map of the observed scene by registering the different dense local reconstructions in a unique and bigger one
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UBVRI photoelectric photometry is presented for 269 late spectral type, high proper motion stars belonging to the 'Lowell Proper Motion Survey' and included in the present version of the Hipparcos Input Catalogue. The observations and data reduction are described. The external errors obtained by comparison of the results with those obtained in other studies are presented.
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PURPOSE: To determine whether motion preservation following oblique cervical corpectomy (OCC) for cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) persists with serial follow-up. METHODS: We included 28 patients with preoperative and at least two serial follow-up neutral and dynamic cervical spine radiographs who underwent OCC for CSM. Patients with an ossified posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) were excluded. Changes in sagittal curvature, segmental and whole spine range of motion (ROM) were measured. Nathan's system graded anterior osteophyte formation. Neurological function was measured by Nurick's grade and modified Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scores. RESULTS: The majority (23 patients) had a single or 2-level corpectomy. The average duration of follow-up was 45 months. The Nurick's grade and the JOA scores showed statistically significant improvements after surgery (p < 0.001). 17% of patients with preoperative lordotic spines had a loss of lordosis at last follow-up, but with no clinical worsening. 77% of the whole spine ROM and 62% of segmental ROM was preserved at last follow-up. The whole spine and segmental ROM decreased by 11.2° and 10.9°, respectively (p ≤ 0.001). Patients with a greater range of segmental movement preoperatively had a statistically greater range of movement at follow-up. The analysis of serial radiographs indicated that the range of movement of the whole spine and the range of movement at the segmental spine levels significantly reduced during the follow-up period. Nathan's grade showed increase in osteophytosis in more than two-thirds of the patients (p ≤ 0.01). The whole spine range of movement at follow-up significantly correlated with Nathan's grade. CONCLUSIONS: Although the OCC preserves segmental and whole spine ROM, serial measurements show a progressive decrease in ROM albeit without clinical worsening. The reduction in this ROM is probably related to degenerative ossification of spinal ligaments.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a forma de espacialização vertical e horizontal dos indicadores de qualidade química, física e hídrica de um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico textura média, cultivado com citros. O pomar de laranjeira Valência sobre limoeiro Cravo foi plantado em 1995, em Alto Paraná, região noroeste do Paraná. Em agosto de 2002, coletaram-se amostras deformadas e indeformadas de solo para realizar determinações químicas, físicas e hídricas. A amostragem foi feita em 24 transeções perpendiculares aos troncos das laranjeiras, em duas profundidades (0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m) e em três posições (projeção da copa da laranjeira, rodado da entrelinha e centro da entrelinha). Os indicadores avaliados foram submetidos às análises multivariadas, por meio dos componentes principais, e agrupados pelo método de Tocher. Os resultados demonstraram que a qualidade do solo apresentou espacialização heterogênea entre os indicadores de qualidade física, química e hídrica do solo, resultante das ações de manejo do pomar de laranjeira. A integração dos indicadores de qualidade física, química e hídrica do solo caracterizou a espacialização vertical da qualidade do solo (0-0,40 m) na projeção da copa da laranjeira e a espacialização vertical e horizontal (0-0,20 e 0,20-0,40 m) no rodado da entrelinha e centro da entrelinha. No rodado da entrelinha (0-0,20 m) ocorreu a maior restrição física e hídrica associada à melhor condição química do solo para as laranjeiras.
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Os sedimentos transportados pelas águas barrentas do rio Guamá e a heterogeneidade dessas substâncias são responsáveis pela formação do solo e pela diversidade de características químicas na área inundável. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar os atributos físicos e químicos de um solo de várzea baixa do rio Guamá, em diferentes épocas, cultivado com canarana de Paramaribo (Echinochloa polystachya H.B.K) e canarana erecta lisa (Echinochloa pyramidales Lam). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (quatro profundidades e quatro épocas de amostragem), com seis repetições. Amostras compostas de solo foram coletadas em seis pontos eqüidistantes, a partir de uma transecção, nas profundidades de 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 e 30-40 cm, nos meses de maio, agosto e novembro/2002 e fevereiro/2003. Foram determinados a granulometria, matéria orgânica, pH em H2O, pH em KCl, P extraível, K trocável, Al trocável, Ca e Mg trocáveis e os micronutrientes: Cu, Mn, Zn e Fe. Os solos da área estudada estão inseridos na unidade dos Gleissolos e caracterizam-se por serem pouco desenvolvidos, mal drenados, normalmente ácidos, ocorrendo no perfil horizonte franco-argilo-siltoso. Houve influência da sazonalidade na composição química do solo; na época mais chuvosa e de inundação mais intensa da várzea, correspondente ao mês de fevereiro, observou-se aumento do pH nos teores de Cu e de Fe e decréscimos nos de Mg e de Al trocável; no período de menor umidade do solo, a saturação por bases e a CTC foram mais elevadas. O Fe foi o nutriente que apresentou maior variação nos seus teores com a inundação do solo, cujo aumento foi superior a 1.000 % no período de maior inundação do solo (fevereiro).
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A magnitude da mobilidade vertical dos nutrientes no perfil afeta o contato destes com as raízes e a lixiviação e, por isso, influencia a época e o método de aplicação dos fertilizantes ao solo. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a mobilidade de K em solos de acordo com o método de aplicação e a dose de cloreto de potássio. O experimento foi realizado em 1998, em colunas de lixiviação com 7,5 cm de diâmetro e 35 cm de altura. Os tratamentos consistiram de doses de K (0, 150 e 300 mg kg-1), aplicadas sobre a superfície ou incorporadas até 15 cm de profundidade em dois solos ácidos. A cada sete dias, durante oito semanas, foram adicionados 300 mL de água destilada sobre a superfície de cada coluna. A solução percolada foi coletada no dia seguinte, e nela foram determinados o volume e as concentrações de Ca, Mg e K. A aplicação de KCl sobre a superfície dos solos promoveu a descida de K para profundidades superiores a 10 cm. Apesar disso, a lixiviação de K foi pequena, porém aumentou com a dose e com a incorporação do fertilizante ao solo e foi mais intensa nas primeiras percolações. A adição de KCl aumentou expressivamente a percolação de Ca e Mg durante as cinco primeiras percolações, o que pode representar aumento temporário na disponibilidade desses cátions às plantas, pois coincide com o período de implantação das culturas, em que a exigência das plantas por nutrientes é alta. Mesmo nesses solos com alto tamponamento, a adição de K sobre a superfície promoveu bom aprofundamento do nutriente no perfil sem, contudo, proporcionar grande lixiviação.