Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in Latin America: Chile

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in Latin America: Colombia

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in Latin America: Peru

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in Latin America: Brazil

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in Latin America: Argentina

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in Latin America: El Salvador

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in Latin America: Mexico

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in East Asia: Japan

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in East Asia: China

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in East Asia: Singapore

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in East Asia: Republic of Korea

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in East Asia: Thailand

Includes bibliography

Information and communication technology (ICT) for development of small and medium-sized exporters in East Asia: Viet Nam

Includes bibliography

Development and validation of a microbiological agar assay for determination of orbifloxacin in pharmaceutical preparations

Orbifloxacin is a fluoroquinolone with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, and belongs to the third generation of quinolones. Regarding the quality control of medicines, a validated microbiological assay for determination of orbifloxacin in pharmaceutical formulations has not as yet been reported. For this purpose, this paper reports the development and validation of a simple, sensitive, accurate and reproducible agar diffusion method to quantify orbifloxacin in tablet formulations. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of orbifloxacin upon the strain of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 used as test microorganism. The results were treated statistically by analysis of variance and were found to be linear (r = 0.9992) in the selected range of 16.0-64.0 μg/mL, precise with relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeatability intraday = 2.88%, intermediate precision RSD = 3.33%, and accurate (100.31%). The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed bioassay, which allows reliable orbifloxacin quantitation in pharmaceutical samples and therefore can be used as a useful alternative methodology for the routine quality control of this medicine. © 2011 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Development and validation of a successful microbiological agar assay for determination of ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution

Ceftriaxone sodium is a cephalosporin with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and belongs to the third generation of cephalosporins. Regarding the quality control of medicines, a validated microbiological assay for the determination of ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution has not been reported yet. This paper reports the development and validation of a simple, accurate and reproducible agar diffusion method to quantify ceftriaxone sodium in powder for injectable solution. The assay is based on the inhibitory effect of ceftriaxone sodium on the strain of Bacillus subtilis ATCC 9371 IAL 1027 used as test microorganism. The results were treated statistically by analysis of variance and were found to be linear (r = 0.999) in the selected range of 15.0-60.0 μg/mL, precise with a relative standard deviation (RSD) of repeatability intraday = 1.40%, accurate (100.46%) and robust with a RSD lower than 1.28%. The results demonstrated the validity of the proposed bioassay, which allows reliable ceftriaxone sodium quantitation in pharmaceutical samples and therefore can be used as a useful alternative methodology for the routine quality control of this medicine. © 2012 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.