Alimentación, beneficencia y condiciones de vida en la industrialización: Olot, siglos XIX-XX

El renovado interés por el estudio de los niveles de vida en las investigaciones de Economía e Historia Económica, ha devuelto la atención de estas disciplinas al que debería ser su último referente. El desarrollo de aquel campo de estudio, además, ha reforzado las conexiones de aquellos ámbitos del conocimiento con otras ciencias, y esta circunstancia ha fomentado la formulación de nuevas preguntas y perspectivas analíticas. Esto es consecuencia del interés que tradicionalmente ha tenido entre muchos historiadores el estudio de los niveles de vida de la población, y de las diversas aportaciones que se han realizado sobre distintos aspectos de la misma variable, especialmente desde finales del siglo XIX, desde las ciencias sociales, experimentales o de la salud. El presente estudio se enmarca en esta problemática y responde, concretamente, a dos de los principales objetivos que guían el grupo de investigación. De un lado, aproximarnos al estudio de los niveles de vida a partir de casos singulares bien definidos, que ayuden a determinar mejor las diferentes variables que condicionaron su evolución y los cambios experimentados en sus mutuas relaciones. Del otro, elaborar un marco analítico más general, mediante la comparación de aquellos casos, que permita explicar más claramente cómo se alteraron algunos parámetros básicos de los niveles de vida con la expansión de la sociedad de mercado.

Metabolic profiles of countries and ecological distribution conflicts.

"Social metabolism" is a notion that links up the natural sciences and the social sciences, and also human history. Work has been done by some groups in Europe in order to operationalize the old idea of looking at the economy from the point of view of "social metabolism". This paper is an attempt to consider the links between each society’s characteristic metabolic profile and the ecological distribution conflicts, at different scales (international, national, regional).

Marxism, social metabolism, and ecologically unequal exchange

Authors working on "industrial metabolism" or "social metabolism" look at the economy in terms of flows of energy and materials. Together with the ecological economists, they see the economy as a subsystem of a larger physical system. Marx and Engels followed with a few years’ delay many of the remarkable scientific and technical novelties of their time.

La Perspectiva biofísica de la relació home-natura: economia ecològica

L'estudi de la relació entre l'activitat econòmica i el medi que ens envolta és antiga en economia. No obstant és cert que darrerament la teoria econòmica sembla haver-la oblidada. És per això que quan sortí la disciplina que avui s’anomena "economia ecològica" va implicar una ruptura amb la manera amb la qual la teoria econòmica convencional descrivia nostra relació amb el medi ambient. El present capítol pretén descriure breument el que creiem són les característiques principals que la fan diferent de la resta de disciplines: la inconmensurabilitat de valors, la seva anàlisi en termes biofísics, i les seves repercussions al nivell de la generació de polítiques, que la fan ser un exemple del que es coneix com a ciència post-normal.

Empiricism in ecological economics: a perspective from complex systems theory

Economies are open complex adaptive systems far from thermodynamic equilibrium, and neo-classical environmental economics seems not to be the best way to describe the behaviour of such systems. Standard econometric analysis (i.e. time series) takes a deterministic and predictive approach, which encourages the search for predictive policy to ‘correct’ environmental problems. Rather, it seems that, because of the characteristics of economic systems, an ex-post analysis is more appropriate, which describes the emergence of such systems’ properties, and which sees policy as a social steering mechanism. With this background, some of the recent empirical work published in the field of ecological economics that follows the approach defended here is presented. Finally, the conclusion is reached that a predictive use of econometrics (i.e. time series analysis) in ecological economics should be limited to cases in which uncertainty decreases, which is not the normal situation when analysing the evolution of economic systems. However, that does not mean we should not use empirical analysis. On the contrary, this is to be encouraged, but from a structural and ex-post point of view.

Ecological economics

Ecological economics is a recently developed field, which sees the economy as a subsystem of a larger finite global ecosystem. Ecological economists question the sustainability of the economy because of its environmental impacts and its material and energy requirements, and also because of the growth of population. Attempts at assigning money values to environmental services and losses, and attempts at correcting macroeconomic accounting, are part of ecological economics, but its main thrust is rather in developing physical indicators and indexes of sustainability. Ecological economists also work on the relations between property rights and resource management, they model the interactions between the economy and the environment, they study ecological distribution conflicts, they use management tools such as integrated environmental assessment and multi-criteria decision aids, and they propose new instruments of environmental policy.