STRESS E REAJUSTAMENTO SOCIAL EM AUXILIARES DE ENFERMAGEM

O presente estudo teve por objetivos, levantar o perfil sócio-demográfico e cultural, de auxiliares de enfermagem, avaliar o grau e presença de sintomas de stress, avaliar e descrever reajustamento social tecendo relação entre variáveis relacionadas ao labor e o stress. Participaram desse estudo 126 auxiliares de enfermagem que cursavam técnico em enfermagem. Utilizou-se os instrumentos: a) questionário Sócio-demográfico e cultural; b) Escala de Reajustamento Social de Holmes-Rahe e c) Inventário de Sintomas de Stress de Lipp (ISSL). Os dados foram coletados em salas de aula, de três escolas técnicas da grande São Paulo e esses dados foram tratados estatisticamente pelos testes X² e r Person para as relações entre variáveis, com auxílio do programa SPSS versão 17. Os resultados indicaram uma predominância de pessoas do gênero feminino, casados, com idade mínima de 19 anos e máxima de 56 anos e com práticas religiosas católicas e evangélicas. Desses profissionais (79%) trabalhavam em um só emprego, com experiência na profissão de cinco anos e o setor com maior quantidade de profissionais foi o home care . A maioria dos profissionais exercia suas atividades no horário matutino, e estudava no horário noturno. O estudo indicou que 57,9% apresentaram grau de stress significativo. Dentro deste grau de stress significativo, 41,3% dos profissionais estavam na fase de resistência e 37,3% dos auxiliares com grau de stress significativo, apresentavam predominância de stress de natureza psicológica. Quanto ao reajustamento social, os auxiliares de enfermagem a maioria, que correspondia a 48,4% estava dentro da média, com chances razoáveis de adoecer, ou seja, apresentavam capacidade regular para adaptação aos eventos novos e desconhecidos que ocorrem durante a vida. Os resultados indicaram que os profissionais que apresentaram stress significativo obtiveram pontuação maior (média) na escala de reajustamento social, em comparação aos profissionais que não apresentaram stress, indicando que esses sujeitos tinham maior probabilidade de estarem adoecidos ou virem a adoecer.

Bilingualismus oder Sprachverlust? Zur Lage und zur aktiven Verwendung des Niederdeutschen in Ostfriesland am Beispiel einer Dorfgemeinschaft

Based on data from a language survey conducted in a village in northwest Germany the study analyzes the relationship between language shift and language attitudes. After centuries of stigmatization, the overall attitude towards Low German is now overwhelmingly positive. However, this does not lead to parents raising their children with Low German. Low German seems to loose its traditional domains as in-group variety in families and in informal settings while gaining popularity as language used for entertainment purposes.

Interaction of metal salts with polyethers

The dielectric properties of pure low to medium molecular weight poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol) and a variety of their salt complexes have been studied through the measurement of the dielectric permittivity and dielectric loss over a range of frequency and temperature. The major proportion of this study has been concerned with the examination of the nature of the interaction between mercuric chloride and poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Other salt-poly-ether combinations have also been considered such as cobalt chloride-PPG cadmium chloride-PPG zinc chloride-PPG and ferric chloride-PEG (polyethylene glycol). Some of this work was also supported by chemical shift and spin-lattice Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (N.M.R.) spectroscopy. The dielectric permittivity data were analysed using the Onsager relation to calculate the mean dipole moment per dipolar unit. This approach was employed in the discussion of various models proposed for the structure of salt-polyether complexes. The effect of mercuric chloride on the statistical conformations of poly(propylene-glycol) was studied in a quantitative manner using the relationships of marchal-Benoit. The dielectric relaxation activation energy and mean energy difference between gauche and trans conformations of poly(propylene glycol) in the presence of mercuric chloride, both showed a distinct minimum when the concentration of mercuric chloride was close to 5 mole %. Opposite behaviour was observed for the Cole-Cole parameter. It was concluded that the majority of the dielectric data could be rationalised in terms of a 5-membered cyclic complex formed between mercuric chloride and PPG in which the complexed segment of the polyether-(OMeCH2CH2O)- adopted either gauche or cis conformations.

Post-vernacular language use in a Low German linguistic community

In a time of rapid shift and loss of smaller, regional and minority languages it becomes apparent that many of them continue to play a role as post-vernacular varieties. As Shandler (2006) points out for Yiddish in the United States, some languages serve the purpose of identity-building within a community even after they have ceased to be used as a vernacular for daily communication. This occurs according to Shandler through a number of cultural practices, such as amateur theatre, music and folklore, translation, attempts to learn the language in evening classes, etc. This paper will demonstrate that the paradigm developed by Shandler for Yiddish can be applied to other linguistic communities, by comparing the post-vernacular use of Yiddish with Low German in Northern Germany. It will focus on the linguistic strategies that individuals or groups of speakers apply in order to participate in a post-vernacular language community.

Dual core photonic crystal fiber based Mach-Zehnder interferometer assisted with two tapers for bending measurement

A bending sensor is achieved by employing a singlemode fiber-dual core photonic crystal fiber- singlemode fiber (SDS) structure with two tapers at fusing points. A sensitivity of - 4.3421nm/m∼ between the transmission spectra shift and curvature is demonstrated. © 2013 IEEE.

Munkaszervezés a lean termelésben – mit magyaráznak a termelésmenedzsment koncepciók = Work organization in lean production – what production concepts explain

A tanulmány a lean termelés munkaszervezését három termelésmenedzsment koncepció segítségével vizsgálja. Az egyes koncepciók a szervezet eltérő metszeteit érintik: (1) a termék-folyamat mátrix (Hayes és Wheelwright, 1979) a termék és a folyamat jellemzőit helyezi középpontba. A lean hatására a szervezet a mátrixban a nagyobb választék és a folyamat alapú működés (nagyobb függőség) irányába mozdul el. Az elmozdulást üzemi szinten a magas elkötelezettségű munkavégzési rendszer gyakorlatainak bevezetése kíséri, mivel azok támogatják a rugalmas működést, a gyors kommunikációt és problémamegoldást. Az elmozdulás „minősége” és így a munkaszervezési gyakorlatok használata (mélyég, száma, munkavállalók bevonása) nagyban függ a termelési stratégiától és a lean érettségtől. (2) A termelési stratégia szakaszai (Wheelwright és Hayes, 1985) a termelés üzleti stratégiában játszott szerepét elemzik. A lean termelés összeegyeztethető a termelési stratégia harmadik szakaszának „command és control” szemléletmódjával. Az ilyen lean termelők költégfókuszúak, a hagyományos munkaerőképben gondolkodnak és körükben kevésbé jellemző az új emberi erőforrás gyakorlatok használata. A lean termelés adaptálása ösztönözheti a vállalatokat a termelési stratégia negyedik szintje felé. A negyedik szint a bevonásra, problémamegoldásra és tanulásra épít, amely megfelel a lean „emberek tisztelete” pillérének. (3) A lean érettségi modell (Hines és társai, 2004) a lean szervezeten belüli elmélyülését és terjedését mutatja be. A lean utazás során a vállalatok az eszköz alapú megközelítéstől a komplex értékrendszerben gondolkodó lean szervezet felé haladnak. A technikai tudásanyag egyre szélesebb körűvé válik, ami rávilágít a tudásátadás (személyek közöttire, de akár struktúrákba, folyamatokba építése is) képességének jelentőségére. Az emberi erőforrás gyakorlatok folyamatosan jelennek meg. De csak a legfejlettebb szakasz, a lean tanuló szervezet megjelenése teszi valóban szükségessé a munkavállalói kép újragondolását is. = This paper examines work organization in lean production with the help of three production concepts. These concepts embrace different dimensions of the organization: (1) the product-process matrix (Hayes and Wheelwright, 1979) is about product and process characteristics. Due to the lean the organization shifts within the matrix – towards higher variability and flow (higher level of interdependencies). On the shop floor the shift is accompanied by the introduction of high commitment work system’s practices, since those support flexible operations, fast communication and problem-solving. The „quality” of the shift and hence the application of these work practices (number of practices, their embeddeness, employee involvement) highly depends on manufacturing strategy and lean maturity. (2) The concept of stages of manufacturing strategy (Wheelwright and Hayes, 1985) analyzes the role of the manufacturing function in the business strategy. Lean production is compatible with the „command and control” approach of the third stage of manufacturing strategy. These lean producers are cost-driven, they have the traditional approach of employees and apply new work organization practices to a less extent. However, the implementation of lean production may drive these companies to the fourth stage. The fourth stage of manufacturing strategy is based on employee involvement, problem-solving and learning. This stage is in full accordance with the „respect for people” pillar of lean production. (3) Lean maturity (Hines et al., 2004) shows the path how lean management deepens and expands within an organization. During the lean journey, companies progress from the tool-based approach to the complex lean value system. The technical knowledge of lean becomes more and more comprehensive and it points out the crucial importance of knowledge conversion capabilities (intrapersonal or even how to build knowledge into structures, processes). Work organization practices constantly appear with the progress, but the review of the traditional approach of employees is only essential at the most advanced stage, when an organization becomes lean learning organization.

Nonlinear optical effects manifested by electromagnetic induced transparency in cold atoms

This dissertation reports experimental studies of nonlinear optical effects manifested by electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) in cold Rb atoms. The cold Rb atoms are confined in a magneto-optic trap (MOT) obtained with the standard laser cooling and trapping technique. Because of the near zero Doppler shift and a high phase density, the cold Rb sample is well suited for studies of atomic coherence and interference and related applications, and the experiments can be compared quantitatively with theoretical calculations. It is shown that with EIT induced in the multi-level Rb system by laser fields, the linear absorption is suppressed and the nonlinear susceptibility is enhanced, which enables studies of nonlinear optics in the cold atoms with slow photons and at low light intensities. Three independent experiments are described and the experimental results are presented. First, an experimental method that can produce simultaneously co-propagating slow and fast light pulses is discussed and the experimental demonstration is reported. Second, it is shown that in a three-level Rb system coupled by multi-color laser fields, the multi-channel two-photon Raman transitions can be manipulated by the relative phase and frequency of a control laser field. Third, a scheme for all-optical switching near single photon levels is developed. The scheme is based on the phase-dependent multi-photon interference in a coherently coupled four-level system. The phase dependent multi-photon interference is observed and switching of a single light pulse by a control pulse containing ∼20 photons is demonstrated. These experimental studies reveal new phenomena manifested by quantum coherence and interference in cold atoms, contribute to the advancement of fundamental quantum optics and nonlinear optics at ultra-low light intensities, and may lead to the development of new techniques to control quantum states of atoms and photons, which will be useful for applications in quantum measurements and quantum photonic devices.

Automated detection of hematological abnormalities through classification of flow cytometric data patterns

Flow Cytometry analyzers have become trusted companions due to their ability to perform fast and accurate analyses of human blood. The aim of these analyses is to determine the possible existence of abnormalities in the blood that have been correlated with serious disease states, such as infectious mononucleosis, leukemia, and various cancers. Though these analyzers provide important feedback, it is always desired to improve the accuracy of the results. This is evidenced by the occurrences of misclassifications reported by some users of these devices. It is advantageous to provide a pattern interpretation framework that is able to provide better classification ability than is currently available. Toward this end, the purpose of this dissertation was to establish a feature extraction and pattern classification framework capable of providing improved accuracy for detecting specific hematological abnormalities in flow cytometric blood data. ^ This involved extracting a unique and powerful set of shift-invariant statistical features from the multi-dimensional flow cytometry data and then using these features as inputs to a pattern classification engine composed of an artificial neural network (ANN). The contribution of this method consisted of developing a descriptor matrix that can be used to reliably assess if a donor’s blood pattern exhibits a clinically abnormal level of variant lymphocytes, which are blood cells that are potentially indicative of disorders such as leukemia and infectious mononucleosis. ^ This study showed that the set of shift-and-rotation-invariant statistical features extracted from the eigensystem of the flow cytometric data pattern performs better than other commonly-used features in this type of disease detection, exhibiting an accuracy of 80.7%, a sensitivity of 72.3%, and a specificity of 89.2%. This performance represents a major improvement for this type of hematological classifier, which has historically been plagued by poor performance, with accuracies as low as 60% in some cases. This research ultimately shows that an improved feature space was developed that can deliver improved performance for the detection of variant lymphocytes in human blood, thus providing significant utility in the realm of suspect flagging algorithms for the detection of blood-related diseases.^

Theoretical model simulations for variations in thermal reaction norms

Thermal reaction norms for growth rates of six Emiliania huxleyi isolates originating from the central Atlantic (Azores, Portugal) and five isolates from the coastal North Atlantic (Bergen, Norway) were assessed. We used the template mode of variation model to decompose variations in growth rates into modes of biological interest: vertical shift, horizontal shift, and generalist-specialist variation. In line with the actual habitat conditions, isolates from Bergen (Bergen population) grew well at lower temperatures, and isolates from the Azores (Azores population) performed better at higher temperatures. The optimum growth temperature of the Azores population was significantly higher than that of the Bergen population. Neutral genetic differentiation was found between populations by microsatellite analysis. These findings indicate that E. huxleyi populations are adapted to local temperature regimes. Next to between-population variation, we also found variation within populations. Genotype-by-environment interactions resulted in the most pronounced phenotypic differences when isolates were exposed to temperatures outside the range they naturally encounter. Variation in thermal reaction norms between and within populations emphasizes the importance of using more than one isolate when studying the consequences of global change on marine phytoplankton. Phenotypic plasticity and standing genetic variation will be important in determining the potential of natural E. huxleyi populations to cope with global climate change.

Avaliação do sono e enfermeiros nos diferentes turnos hospitalares

This study aimed to analyze the pattern characteristics of sleep and sleep quality of nurses who worked day and night shifts. This is a study with a quantitative approach, cross-sectional, descriptive. The study was conducted at the University Hospital of Rio Grande do Norte. Data were collected in full in the period from January to September 2015, through the instruments: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Sleep Diary. Subjects were interviewed according to their work shift, day or night, during the working hours of the nursing team. After being coded and tabulated, data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, in the Opinion No. 751 567. For a description of continuous variables were used position measurements (mean and median), dispersion (standard deviation) and correlation (Spearman correlation test), to a 0.05 significance level. The socio-demographic profile of the sample showed a total of n = 104 participants, distributed in: 64 on day shift and night shift 40; wherein 90.4% are female, aged between 24-45 years, corresponding to 73% of the sample. There was the presence of statistically significant differences for the variables: employment and living habits (inpatient and outpatient sector (p = 0.003), have more than one job (p = 0.002), use cordial (p = 0.021); Sleep pattern: nap time (p = 0.003), sleep latency (p = 0.013), total sleep time (p = 0.001), how it felt to wake up (p = 0.017), quality of nighttime sleep (p = 0.001) and sleep quality (p = 0.007) compared between the day shift and the night shift. It was concluded that shift work has changed the pattern and sleep quality of nurses working day and night shifts.

Avaliação do sono e enfermeiros nos diferentes turnos hospitalares

This study aimed to analyze the pattern characteristics of sleep and sleep quality of nurses who worked day and night shifts. This is a study with a quantitative approach, cross-sectional, descriptive. The study was conducted at the University Hospital of Rio Grande do Norte. Data were collected in full in the period from January to September 2015, through the instruments: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and Sleep Diary. Subjects were interviewed according to their work shift, day or night, during the working hours of the nursing team. After being coded and tabulated, data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, in the Opinion No. 751 567. For a description of continuous variables were used position measurements (mean and median), dispersion (standard deviation) and correlation (Spearman correlation test), to a 0.05 significance level. The socio-demographic profile of the sample showed a total of n = 104 participants, distributed in: 64 on day shift and night shift 40; wherein 90.4% are female, aged between 24-45 years, corresponding to 73% of the sample. There was the presence of statistically significant differences for the variables: employment and living habits (inpatient and outpatient sector (p = 0.003), have more than one job (p = 0.002), use cordial (p = 0.021); Sleep pattern: nap time (p = 0.003), sleep latency (p = 0.013), total sleep time (p = 0.001), how it felt to wake up (p = 0.017), quality of nighttime sleep (p = 0.001) and sleep quality (p = 0.007) compared between the day shift and the night shift. It was concluded that shift work has changed the pattern and sleep quality of nurses working day and night shifts.

Estudo das alterações hematológicas e urinárias em cães em diferentes estágios de disfunção renal e avaliação do biomarcador cistatina C

Chapter 2 - Cystatin C is a cationic protein is not glycosylated, produced a steady state for all nucleated and present in biological fluids cells being freely filtered by the glomeruli and almost completely catabolized in the proximal tubule, it is a promising early renal dysfunction marker. This study aimed to determine and compare the serum concentration of cystatin C biomarker in 86 dogs. The animals were divided into four groups according to serum creatinine levels: G1 - up. 1.4 mg / dL (23 animals), G2 - 1.5-2.0 mg / dL (16 animals), G3 - 2.1 to 5.0 mg / dL (24 animals) and G4 - above 5.1 mg / dL (23 animals). There was the measurement of the parameters used in the clinical routine of small animals such as urea, urinary gamma glutamyl transferase, proteinuria, alkaline phosphatase, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, calcium/phosphorus ratio and cystatin C. There was no statistical difference for urea, proteinuria, phosphorus, calcium/phosphorus, potassium and cystatin C, however, the other showed no statistical difference. Based on the results we can infer that cystatin C was not a good early indicator of kidney disease in dogs. Chapter 3 - This study aimed to determine the hematological and urinalysis elements such as density, proteinuria, cylinders and pH in 86 dogs The animals were divided into four stages according to serum creatinine levels: I - up to 1.4 mg/dL (23 animals), II - 1.5-2.0 mg/dL (16 animals), III from 2.1 to 5.0 mg/dL (24 animals) and IV - above 5.1 mg/dL (23 animals). In stage III, IV there was anemia normocytic normochromic type. Stage II had a leukocytosis frame by neutrophilia with a regenerative left shift and stage III and IV detour degenerative left. The density remained within the reference values all stages. Proteinuria showed statistical significance for the classification 2+ (1.0 g/L), between stage I and II, II and IV. Only the cylinder granular statistical difference in the classification 2+ between stage II and III, and 3+ between stage I and III. The prevailing pH was acid. The haematological values compared to serum creatinine stages showed the changes in hemoglobin and packed cell volume erythrocytes become more pronounced as serum creatinine values rise , this is also the behavior of neutrophils rods and proteinuria.

Tracing change in World Cultural Heritage : the recognition of intangible heritage

This thesis investigates the crossover from and intersection between tangible and intangible heritage in the context of World Heritage. Since the start of the twenty-first century, intangible heritage has become increasingly important in international cultural heritage conservation theory and practice. In heritage literature, intangible heritage has been theorized in relation to tangible or built heritage, thereby extending the definition of cultural heritage to consider a holistic perspective. New heritage conservation instruments have been created for the protection of intangible heritage, such as most prominently the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The changing conception of cultural heritage that goes beyond tangible heritage has also influenced existing instruments like the 1972 UNESCO Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The thesis studies how intangible heritage has been recognized and interpreted in implementing the concept of cultural heritage as defined by the World Heritage Convention. It examines the historical development of the concept of World Cultural Heritage with the aim of tracing the construction of intangible heritage in this context. The thesis consists of six chapters. The introduction sets out the research problem and research question. In the literature review, international cultural heritage conservation is portrayed as the research context, the knowledge gap between World Heritage and intangible heritage is identified and an understanding of the research problem deepened, and methods from similar research in the subject area are presented. The methodology in the third chapter describes choices made concerning the research paradigm, research approach and strategy, the use of concepts and illustrative examples, as well as data collection and analysis methods. Knowledge is constructed using primarily a historical approach and related methods. Through the analysis of pertinent documents and heritage discourses, an understanding of the concept of intangible heritage is developed and the concept of World Cultural Heritage is investigated. In the fourth chapter, intangible heritage is studied by looking at specific cultural heritage discourses, that is, a scientific, a UNESCO, and an ICOMOS discourse. Intangible heritage is theorized in relation to the concepts of tangible heritage, heritage value, and cultural heritage. Knowledge gained in this chapter serves as a theoretical lens to trace the recognition of and tease out interpretations of intangible heritage in the context of implementing the concept of World Cultural Heritage. The results are presented in chapter five. A historical development is portrayed in five time periods and for the concepts of cultural heritage, Outstanding Universal Value, the criteria to assess World Heritage value, and authenticity. The conclusion summarizes the main outcomes, assesses the thesis’ contribution to scientific knowledge as well as its limitations, and outlines possible further research. The main results include the identification of the term intangible heritage as an indicator for a paradigm shift and a new approach to conceiving cultural heritage in international cultural heritage conservation. By focusing on processes and the living relationship between people and their environment or place, intangible heritage emphasizes the anthropological. In the context of this conception, intangible heritage takes on two meanings. First, value is attributed by people and hence, is inherently immaterial. Secondly, place is constituted of a tangible-intangible continuum in terms of attributes. A paradigm shift and increasing recognition of an anthropological approach to cultural heritage were identified for all discourses, that is, UNESCO, ICOMOS, the scientific field, and World Heritage. For World Heritage, intangible heritage was recognized indirectly in terms of historical associations during the 1970s and 1980s. The anthropological shift occurred in the early 1990s. The term intangible was introduced and the meaning of intangible heritage was extended to include cultural associations. The subsequent decade is characterized by a process of internalization and implementation of the new approach to cultural heritage. The 2003 Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention created momentum. By the early 2010s, while not explicitly recognizing the immaterial character of values, a holistic approach to cultural heritage was fully endorsed that considers the idea of intangible attributes as carriers of values. An understanding of the recognition of intangible heritage through the implementation of the World Heritage Convention and scientific research in general provide an important knowledge base for implementing the Convention in a more coherent, objective, and well-informed way.

Tracing change in World Cultural Heritage : the recognition of intangible heritage

This thesis investigates the crossover from and intersection between tangible and intangible heritage in the context of World Heritage. Since the start of the twenty-first century, intangible heritage has become increasingly important in international cultural heritage conservation theory and practice. In heritage literature, intangible heritage has been theorized in relation to tangible or built heritage, thereby extending the definition of cultural heritage to consider a holistic perspective. New heritage conservation instruments have been created for the protection of intangible heritage, such as most prominently the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage. The changing conception of cultural heritage that goes beyond tangible heritage has also influenced existing instruments like the 1972 UNESCO Convention concerning the protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. The thesis studies how intangible heritage has been recognized and interpreted in implementing the concept of cultural heritage as defined by the World Heritage Convention. It examines the historical development of the concept of World Cultural Heritage with the aim of tracing the construction of intangible heritage in this context. The thesis consists of six chapters. The introduction sets out the research problem and research question. In the literature review, international cultural heritage conservation is portrayed as the research context, the knowledge gap between World Heritage and intangible heritage is identified and an understanding of the research problem deepened, and methods from similar research in the subject area are presented. The methodology in the third chapter describes choices made concerning the research paradigm, research approach and strategy, the use of concepts and illustrative examples, as well as data collection and analysis methods. Knowledge is constructed using primarily a historical approach and related methods. Through the analysis of pertinent documents and heritage discourses, an understanding of the concept of intangible heritage is developed and the concept of World Cultural Heritage is investigated. In the fourth chapter, intangible heritage is studied by looking at specific cultural heritage discourses, that is, a scientific, a UNESCO, and an ICOMOS discourse. Intangible heritage is theorized in relation to the concepts of tangible heritage, heritage value, and cultural heritage. Knowledge gained in this chapter serves as a theoretical lens to trace the recognition of and tease out interpretations of intangible heritage in the context of implementing the concept of World Cultural Heritage. The results are presented in chapter five. A historical development is portrayed in five time periods and for the concepts of cultural heritage, Outstanding Universal Value, the criteria to assess World Heritage value, and authenticity. The conclusion summarizes the main outcomes, assesses the thesis’ contribution to scientific knowledge as well as its limitations, and outlines possible further research. The main results include the identification of the term intangible heritage as an indicator for a paradigm shift and a new approach to conceiving cultural heritage in international cultural heritage conservation. By focusing on processes and the living relationship between people and their environment or place, intangible heritage emphasizes the anthropological. In the context of this conception, intangible heritage takes on two meanings. First, value is attributed by people and hence, is inherently immaterial. Secondly, place is constituted of a tangible-intangible continuum in terms of attributes. A paradigm shift and increasing recognition of an anthropological approach to cultural heritage were identified for all discourses, that is, UNESCO, ICOMOS, the scientific field, and World Heritage. For World Heritage, intangible heritage was recognized indirectly in terms of historical associations during the 1970s and 1980s. The anthropological shift occurred in the early 1990s. The term intangible was introduced and the meaning of intangible heritage was extended to include cultural associations. The subsequent decade is characterized by a process of internalization and implementation of the new approach to cultural heritage. The 2003 Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention created momentum. By the early 2010s, while not explicitly recognizing the immaterial character of values, a holistic approach to cultural heritage was fully endorsed that considers the idea of intangible attributes as carriers of values. An understanding of the recognition of intangible heritage through the implementation of the World Heritage Convention and scientific research in general provide an important knowledge base for implementing the Convention in a more coherent, objective, and well-informed way.

Étude des mécanismes de localisation auditive et de leur plasticité dans le cortex auditif humain.

Pouvoir déterminer la provenance des sons est fondamental pour bien interagir avec notre environnement. La localisation auditive est une faculté importante et complexe du système auditif humain. Le cerveau doit décoder le signal acoustique pour en extraire les indices qui lui permettent de localiser une source sonore. Ces indices de localisation auditive dépendent en partie de propriétés morphologiques et environnementales qui ne peuvent être anticipées par l'encodage génétique. Le traitement de ces indices doit donc être ajusté par l'expérience durant la période de développement. À l’âge adulte, la plasticité en localisation auditive existe encore. Cette plasticité a été étudiée au niveau comportemental, mais on ne connaît que très peu ses corrélats et mécanismes neuronaux. La présente recherche avait pour objectif d'examiner cette plasticité, ainsi que les mécanismes d'encodage des indices de localisation auditive, tant sur le plan comportemental, qu'à travers les corrélats neuronaux du comportement observé. Dans les deux premières études, nous avons imposé un décalage perceptif de l’espace auditif horizontal à l’aide de bouchons d’oreille numériques. Nous avons montré que de jeunes adultes peuvent rapidement s’adapter à un décalage perceptif important. Au moyen de l’IRM fonctionnelle haute résolution, nous avons observé des changements de l’activité corticale auditive accompagnant cette adaptation, en termes de latéralisation hémisphérique. Nous avons également pu confirmer l’hypothèse de codage par hémichamp comme représentation de l'espace auditif horizontal. Dans une troisième étude, nous avons modifié l’indice auditif le plus important pour la perception de l’espace vertical à l’aide de moulages en silicone. Nous avons montré que l’adaptation à cette modification n’était suivie d’aucun effet consécutif au retrait des moulages, même lors de la toute première présentation d’un stimulus sonore. Ce résultat concorde avec l’hypothèse d’un mécanisme dit de many-to-one mapping, à travers lequel plusieurs profils spectraux peuvent être associés à une même position spatiale. Dans une quatrième étude, au moyen de l’IRM fonctionnelle et en tirant profit de l’adaptation aux moulages de silicone, nous avons révélé l’encodage de l’élévation sonore dans le cortex auditif humain.