Consumo e digestibilidade em bovinos em pastejo durante o período das águas sob suplementação com fontes de compostos nitrogenados e de carboidratos

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes formas químicas de compostos nitrogenados (proteicos e não-proteicos) e de carboidratos (amiláceos e fibra solúvel) sobre o consumo, a digestibilidade e a síntese ruminal de proteína microbiana em bovinos sob suplementação durante o período das águas. Foram utilizados cinco novilhos mestiços Holandês × Zebu, com peso vivo (PV) médio inicial de 211 ± 35 kg, fistulados no rúmen e abomaso. Os tratamentos foram: controle (somente pasto); e suplementos formulados à base de milho + farelo de soja; milho + ureia; polpa cítrica + farelo de soja; e polpa cítrica + ureia. Os suplementos foram balanceados para apresentar 30% de proteína bruta (PB), com base na matéria seca (MS), e fornecidos na quantidade de 3 g/kg PV. O experimento foi conduzido segundo delineamento em quadrado latino 5 × 5, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 + 1, composto de duas fontes de compostos nitrogenados, duas fontes de carboidratos e tratamento controle. O consumo de pasto reduziu com o fornecimento de suplementos, com coeficiente médio de substituição de 2,11 g de MS de pasto/g de MS de suplemento. A suplementação não alterou os coeficientes de digestibilidade total e ruminação da MS nem o teor dietético de nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT). Os animais sob suplementação apresentaram maiores coeficientes de digestibilidade total e ruminal da proteína bruta. A eficiência de síntese de proteína microbiana (EFSM), média de 123,1 g PB microbiana/kg de NDT, não foi alterada pela suplementação. Contudo, os animais sob suplementação com milho apresentaram maior EFSM em comparação aos animais sob suplementação com polpa cítrica (137,6 e 106,1 g PB microbiana/kg de NDT, respectivamente). A suplementação proteico-energética para bovinos mantidos em pastos tropicais durante o período das águas não causa benefícios nutricionais, o que reflete o alto coeficiente de substituição da forragem pelo suplemento.

Parâmetros ruminais e desaparecimento da FDN da forragem em bovinos suplementados em pastagem na estação das águas

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar o efeito de suplementos concentrados com diferentes degradabilidades da proteína (alta-75%, média-55% e baixa-35%) e o efeito da quantidade dos mesmos (0,5, 1,0 e 1,5 kg de MS/dia) sobre os parâmetros ruminais (pH e N-NH3) e o desaparecimento da FDN da forragem em bovinos pastejando Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu no período das águas. Foram utilizados dez bovinos canulados no rúmen com peso médio de 463 kg num esquema fatorial 3 x 3 com três repetições (blocos). A técnica do saco de náilon e a simulação do pastejo foram usadas para alcançar a cinética de degradação da FDN da forragem. Foram determinadas as concentrações N-NH3 e o pH ruminais durante dois dias, em vários horários. Não houve efeito dos suplementos, tampouco da quantidade destes sobre o desaparecimento da FDN da forragem, mas houve para os diferentes tempos de incubação, alcançando o potencial máximo de degradação (67,58%) às 96 horas de incubação. O pH ruminal variou de 5,7 a 7,4 com média de 6,48, não havendo efeito de tratamento e nem interação tratamento x tempo. Já para os horários de determinação houve diferenças significativas. Para o N-NH3 ruminal houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos, sendo as maiores concentrações observadas para aqueles que apresentavam maior degradabilidade da proteína. Os primeiros horários após a suplementação apresentavam um maior pico de N-NH3 e os picos do período da manhã foram maiores que os da tarde. As diferentes concentrações de N-NH3 ruminal não alteraram a degradação da fibra.

Proposta de localização de uma unidade de tratamento de óleo e gordura residual de fritura na cidade do Natal/RN para produção de biodiesel

This work addresses biodiesel by transesterification from the use of waste frying oil as a possible technological alternative for both reducing greenhouse gas emissions and by presenting themselves as an environmental call to designate a rational use of oil when no longer played in the environment to become renewable energy. It has proposed location of a residual oil and fat treatment plant to produce biodiesel, using models of Location and Routing for the improvement of routes. To achieve the goal, questionnaires were administered in establishments that use oil or vegetable fat in their productive activities in order to quantify the residue, to analyze actions and environmental perception of people who work directly with the residue on the destination you are being given to oil and fat used. It has indicated using of two single setup location, the method of Center of Gravity and the model of Ardalan, a geographical point that minimizes the costs of transporting waste to the treatment plant. Actions have been proposed for the improvement of collection routes this residue using the Routing Method of Scanning, as an illustration. The results demonstrated the lack of knowledge of the people who deal directly with large amounts of waste, on the environmental impacts caused by their incorrect disposal. The models used were uniform since point out to neighborhoods in similar regions. The neighborhoods of Lagoa Nova / Morro Branco (Ardalan) and Nova Descoberta (Center of Gravity) as ideal for the installation of treatment plant. However, it is suggested to be tested other models that take into account new variables than those used (supply of waste and the distance between points). The routing through the method of scanning has shown that it is possible, in a simple way to optimize routes in order to reduce distances and therefore the logistics costs in the collection of such waste. Introducing a route as a test to gather the twenty largest oil suppliers used in sample frying, using as a main factor time 8 hour of working shift every day

Efeitos da aplicação de efluente de tratamento de esgoto na fertilidade do solo e produtividade de pepino sob irrigação subsuperficial

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar técnicas para a aplicação de águas residuárias na agricultura, proporcionando melhor reutilização de água, recurso natural atualmente escasso e muito mal disponibilizado. Utilizou-se da cultura de pepino (Cucumis sativus L.) em estufa, com oito parcelas irrigadas com efluentes de tratamento de esgoto residencial e oito parcelas irrigadas com água tratada e distribuída pela SABESP (tratamento-testemunha), ambas abastecidas por sistema de irrigação subsuperficial, avaliando-se a produção média por planta, a fertilidade do solo e a disposição de nutrientes na água do solo. Nas análises do solo, verificaram-se maiores teores de P, K e CTC no solo irrigado com efluentes. Nesse mesmo tratamento, constataram-se os maiores teores de N, nitrato, Ca, Mg, Zn e S para as análises da água retida na matriz do solo. Quanto à produção total média por planta, as parcelas irrigadas com efluente apresentaram 2.769,6 g de matéria fresca, superior aos 1.968,6 g verificados no tratamento-testemunha, demonstrando a importância da utilização de efluente de esgoto para o fornecimento de nutrientes e aumento de produtividade.

Análise dos Processos de Flotação e Oxidação Avançada para o Tratamento de Efluente Modelo da Indústria do Petróleo

The generation of wastes in most industrial process is inevitable. In the petroleum industry, one of the greatest problems for the environment is the huge amount of produced water generated in the oil fields. This wastewater is a complex mixture and present great amounts. These effluents can be hazardous to the environmental without adequate treatment. This research is focused in the analysis of the efficiencies of the flotation and photo-oxidation processes to remove and decompose the organic compounds present in the produced water. A series of surfactants derivated from the laurilic alcohol was utilized in the flotation to promote the separation. The experiments have been performed with a synthetic wastewater, carefully prepared with xylene. The experimental data obtained using flotation presented a first order kinetic, identified by the quality of the linear data fitting. The best conditions were found at 0.029 g.L-1 for the surfactant EO 7, 0.05 g.L-1 for EO 8, 0.07 g.L-1 for EO 9, 0.045 g.L-1 for EO 10 and 0.08 g.L-1 for EO 23 with the following estimated kinetic constants: 0.1765, 0.1325, 0.1210, 0.1531 and 0.1699 min-1, respectively. For the series studied, the most suitable surfactant was the EO 7 due to the lower reagent onsumption, higher separation rate constant and higher removal efficiency of xylene in the aqueous phase (98%). Similarly to the flotation, the photo-Fenton process shows to be efficient for degradation of xylene and promoting the mineralization of the organic charge around 90% and 100% in 90 min

Avaliação do processo oxidativo avançado por permanganato de potássio no tratamento de solos contaminados com idrocarbonetos poliaromáticos

The soil contamination with petroleum is one of the major concern of industries operating in the field and also of environmental agencies. The petroleum consists mainly of alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. The most common examples of hydrocarbons polyaromatic are: naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, benzopyrene and their various isomers. These substances cause adverse effects on human and the environment. Thus, the main objective of this work is to study the advanced oxidation process using the oxidant potassium permanganate (KMnO4) for remediation of soils contaminated with two polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): anthracene and phenanthrene. This study was conducted at bench scale, where the first stage was at batch experiment, using the variables: the time and oxidant dosage in the soil. The second stage was the remediation conducted in continous by a fix column, to this stage, the only variable was remediation time. The concentration of oxidant in this stage was based on the best result obtained in the tests at batch, 2,464 mg / L. The results of degradation these contaminants were satisfactory, at the following dosages and time: (a) 5g of oxidant per kg soil for 48 hours, it was obtained residual contaminants 28 mg phenanthrene and 1.25 mg anthracene per kg of soil and (b) for 7g of oxidant per kg soil in 48 hours remaining 24 mg phenanthrene and anthracene 0.77 mg per kg soil, and therefore below the intervention limit residential and industrial proposed by the State Company of Environmental Sao Paulo (CETESB)

Estudo de um sistema híbrido de destilação solar para polimento de águas produzidas

The oil industry, experiencing a great economic and environmental impact, has increasingly invested in researches aiming a more satisfactory treatment of its largest effluent, i.e., produced water. These are mostly discarded at sea, without reuse and after a basic treatment. Such effluent contains a range of organic compounds with high toxicity and are difficult to remove, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, salts, heavy metals, etc.. The main objective of this work was to study the solar distillation of produced water pre-treated to remove salts and other contaminants trough of a hybrid system with a pre-heater. This developed apparatus was called solar system, which consists of a solar heater and a conventional distillation solar still. The first device consisted of a water tank, a solar flat plate collector and a thermal reservoir. The solar distillator is of simple effect, with 1m2 of flat area and 20° of inclination. This dissertation was divided in five steps: measurements in the solar system, i.e. temperatures and distillate flow rate and weather data; modeling and simulation of the system; study of vapor-liquid equilibrium of the synthetic wastewater by the aqueous solution of p-xylene; physical and chemical analyses of samples of the feed, distillate and residue, as well as climatology pertinent variables of Natal-RN. The solar system was tested separately, with the supply water, aqueous NaCl and synthetic oil produced water. Temperature measurements were taken every minute of the thermal reservoir, water tank and distillator (liquid and vapor phases). Data of solar radiation and rainfall were obtained from INPE (National Institute for Space Research). The solar pre-heater demonstrated to be effective for the liquid systems tested. The reservoir fluid had an average temperature of 58°C, which enabled the feed to be pre-heated in the distillator. The temperature profile in the solar distillator showed a similar behavior to daily solar radiation, with temperatures near 70°C. The distillation had an average yield of 2.4 L /day, i.e., an efficiency of 27.2%. Mathematical modeling aided the identification of the most important variables and parameters in the solar system. The study of the vapor-liquid equilibrium from Total Organic Carbon (TOC) analysis indicated heteroazeotropia and the vapor phase resulted more concentrated in p-xylene. The physical-chemical analysis of pH, conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), chlorides, cations (including heavy metals) and anions, the effluent distillate showed satisfactory results, which presents a potential for reuse. The climatological study indicates the region of Natal-RN as favorable to the operation of solar systems, but the use of auxiliary heating during periods of higher rainfall and cloud cover is also recommended

Flotação por ar dissolvido na clarificação de águas com baixa turbidez utilizando sulfato de alumínio e sementes de Moringa oleifera como coagulantes

This work aims to investigate the process of Dissolved air Flotation (DAF) for clarifying water samples with low turbidity using aluminum sulphate and Moringa oleifera seeds as coagulants. The experimental procedure was carried out in a bench scale flotation unit. The influences on the pre-treatment conditions (coagulant dosage and flocculation time) and flotation parameters (superficial application rate and recirculation rate) were evaluated considering the efficiency of the process. The efficiency was evaluated by determining the turbidity of the untreated and treated water samples. The results obtained showed that turbidity reduction can be obtained very efficiently by using DAF and the latter coagulant in low turbidity water. Using aluminum sulphate in pH´s 5.0 and 6.0 better efficiencies were obtained with low concentrations (15 mg/L), achieving values of 92% of turbidity reduction. In the case of use of Moringa oleifera better efficiencies of reduction of turbidity were reported when using a concentration of 50 mg/L in all range of pH´s, achieving 86% of reduction. The zeta potential was also determined, in an attempt to aid comprehension of the coagulation mechanisms involved. The coagulation mechanisms with Moringa oleifera seeds were shown to be adsorption and charge neutralization, as well as adsorption and bridging. Concerning aluminum sulphate, the predominant mechanisms are adsorption and charge neutralization and enmeshment in a precipitate. The results indicate that for low turbidity water, Moringa oleifera seeds could potentially be a viable substitute for aluminum sulphate

Estudo da viabilidade da destilação solar para polimento de águas produzidas de petróleo

This work study of solar distillation feasibility in effluent of petroleum industry: produced water, making possible your reuse for irrigation of oleaginous cultures or fodder crops or in steam generation, as well the transport phenomena involved. The methodology for development of this project was to characterize the effluent to be treated and to accomplish physical and chemical analysis in the distilled, to build distillation equipment, concomitant operation of both equipments and implementation of data processing and economical evaluation. The methodology used for all parameters is outlined in APHA (1998) and sampling of the type compound. The feeding of distillation equipment was performed with treated effluent from UTPF of Guamaré. The temperature was monitored throughout the distillers and during the time of operation. The distillers feed occur, as a rule, for sifon. The distillers were operated by a period of 17 months between July 2007 and February 2009, in which 40 experiments were performed. The radiation and temperature datas were acquired in the INPE s site and the temperature inside of the distillers was registered by DATALOGGER Novus. The rates of condensation (mL / min) were determined by measuring of the flow in a graduate test tube of 10 mL and a chronometer. We used two simple solar effect distillers of passive type with different angles in coverage: 20 ° and 45 °. The results obtained in this study and the relevant discussions are divided into six topics: sample characterization and quality of distilled; construction of distillers; operation (data, temperature profile), climatic aspects, treatment of data and economical analysis. Results obtained can be inferred that: the energy loss by the adoption of vessel glass was not significant, however, complicates the logistics of maintenance the equipment on a large scale. In the other hand, the surface of the tub with a glass shield on the equipment deterioration, both devices showed similar performance, so there is not justified for use of equipment 450. With regard to the climatological study it was verified that the Natal city presents monthly medium radiation varying in a range between 350 and 600 W/m2, and medium of wind speed of 5 m / s. The medium humidity is around 70% and rainfall is very small. The regime of the system is transient and although it has been treated as a stationary system shows that the model accurately represents the distillers system's 20 degrees. The quality of the distilled with regard to the parameters evaluated in this study is consistent with the Class 3 waters of CONAMA (Resolution 357). Therefore we can conclude that solar distillation has viability for treat oilfield produced water when considered the technical and environmental aspects, although it is not economically viable

Influência das águas da Bacia Hidrográfica Pirangi na balneabilidade das praias de Pirangi, nos municípios de Nísia Floresta e Parnamirim Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The Pirangi beach is located in the eastern coastline of Rio Grande do Norte state, in the municipality of Parnamirim and Nísia Floresta. In it flow into Pirangi Watershed (PW), whose water receives large amounts of pollutants, mainly domestic and industrial sewage from districts where pass the rivers that consist it, compromising, thus, the bathing water quality of the Pirangi beach. Bearing in mind the importance of water sanitary quality to ensure an environment that no present risk to the bathers s health, this work had as main objective to assess the influence of the PW s waters in the bathing water quality of the Pirangi beaches. To that end, were made collections of water in the beaches and in the rivers with the intention of quantify the fecal contamination indicators thermotolerant coliforms and enterococci, to then classify the conditions of bathing water quality according with the CONAMA Resolution number 274 of 2000. For the purposes greater knowledge about the health conditions of the Beaches Pirangi and about the influence the PW s waters exert on it, was done parallely to the study of the water quality, an investigation of the sand sanitary quality. Furthermore, it was made an evaluation of the PW s Water Quality through Water Quality Index (WQI). Starting from the results obtained in the research present was possible to verify, among other aspects, that the entry of the PW s waters in the Pirangi beaches exerts direct influence in the bathing water quality of the same ones, being the North Pirangi beach (point tracking PA-02) the most influenced. There was noticed also a significant reduction in the conditions of bathing water quality of the beaches in the rainy season. However, the precariousness do sewerage system of the Natal metropolitan region and the absence of a right system of treatment an final disposal of domestic sewage and industrial are the main factors responsi le for deterioration of the PW s Water Quality, and as a consequence, compromising the bathing water quality of the Pirangi beaches

Avaliação da genotoxicidade das águas sueprficiais da Barragem Engenheiro Armando Ribeiro Gonçalves, Assu/RN

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico

Diagnóstico ambiental das águas do estuário Jundiaí-Potengi pela determinação dos índices de qualidade da água e toxidez

This study is an environmental diagnosis of the Jundiaí-Potengi/RN estuarine system waters, using calculations of pollution indicator indices such as the Water Quality Index (WQI) and the Toxicity Index (TI). The samples were collected at twelve points on the estuary, at high and low tide, between August and November 2007, over four campaigns. The study area, located in a high impact region, has various activities on its banks such as: discharge of untreated or undertreated domestic and industrial sewage, shrimp farming, immunizer stabilization lakes, riverside communities, etc. All the parameters analyzed were compared to the limits of CONAMA Resolution No. 357 of 2005 for healthy and saline Class 1 waters. The results found prove the impact caused by various activities, mainly the parameters related to the presence of organic material, such as DQO, DBO, COT and thermotolerant colliforms. The IQA for most of the collection points was of medium quality. For the metals, although values above the Resolution limits were found, most of them were lower than the detection limits of ICP-OES used, indicating that they tend to be transported by the dynamic of the tides or rainfall and are deposited in bottom sediments, resulting in a TI of 1.0 in this water, when they are absent, which occurs in most cases, or 0.0, when heavy metals are found in these waters

Análise dos Processos de Flotação e Oxidação Avançada para o Tratamento de Efluente Modelo da Indústria do Petróleo

The generation of wastes in most industrial process is inevitable. In the petroleum industry, one of the greatest problems for the environment is the huge amount of produced water generated in the oil fields. This wastewater is a complex mixture and present great amounts. These effluents can be hazardous to the environmental without adequate treatment. This research is focused in the analysis of the efficiencies of the flotation and photo-oxidation processes to remove and decompose the organic compounds present in the produced water. A series of surfactants derivated from the laurilic alcohol was utilized in the flotation to promote the separation. The experiments have been performed with a synthetic wastewater, carefully prepared with xylene. The experimental data obtained using flotation presented a first order kinetic, identified by the quality of the linear data fitting. The best conditions were found at 0.029 g.L-1 for the surfactant EO 7, 0.05 g.L-1 for EO 8, 0.07 g.L-1 for EO 9, 0.045 g.L-1 for EO 10 and 0.08 g.L-1 for EO 23 with the following estimated kinetic constants: 0.1765, 0.1325, 0.1210, 0.1531 and 0.1699 min-1, respectively. For the series studied, the most suitablesurfactant was the EO 7 due to the lower reagent consumption, higher separation rate constant and higher removal efficiency of xylene in the aqueous phase (98%). Similarly to the flotation, the photo-Fenton process shows to be efficient for degradation of xylene and promoting the mineralization of the organic charge around 90% and 100% in 90 min

Balanço de massa de reatores anaeróbicos de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo (UASB) tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura

Foi obtido o balanço de massa, a partir dos valores médios das determinações de demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e produção de metano (CH4), em dois reatores UASB de bancada com volume de 10,5 L tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura, submetidos a condições operacionais distintas no que diz respeito às concentrações de sólidos suspensos totais do afluente (SST de 500; 1.000; 1.500 e 2.000 mg L-1), tempo de detenção hidráulica (TDH de 30; 20; 12 e 8 h), taxas de carregamento orgânico volumétrico (TCOV de 0,8 a 8,0 kg DQO total (m³ d)-1) e temperatura (ambiente e controlada a 25º e 30ºC). Verificou-se que a DQO total removida convertida em CH4 variou de 28 a 51% e a relação DQO-CH4 por DQO dissolvida removida de 0,94 a 2,07; indicando alta participação da remoção física dos sólidos do afluente, de 49 a 72%, na remoção de DQO total nos reatores, a qual variou de 75 a 92%. A concentração de SST do afluente, a temperatura, o TDH e a TCOV influenciaram nesse desempenho dos reatores UASB.

Desempenho de reatores anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente com manta de lodo em dois estágios tratando águas residuárias de suinocultura

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)