Experimental ovine model of primary venous valve incompetence: a pilot study

PURPOSE: To compare two techniques used to create a larger animal model of venous valve incompetence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To achieve vein dilatation as the primary cause of valve incompetence, common carotid jugular vein (JV) fistulas were created and optional filters were placed into the JV of sheep. Altogether, nine inferior vena cava filters were placed in three sheep in two stages. Six filters were placed caudal to the most caudal JV valve in three sheep and removed 6 weeks later. Then, three filters were placed across the most caudal valve in two sheep with competent valves and removed 3 weeks later. A common carotid artery-JV fistula was created in three sheep and followed-up for 1-3 weeks. Ascending and descending venograms were obtained to determine the JV sizes and function of their valves. The JVs removed at necropsy were studied with venoscopy. RESULTS: Only one of the six JVs with filters caudal to the most caudal valve had incompetent valves after filter removal at 6 weeks. In addition, only one of three JVs with the filter across the valve had incompetent valves after filter removal at 3 weeks. At 1-3-week follow-up of the group with common carotid artery-JV fistula, all three JVs had incompetent valves in the cephalad vein portion, but only one JV had an incompetent valve in its caudal portion. At venoscopy, the incompetent valves showed various degrees of damage ranging from shortening to the destruction of valve leaflets. CONCLUSION: Dilation of the valve annulus with a removable vena cava filter failed to produce valve incompetence. The promising results with the common carotid artery-JV fistula justify further detailed research.

[Livestock owners with specifically increased disease awareness for Bluetongue: A new approach to disease surveillance]

For the first time in Switzerland, specifically trained livestock owners were included in a national disease surveillance program by the Federal Veterinary Office. A questionnaire on data about clinical and epidemiological aspects of Bluetongue Disease (BT) as well as on herd management was completed by 26 sheep owners three months after they had attended a training course about BT. The control group, consisted of 264 randomly selected sheep and cattle owners who had not visited a training course. Results showed that disease awareness for BT after attending the training course was considerably increased. This was especially evident in the better knowledge of the participants about the great number of possible symptoms. Training courses with the objective of increased disease awareness of livestock owners are an efficient, cost-effective instrument in control programs for exotic diseases.

Effect of Relaxin on Parturition in Ruminants

The biology of relaxin differs in many respects between ruminants and nonruminants. Immunoreactive blood concentration of circulating relaxin is much less in ruminant (cattle and sheep) than in nonruminant (pigs) farm animals. The ovaries of the pig produce abundant quantities of the hormone in late pregnancy, whereas tissue sources of relaxin are not clearly defined in sheep and cattle. Relaxin facilitates parturition by cervical dilation and pelvic canal expansion in several mammalian species. Relaxin injected intramuscularly during late pregnancy can cause earlier parturition in cattle, but in sheep limited evidence indicates it does not induce earlier delivery than seen in diluent-treated controls. Intravenous infusion of increasing dosages of relaxin in beef heifers the last days of pregnancy decreased plasma progesterone concentration compared with phosphate buffer controls, but oxytocin plasma concentrations remained similar throughout the posttreatment period. Although continuous intravenous infusion of relaxin depressed blood levels of progesterone, it did not result in earlier parturition than seen in the diluent treated controls. Thus, the timing and method of relaxin administration during late pregnancy in ruminants affect remodelling of collagen and pelvic canal relaxation and can result in earlier parturition.

Estructura productiva y sujetos sociales en la expansión del ovino. El caso del partido de Saladillo en 1870

La expansión capitalista en el agro bonaerense durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX fue asociada a la "fiebre del lanar". En este trabajo nos hemos propuesto analizar las estrategias económicas de los propietarios de tierras, en términos de las formas de combinación de renta y ganancia (producción directa o cesión en arriendo), y, al mismo tiempo, lograr un mejor conocimiento de la estructura social agraria propia de la ganadería en la época del lanar, distinguiendo el peso numérico y la significación productiva de los diferentes productores rurales, según el lugar que ocupaban en la organización social del trabajo, el tamaño de los stocks ovinos y vacunos, y las orientaciones productivas que desarrollaban. El hallazgo de una fuente estadística inusual nos ha permitido precisar el análisis de estas cuestiones, al menos para un partido de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Saladillo) hacia 1870, al promediar el período de la expansión ovina.

Las confiscaciones y embargos de Rosas en Chascomús, 1840-1852

En este trabajo, a partir de la identificación de los propietarios afectados, se analiza el impacto local de las confiscaciones y embargos de Rosas. Se estimará la importancia de los muebles y útiles rematados y se considerará la magnitud del ganado bovino, ovino y equino extraído por los alcaldes locales para destinarlo a los ejércitos de frontera y de Santos Lugares. Además se indagará acerca de la época de los desembargos para comprobar si luego de los mismos los estancieros de Chascomús retomaron sus actividades y siguieron con la propiedad de sus estancias, tema éste directamente relacionado con un proyecto de más largo aliento que estudia la transmisión de la propiedad rural al noreste del río Salado y la constitución de un mercado de tierras entre fines del siglo XVIII y fines del XIX

Estructura productiva y sujetos sociales en la expansión del ovino. El caso del partido de Saladillo en 1870

La expansión capitalista en el agro bonaerense durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX fue asociada a la "fiebre del lanar". En este trabajo nos hemos propuesto analizar las estrategias económicas de los propietarios de tierras, en términos de las formas de combinación de renta y ganancia (producción directa o cesión en arriendo), y, al mismo tiempo, lograr un mejor conocimiento de la estructura social agraria propia de la ganadería en la época del lanar, distinguiendo el peso numérico y la significación productiva de los diferentes productores rurales, según el lugar que ocupaban en la organización social del trabajo, el tamaño de los stocks ovinos y vacunos, y las orientaciones productivas que desarrollaban. El hallazgo de una fuente estadística inusual nos ha permitido precisar el análisis de estas cuestiones, al menos para un partido de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Saladillo) hacia 1870, al promediar el período de la expansión ovina.

Las confiscaciones y embargos de Rosas en Chascomús, 1840-1852

En este trabajo, a partir de la identificación de los propietarios afectados, se analiza el impacto local de las confiscaciones y embargos de Rosas. Se estimará la importancia de los muebles y útiles rematados y se considerará la magnitud del ganado bovino, ovino y equino extraído por los alcaldes locales para destinarlo a los ejércitos de frontera y de Santos Lugares. Además se indagará acerca de la época de los desembargos para comprobar si luego de los mismos los estancieros de Chascomús retomaron sus actividades y siguieron con la propiedad de sus estancias, tema éste directamente relacionado con un proyecto de más largo aliento que estudia la transmisión de la propiedad rural al noreste del río Salado y la constitución de un mercado de tierras entre fines del siglo XVIII y fines del XIX

Estructura productiva y sujetos sociales en la expansión del ovino. El caso del partido de Saladillo en 1870

La expansión capitalista en el agro bonaerense durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX fue asociada a la "fiebre del lanar". En este trabajo nos hemos propuesto analizar las estrategias económicas de los propietarios de tierras, en términos de las formas de combinación de renta y ganancia (producción directa o cesión en arriendo), y, al mismo tiempo, lograr un mejor conocimiento de la estructura social agraria propia de la ganadería en la época del lanar, distinguiendo el peso numérico y la significación productiva de los diferentes productores rurales, según el lugar que ocupaban en la organización social del trabajo, el tamaño de los stocks ovinos y vacunos, y las orientaciones productivas que desarrollaban. El hallazgo de una fuente estadística inusual nos ha permitido precisar el análisis de estas cuestiones, al menos para un partido de la provincia de Buenos Aires (Saladillo) hacia 1870, al promediar el período de la expansión ovina.

Las confiscaciones y embargos de Rosas en Chascomús, 1840-1852

En este trabajo, a partir de la identificación de los propietarios afectados, se analiza el impacto local de las confiscaciones y embargos de Rosas. Se estimará la importancia de los muebles y útiles rematados y se considerará la magnitud del ganado bovino, ovino y equino extraído por los alcaldes locales para destinarlo a los ejércitos de frontera y de Santos Lugares. Además se indagará acerca de la época de los desembargos para comprobar si luego de los mismos los estancieros de Chascomús retomaron sus actividades y siguieron con la propiedad de sus estancias, tema éste directamente relacionado con un proyecto de más largo aliento que estudia la transmisión de la propiedad rural al noreste del río Salado y la constitución de un mercado de tierras entre fines del siglo XVIII y fines del XIX

Influencia del tipo de filtrado y tratamiento con Stomacher del fluido ruminal de ovejas en las poblaciones microbianas del inóculo

Four rumen-fistulated sheep fed a 66:34 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet were used as donors to investigate the effect of rumen contents’ treatment on microbial populations in the resulting fluid. Rumen contents were sampled from each individual sheep and subjected to the following treatments: SQ: squeezed through 4 layers of cheesecloth; FIL: SQ treatment and further filtration through a 100-μm nylon cloth; STO: reated with a Stomacher® for 3 min at 230 rev min-1 and followed by SQ. Microbial populations in the fluid were analysed by real-time PCR and bacterial diversity was assessed by the automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) of the 16S ribosomal DNA. Bacterial DNA concentrations and relative abundance of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, arqueal and fungal DNA did not differ (P>0.05) between treatments. In contrast, STO treatment decreased (P<0.05) protozoal DNA concentrations and increased (P<0.05) the relative abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes compared with SQ method. There were no differences (P>0.05) between treatments either in the Shannon index or in the number of peaks in the ARISA electropherograms, indicating no effect on bacterial diversity. Studies analyzing the influence on the tested methods on fermentation characteristics of different substrates when the fluid is used as inoculum is required.

Evidence for protein X binding to a discontinuous epitope on the cellular prion protein during scrapie prion propagation

Studies on the transmission of human (Hu) prions to transgenic (Tg) mice suggested that another molecule provisionally designated protein X participates in the formation of nascent scrapie isoform of prion protein (PrPSc). We report the identification of the site at which protein X binds to the cellular isoform of PrP (PrPC) using scrapie-infected mouse (Mo) neuroblastoma cells transfected with chimeric Hu/MoPrP genes even though protein X has not yet been isolated. Substitution of a Hu residue at position 214 or 218 prevented PrPSc formation. The side chains of these residues protrude from the same surface of the C-terminal α-helix and form a discontinuous epitope with residues 167 and 171 in an adjacent loop. Substitution of a basic residue at positions 167, 171, or 218 also prevented PrPSc formation: at a mechanistic level, these mutant PrPs appear to act as “dominant negatives” by binding protein X and rendering it unavailable for prion propagation. Our findings seem to explain the protective effects of basic polymorphic residues in PrP of humans and sheep and suggest therapeutic and prophylactic approaches to prion diseases.

Solution structure of a 142-residue recombinant prion protein corresponding to the infectious fragment of the scrapie isoform

The scrapie prion protein (PrPSc) is the major, and possibly the only, component of the infectious prion; it is generated from the cellular isoform (PrPC) by a conformational change. N-terminal truncation of PrPSc by limited proteolysis produces a protein of ≈142 residues designated PrP 27–30, which retains infectivity. A recombinant protein (rPrP) corresponding to Syrian hamster PrP 27–30 was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. After refolding rPrP into an α-helical form resembling PrPC, the structure was solved by multidimensional heteronuclear NMR, revealing many structural features of rPrP that were not found in two shorter PrP fragments studied previously. Extensive side-chain interactions for residues 113–125 characterize a hydrophobic cluster, which packs against an irregular β-sheet, whereas residues 90–112 exhibit little defined structure. Although identifiable secondary structure is largely lacking in the N terminus of rPrP, paradoxically this N terminus increases the amount of secondary structure in the remainder of rPrP. The surface of a long helix (residues 200–227) and a structured loop (residues 165–171) form a discontinuous epitope for binding of a protein that facilitates PrPSc formation. Polymorphic residues within this epitope seem to modulate susceptibility of sheep and humans to prion disease. Conformational heterogeneity of rPrP at the N terminus may be key to the transformation of PrPC into PrPSc, whereas the discontinuous epitope near the C terminus controls this transition.

A molecular analysis of dietary diversity for three archaic Native Americans

DNA was extracted from three fecal samples, more than 2,000 years old, from Hinds Cave, Texas. Amplification of human mtDNA sequences showed their affiliation with contemporary Native Americans, while sequences from pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, and cottontail rabbit allowed these animals to be identified as part of the diet of these individuals. Furthermore, amplification of chloroplast DNA sequences identified eight different plants as dietary elements. These archaic humans consumed 2–4 different animal species and 4–8 different plant species during a short time period. The success rate for retrieval of DNA from paleofeces is in strong contrast to that from skeletal remains where the success rate is generally low. Thus, human paleofecal remains represent a source of ancient DNA that significantly complements and may in some cases be superior to that from skeletal tissue.

Prions

Prions are unprecedented infectious pathogens that cause a group of invariably fatal neurodegenerative diseases by an entirely novel mechanism. Prion diseases may present as genetic, infectious, or sporadic disorders, all of which involve modification of the prion protein (PrP). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), scrapie of sheep, and Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) of humans are among the most notable prion diseases. Prions are transmissible particles that are devoid of nucleic acid and seem to be composed exclusively of a modified protein (PrPSc). The normal, cellular PrP (PrPC) is converted into PrPSc through a posttranslational process during which it acquires a high β-sheet content. The species of a particular prion is encoded by the sequence of the chromosomal PrP gene of the mammals in which it last replicated. In contrast to pathogens carrying a nucleic acid genome, prions appear to encipher strain-specific properties in the tertiary structure of PrPSc. Transgenetic studies argue that PrPSc acts as a template upon which PrPC is refolded into a nascent PrPSc molecule through a process facilitated by another protein. Miniprions generated in transgenic mice expressing PrP, in which nearly half of the residues were deleted, exhibit unique biological properties and should facilitate structural studies of PrPSc. While knowledge about prions has profound implications for studies of the structural plasticity of proteins, investigations of prion diseases suggest that new strategies for the prevention and treatment of these disorders may also find application in the more common degenerative diseases.

Mr. Monis's computation about printing his Hebrew Grammar, [ca. 1734]

A one-page handwritten computation by Judah Monis for printing the Hebrew Grammar and binding it in sheep and calf skins. The document was written on one folio-sized leaf that is torn in two pieces.