916 resultados para SODIUM CHLORIDE
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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A desidratação osmótica de filés de mapará tem sido utilizada como pré-tratamento antes da secagem e refrigeração de alimentos como um meio de reduzir a umidade dos produtos. O objetivo do trabalho foi otimizar a transferência de massa ocorrida durante a desidratação osmótica de mapará através da metodologia de superfície de resposta. A desidratação osmótica foi realizada de acordo com um planejamento fatorial completo 23, com oito pontos fatoriais, três centrais e seis axiais, totalizando 17 ensaios, em que o valor das variáveis dependentes, a perda de peso (PP), a perda de água (PA), o ganho de sólidos (GS), GS/PA e ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBA), são funções das variáveis independentes, temperatura, concentração de NaCl e tempo de imersão. A análise estatística aplicada aos dados experimentais foi realizada através do erro puro e pelo SS residual. Aplicando a metodologia de superfície de resposta, a condição ótima de convergência de menor perda de peso, maior perda de água e menor ganho de sal correspondeu a uma concentração de cloreto de sódio de 22%, temperatura de 46 °C e tempo de 7 horas.
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No nordeste do Estado do Pará predomina a agricultura familiar, a qual tem como principais produtos a mandioca e a malva. No processamento desses produtos, os agricultores costumam submergir fardos de mandioca e de malva em águas de igarapés, com a finalidade de amolecer a casca e remover as substâncias tóxicas, no caso da mandioca, ou proporcionar o desfibramento, no caso da malva. Os efeitos dessa prática sobre a qualidade da água fluvial são pouco conhecidos. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa objetivou avaliar os possíveis impactos dessas práticas sobre a hidrobiogeoquímica fluvial em igarapés dessa região. Adotou-se como estratégia coletar amostras de águas fluviais a montante do ponto de lavagem dos produtos, no local de lavagem e a jusante deste local. A fim de conhecer, com maior clareza, as possíveis alterações na química das águas, provocadas pelas lavagens de mandioca e de malva, somou-se à estratégia de campo a realização de experimentos em tanque com vazões de entrada e saída controladas. Em ambas abordagens foram monitoradas as seguintes variáveis hidrobiogeoquímicas no material dissolvido: pH, condutividade elétrica, oxigênio dissolvido, cálcio, magnésio, potássio, sódio, cloreto, sulfato, fosfato, nitrato, amônio, além de nitrogênio total e carbono orgânico e inorgânico dissolvidos. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que o processo de lavagem de raízes de mandioca e de plantas de malva contribuiu para alterar a hidrobiogeoquímica fluvial de pequenos igarapés apenas pontualmente. Porém, algumas das alterações observadas localmente permaneceram por até dez metros a jusante do local de lavagem dos produtos. Nos experimentos em tanque, as alterações foram mais evidentes e uma análise de cluster confirmou a hipótese de que o processamento dos produtos agrícolas enfocados colaborou para alterar a hidrobiogeoquímica fluvial nos igarapés monitorados. O estudo recomenda algumas precauções no tocante às práticas de processamento dos produtos em foco e também a adoção de alguns parâmetros para o monitoramento desses impactos.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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The intake and performance of lambs fed with sugarcane silages treated with whitewash and chloride sodium were evaluated. Seven treatments were used: untreated silage (control); silages treated with 0.5; 1.0 and 1.5% of CaO (whitewash); and silages treated with 0.5; 1.0 and 2.0% of NaCl, with four replicates per treatment. The animals were fed a higher amount of dry matter and total digestible nutrients when the sugarcane silages were treated with 0.5% of NaCl, 1.0 and 1.5% of CaO. The intake of neutral detergent fiber and crude protein increased when the lambs were fed silages treated with 0.5% of NaCl and 1.0% of CaO. The average daily gain did not differ among treatments. The inclusion of 0.5% of sodium chloride and 1.0% of whitewash in sugarcane silages increased the intake and improved the performance of lambs.
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Drugs commonly used in anesthesia practice may significantly alter the oxidative state of blood cells. This mechanism could contribute to the immune suppression that occurs transiently in the early postoperative period. Thus, we assessed the effects of continuous rate infusion (CRI) of propofol associated or not with tramadol on hematologic parameters in dogs. Eight adult mongrel dogs were anesthetized on 2 occasions, 15 d apart. Two groups were formed: control group (CG) and tramadol group (GT). Propofol was used for induction (10mg kg-1) followed by a CRI (0.7mg kg-1minute-1). The animals were positioned in lateral recumbency and mechanically ventilated with inspired oxygen fraction of 0.6. In TG, tramadol (2mg kg-1) followed by a CRI (0.5mg kg-1minute-1) was administered in dogs. In the CG the sodium chloride (NaCl) solution at 0.9% was administered followed by its CRI, in the same volume that was used in TG. The measurement was taken before anesthesia induction (Tbasal), 30 minutes after induction (T0) and then at 30-minute intervals (T30 to T60). Red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoblogin concentration and total leukocytes count decreased from T0 in both groups. In TG, lymphocytes count at Tbasal [1.86 (0.82) x103µl-1] was greater than at T0, T30 and T60 [0.96(0.50), 0.92(0.48) and 0.95(0.48) x103µl-1, respectively]. No significant differences were observed for platelets neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil and monocyte count. In dogs, propofol-anesthesia associated or not with tramadol promoted decrease in blood cell count and should be used with caution in immunossupressed patients.
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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Citrus limonum and Citrus aurantium essential oils (EOs) compared to 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) and 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on multi-species biofilms formed by Candida albicans, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli. The biofilms were grown in acrylic disks immersed in broth, inoculated with microbial suspension (106 cells/mL) and incubated at 37°C / 48 h. After the biofilms were formed, they were exposed for 5 minutes to the solutions (n = 10): C. aurantium EO, C. limonum EO, 0.2% CHX, 1% NaOCl or sterile saline solution [0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl)]. Next, the discs were placed in sterile 0.9% NaCl and sonicated to disperse the biofilms. Tenfold serial dilutions were performed and the aliquots were seeded onto selective agar and incubated at 37°C / 48 h. Next, the number of colony-forming units per milliliter was counted and analyzed statistically (Tukey test, p ≤ 0.05). C. aurantium EO and NaOCl inhibited the growth of all microorganisms in multi-species biofilms. C. limonum EO promoted a 100% reduction of C. albicans and E. coli, and 49.3% of E. faecalis. CHX was less effective against C. albicans and E. coli, yielding a reduction of 68.8% and 86.7%, respectively. However, the reduction of E. faecalis using CHX (81.7%) was greater than that obtained using C. limonum EO. Both Citrus limonum and Citrus aurantium EOs are effective in controlling multi-species biofilms; the microbial reductions achieved by EOs were not only similar to those of NaOCl, but even higher than those achieved by CHX, in some cases.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the germination and vigor of two lots of gherkin seeds in different osmotic potentials using polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000) and sodium chloride (NaCl). Seeds of the 'North' cultivar were sown in germitest paper moistened in solutions of polyethylene glycol and sodium chloride in osmotic potentials of 0, -0.3, -0.6 and -0.9MPa. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial 2x4 design (solutions x osmotic potential), with four replications. Seed vigor was evaluated by the germination test, first germination count, length and dry weight of root and hypocotyl. It is concluded that the reduction in osmotic potential from -0.3MPa induced by PEG 6000 and NaCl reduces the germination and vigor of gherkin's seeds. The osmotic stress induced by PEG 6000 produced more severe effects than saline in physiological quality of gherkin's seeds.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Pós-graduação em Química - IQ
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
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Our objective was to determine the best additive to use for the ensiling of sugarcane SP81-3250 based on the nutritional properties and aerobic stability of the silages. The additives evaluated were (1) and (2): salt (NaCl) at rates of 1.0 or 2.0 kg/100 kg fresh sugarcane (as-is basis), respectively; (3) and (4): quicklime (CaO) at rates of 1.0 or 2.0 kg/100 kg fresh sugarcane, respectively; (5) and (6): commercial inoculants Silobac (R) and Maize All (R); and a control treatment. The addition of quicklime reduced the NDF and ADF contents of the silages by 11% compared with the control treatment, but did not increase the digestibility. On the other hand, after 24 h of in vitro fermentation, the application of 1.0 and 2.0% salt reduced the gas production by 34.15 and 33.55 mL/g OM, respectively, and the IVOMD was reduced 5.74 and 5.90%, respectively, compared with the untreated silage. Moreover, the addition of quicklime elevated the pH of the sugarcane silages, with a trend towards an increase in the DM recovery. In contrast, the bacterial inoculants did not alter the pH values, but there was an upward trend for a DM recovery. After the silos were opened, the silages that were treated with salt (independent of the dose) and 1.0% quicklime exhibited greater stability. We recommend applying 1.0 kg of quicklime to each 100 kg of sugarcane at the time of ensiling to improve the nutritional characteristics of sugarcane silage variety SP81-3250.