Current status of the whitefly Aleurodicus dispersus as an invasive pest in the CapeVerte Islands

In the last three decades, the spiralling whitefly (Aleurodicus dispersus) has become an important international pest. The movement of plants and parts of plants (such as fruits) in international trade and tourism, and by natural dispersal, has favoured its introduction to new areas. In common with others whiteflies of economic importance, the immature and adult stages cause direct feeding damage by piercing and sucking of sap from foliage, and indirect damage following the accumulation all over host plants of honeydew and waxy flocculent material produced by the insects. Spiralling whitefly is a pest of tropical and subtropical crops, and highly polyphagous. Up to the 1970s, it had been recorded on 44 genera of plants, belonging to 26 botanical families (Mound & Halsey, 1978). This situation changed with the dispersal of the pest to new areas. Nowadays, the spiralling whitefly is one of the major pest of vegetable, ornamental and fruit crops around the globe (Lambkin, 1999). Important host crops include: banana (Musa sapientum), Citrus spp., coconut (Cocos nocifera), eggplant (Solanum melanogena), guava (Psidium guajava), Hibiscus rosa sinensis, Indian almond (Terminalia catappa), papya (Carica papaya), Rosa sp. and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) (Saminathan & Jayaraj, 2001). Spiralling whitefly has its origin in the tropical Americas, including Brazil. Although the pest has been recorded only once in Brasil, in the 1920s in the state of Bahia (Bondar, 1923), it now has official quarantine status because of its economic importance. In the Cape Verte Islands, on the West African coast, the pest was initially introduced in the first half of 2000; it has since become established, reaching urban, natural and agricultural areas of the islands that constitute the archipelago. Since then, the pest has been causing damage to many native plants, ornamentals and cultivated food crops (Anon., 2001; Monteiro, 2004). The present study was done in order to produce an inventory of the most common host plants of spiralling whitefly in this new habitat.

Scar asymmetry after abdominoplasty: the unexpected role of seroma.

Achievement of symmetry remains one of the goals of cosmetic procedures. Interestingly, scar asymmetry after abdominoplasty has been rarely considered a complication. However, this can have a significant impact on patient and surgeon satisfaction. This study identifies silent seromas as a potential cause of scar asymmetry.Among abdominoplasty procedures in a university hospital institution over a 30 months' period (October 1, 2007 to April 1, 2010), we retrospectively identified 6 patients who developed abdominal scar asymmetry only 3 months postoperatively and without any early warning complications (hematoma, seroma, or infection). Clinical examination was completed by abdominal diagnostic ultrasonography. Seroma capsulectomy under local anesthesia was performed in all cases.In all patients clinically presenting late abdominal scar asymmetry, ultrasonography confirmed the presence of an encapsulated chronic seroma. Surgical capsulectomy under local anesthesia resulted in reestablishment of former symmetry and high patient satisfaction. No complications such as wound infection, dehiscence, hematoma, or recurrence of seroma were detected after revision surgery.In our experience, fibrous capsule due to chronic seromas resulted in abdominal scar deviation and asymmetry. Surgical capsulectomy followed by wearing of compressive garments resulted to be an effective treatment with pleasant aesthetic outcome and no seroma recurrence. Silent seromas should be considered as a possible etiologic factor of scar asymmetries appearing during late follow-up after abdominoplasty.

Efecto de la variabilidad ambiental sobre el crecimiento de la Sardina, sardinops sagax sagax (Jenyns, 1842)

En el ecosistema marino peruano, los peces pelágicos pequeños como la anchoveta, Engraulis ringens y sardina, Sardinops sagax sagax constituyen los principales recursos pesqueros bajo explotación, por sus altos niveles de abundancia y capturas. La importancia socio-económica que representa para el Perú la pesquería de sardina, hace necesario mantener una vigilancia permanente sobre la situación de su stock y sobre todo los efectos que generan las condiciones ambientales anómalas y la actividad pesquera. El objetivo principal es analizar el efecto de los cambios ambientales sobre el crecimiento de la sardina, a fin de considerar el impacto de estas variaciones en la evaluación de sus stocks; para este fin se realizó el análisis del crecimiento de la sardina proveniente del sotck norte-centro (03°-16°S), en la serie histórica desde 1978 a1998, en base a la lectura e interpretación de incrementos de crecimiento en otolitos, teniéndose en cuenta que en ese lapso de tiempo ocurrieron cambios drásticos en las condiciones ambientales propias de los eventos El Niño 1982-83, La Niña 1996 y El Niño 1997-98. Los análisis de los incrementos de sardinas de 4 años de edad, es decir con 4 incrementos o marcas, en relación con el radio total del otolito, han permitido demostrar que los cambios ambientales drásticos ocurridos durante los períodos El Niño y la Niña, no han modificado el patrón de formación de estos incrementos (r1, r2, r3); el Test de Student-Newman-Keuls demostró que no existen diferencias significativas en el patrón de formación de los incrementos.

Phloem mobility of Boron in two eucalypt clones

Boron deficiency causes large productivity losses in eucalypt stands in extensive areas of the Brazilian Cerrado region, thus understanding B mobility is a key step in selecting genetic materials that will better withstand B limitation. Thus, in this study B mobility was evaluated in two eucalypt clones (68 and 129), under B sufficiency or B deficiency, after foliar application of the 10B isotope tracer to a single mature leaf. Samples of young tissue, mature leaves and roots were collected 0, 1, 5, 12 and 17 days after 10B application. The 10B:11B isotope ratio was determined by HR-ICP-MS. Samples of leaves and xylem sap were collected for the determination of soluble sugars and polyalcohols by ion chromatography. Boron was translocated within eucalypt. Translocation of foliar-applied 10B to the young tissues, mature leaves and roots was higher in clone 129 than in 68. Seventeen days after 10B application to a single mature leaf, between 14 and 18 % of B in the young tissue was originated from foliar B application. In plants with adequate B supply the element was not translocated out of the labeled leaf.

La vente des terres dans le Département de Gaya : dynamiques et acteurs

Pendant des années, la marchandisation de la terre au Niger a été soumise à une censure sociale. Elle est maintenant largement acceptée dans les régions rurales. Dans le Département de Gaya, cette pratique a été étendue pour une grande part depuis l'année 2000. Le revenu généré par le processus des petites irrigations a été un fort conducteur pour une demande croissante de la terre. L'établissement graduel d'institutions dans le Code Rural a aussi fourni une structure administrative pour les transactions de terre. Les très riches fermiers, mais aussi les acteurs externes à agriculture (fonctionnaires, hommes d'affaires) ont bénéficié considérablement de ces nouvelles occasions. Au contraire, la marchandisation soudaine de la terre a sapé la situation de fermiers, en particulier les emprunteurs qui tenaient des droits de terre faibles. Pendant que le Code Rural a fourni un cadre obligatoire générale assez sécurisé pour obtenir tous les droits de la propriété à travers des lois modernes, l'augmentation de la circulation monétaire a réduit grandement l'éventail d'arrangements des acteurs titulaires des faibles droits de terre. Il a conduit finalement à accroître les risques de paupérisation et à des inégalités grandissantes.

In vivo inhibition of lens regrowth by fibroblast growth factor 2-saporin.

PURPOSE: To investigate the ability of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2-saporin to prevent lens regrowth in the rabbit. METHODS: Chemically conjugated and genetically fused FGF2-saporin (made in Escherichia coli) were used. Extracapsular extraction of the lens was performed on the rabbit, and the cytotoxin either was injected directly into the capsule bag or was administered by FGF2-saporin-coated, heparin surface-modified (HSM) polymethylmethacrylate intraocular lenses. The potential of the conjugate was checked by slit lamp evaluation of capsular opacification and by measuring crystallin synthesis. Toxin diffusion and sites of toxin binding were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Possible toxicity was determined by histologic analysis of ocular tissues. RESULTS: FGF2-saporin effectively inhibited lens regrowth when it was injected directly into the capsular bag. However, high concentration of the toxin induced transient corneal edema and loss of pigment in the iris. Intraocular lenses coated with FGF2-saporin reduced lens regrowth and crystallin synthesis without any detectable clinical side effect. After implantation, FGF2-saporin was shown to have bound to the capsules and, to a lesser extent, to the iris; no histologic damage was found on ocular tissues as a result of implantation of drug-loaded HSM intraocular lenses. CONCLUSIONS: Chemically conjugated (FGF2-SAP) and genetically fused FGF2-saporin (rFGF2-SAP) bound to HSM intraocular lenses can prevent lens regrowth in the rabbit.

Characterization of Ornamental Rock Residue and Potassium Liberation Via Organic Acid Application

ABSTRACT Organic acids present in organic matter and, or, exudates by microorganisms and plants can increase the liberation of potassium present in minerals. The objective of this study was to characterize the residue from ornamental rocks and evaluate the release of K from these residues after the application of organic acids. The experiment was conducted under laboratory conditions and followed a 2 × 3 × 5 factorial design with three replicates. The studied factors were: two organic acids (citric acid and malic acid), three ornamental rock residues (R1, R2 and R3) and five organic acid rates (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40 mmol L-1). After agitation, K concentrations were determined in the equilibrium solution. Successive extractions were performed (1, 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 days after the start of the experiment). The organic acids used (citric and malic) promoted the release of up to 4.86 and 4.34 % of the total K contained in the residue, respectively, reinforcing the role of organic acids in the weathering of minerals and in providing K to the soil. The K quantities were, on average, 6.1 % higher when extracted with citric acid compared to malic acid.

Differential inhibition of TRAIL-mediated DR5-DISC formation by decoy receptors 1 and 2.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF family that induces cancer cell death by apoptosis with some selectivity. TRAIL-induced apoptosis is mediated by the transmembrane receptors death receptor 4 (DR4) (also known as TRAIL-R1) and DR5 (TRAIL-R2). TRAIL can also bind decoy receptor 1 (DcR1) (TRAIL-R3) and DcR2 (TRAIL-R4) that fail to induce apoptosis since they lack and have a truncated cytoplasmic death domain, respectively. In addition, DcR1 and DcR2 inhibit DR4- and DR5-mediated, TRAIL-induced apoptosis and we demonstrate here that this occurs through distinct mechanisms. While DcR1 prevents the assembly of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) by titrating TRAIL within lipid rafts, DcR2 is corecruited with DR5 within the DISC, where it inhibits initiator caspase activation. In addition, DcR2 prevents DR4 recruitment within the DR5 DISC. The specificity of DcR1- and DcR2-mediated TRAIL inhibition reveals an additional level of complexity for the regulation of TRAIL signaling.

Actualizaciones en psicopatología infantil (0-5 años)

Aquest manual pretèn ser una obra introductòria a la psicopatologia infantil, disciplina força recent però d'evolució molt ràpida. L'objectiu és delimitar les etapes d'estudi en aquesta disciplina i fer una aportació introductòria a la temàtica. És per tant una obra que se sap parcial i lacunar.

El compromis ètic en la investigació etnogràfica

En aquest article explorarem alguns aspectes étics que ens semblen rellevants de considerar quan estem implicats en una recerca etnogrófica. Com se sap, una investigació d'aquest tipus té la finalitat de descriure, comprendre i interpretar la vida d'una persona, d'un col-lectiu, d'una institució, etc.; és a dir, s'interessa pel que les persones fan, diuen, pensen, creuen ... El que s'intenta comprendre és com interactuen, com es comporten, quines creences i quins valors orienten les seves accions i els seus punts de vista. I tracta de fer-ho des de "dins" considerant les perspectives de totes les persones implicades. Tot aixó requereix a qui investiga ser en els escenaris on les persones actuen, observar els seus comportaments i descriure el que passa, el que es diu, com es diu, les expressions, els signes, els gestos, etc. Alhora, també exigeix conéixer els significats i les interpretacions que donen de la seva actuació. Per tant, qui investiga haura de realitzar entrevistes amb les persones implicades per comprendre els seus punts de vista. I també requerira analitzar la documentació que produeixin les persones a qui es vol comprendre en relació amb el que es vol investigar.

Chemical defenses in Sacoglossan Opisthobranchs: Taxonomic trends and evolutionary implications

Sacoglossan sea slugs (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) are one of the few groups of specialist herbivores in the marine environment. Sacoglossans feed suctorially on the cell sap of macroalgae, from which they 'steal' chloroplasts (kleptoplasty) and deterrent substances (kleptochemistry), retaining intracellularly both host plastids and chemicals. The ingested chloroplasts continue to photosynthesize for periods ranging from a few hours or days up to 3 months in some species. Shelled, more primitive sacoglossans feed only on the siphonalean green algal genus Caulerpa, and they do not have functional kleptoplasty. The diet of sacoglossans has radiated out from this ancestral food. Among the shell-less Plakobranchidae (=Elysiidae), the more primitive species feed on other siphonales (families Derbesiaceae, Caulerpaceae, Bryopsidaceae and Codiaceae) and fix carbon, while the more 'advanced' species within the Plakobranchidae and Limapontioidae have a more broad dietary range. Most of these 'advanced' species are unable to fix carbon because the chloroplasts of their food algae are mechanically disrupted during ingestion. Mesoherbivores are likely to be eaten if they live on palatable seaweeds, their cryptic coloration and form not always keeping them safe from predators. Sacoglossans prefer to live on and eat chemically defended seaweeds, and they use ingested algal chemicals as deterrents of potential predators. The most ancestral shelled sacoglossans (Oxynoidae) and some Plakobranchidae such as Elysia translucens, Thuridilla hopei and Bosellia mimetica have developed a diet-derived chemical defense mechanism. Oxynoids and Thuridilla hopei are able to biomodify the algal metabolites. However, the Plakobranchidae Elysia timida and E. viridis, together with Limapontioidea species, are characterized by their ability to de novo synthesize polypropionate metabolites. A whole analysis of kleptoplasty and chemical defenses in sacoglossans may offer a better understanding of the ecology and evolution of these specialized opisthobranchs. In this paper we summarize some of the latest findings, related mainly to Mediterranean species, and offer a plausible evolutionary scenario based on the biological and chemical trends we can distinguish in them.

Strengthening of Existing Single Span Steel Beam and Concrete Deck Bridges, HR-238, Part II, 1985

The unifying objective of Phases I and II of this study was to determine the feasibility of the post-tensioning strengthening method and to implement the technique on two composite bridges in Iowa. Following completion of these two phases, Phase III was undertaken and is documented in this report. The basic objectives of Phase III were further monitoring bridge behavior (both during and after post-tensioning) and developing a practical design methodology for designing the strengthening system under investigation. Specific objectives were: to develop strain and force transducers to facilitate the collection of field data; to investigate further the existence and effects of the end restraint on the post-tensioning process; to determine the amount of post-tensioning force loss that occurred during the time between the initial testing and the retesting of the existing bridges; to determine the significance of any temporary temperature-induced post-tensioning force change; and to develop a simplified design methodology that would incorporate various variables such as span length, angle-of-skew, beam spacing, and concrete strength. Experimental field results obtained during Phases II and III were compared to the theoretical results and to each other. Conclusions from this research are as follows: (1) Strengthening single-span composite bridges by post-tensioning is a viable, economical strengthening technique. (2) Behavior of both bridges was similar to the behavior observed from the bridges during field tests conducted under Phase II. (3) The strain transducers were very accurate at measuring mid-span strain. (4) The force transducers gave excellent results under laboratory conditions, but were found to be less effective when used in actual bridge tests. (5) Loss of post-tensioning force due to temperature effects in any particular steel beam post-tensioning tendon system were found to be small. (6) Loss of post-tensioning force over a two-year period was minimal. (7) Significant end restraint was measured in both bridges, caused primarily by reinforcing steel being continuous from the deck into the abutments. This end restraint reduced the effectiveness of the post-tensioning but also reduced midspan strains due to truck loadings. (8) The SAP IV finite element model is capable of accurately modeling the behavior of a post-tensioned bridge, if guardrails and end restraints are included in the model. (9) Post-tensioning distribution should be separated into distributions for the axial force and moment components of an eccentric post-tensioning force. (10) Skews of 45 deg or less have a minor influence on post-tensioning distribution. (11) For typical Iowa three-beam and four-beam composite bridges, simple regression-derived formulas for force and moment fractions can be used to estimate post-tensioning distribution at midspan. At other locations, a simple linear interpolation gives approximately correct results. (12) A simple analytical model can accurately estimate the flexural strength of an isolated post-tensioned composite beam.

El català i els joves: propostes de política lingüística del Consell Social de la Llengua Catalana

Segons els estudis existents, en general, els joves són la franja més capacitada per utilitzar el català en tots els àmbits i contextos, però, en conjunt, són els que menys el fan servir. En l"àmbit metropolità, on resideix la majoria de la població de Catalunya, l"ús del català per part dels joves és encara més baix. Alhora, se sap que l"assoliment de la competència de l"expressió oral en català al final del primer cicle de l"ESo no és pas general, per la qual cosa tot sembla indicar que el model escolar actual no té gaire influència en els usos lingüístics més individualitzats. En el marc d"aquesta situació, el Govern de la Generalitat de Catalunya va encarregar al Consell Social de la Llengua Catalana un informe sobre les possibles mesures a prendre per tal d"intervenir-hi i potenciar més l"ús de la llengua. Les conclusions del Consell assenyalen que caldria actuar preferentment sobre els hàbits d"ús intergrupals i socials a través de la formació sociolingüística dels mestres i professors en general, i tot transformant els centres escolars que ho necessitin per la seva composició demolingüística en institucions molt conscients del seu paper en el desenvolupament eficaç d"una L2 (llengua segona). Igualment, es recomana que les polítiques lingüístiques no ignorin el pla cognitivoemotiu dels individus i que s"acompanyin de discursos legitimadors integradors. Per tal d"augmentar la percepció d"utilitat i funcionalitat del català, és imprescindible aconseguir que es converteixi en la llengua laboral més habitual, fet pel qual la intervenció sobre el món socioeconòmic té la màxima importància. En paral·lel, el Govern ha de procurar incidir en tot l"àmbit ludicomediàtic juvenil, ja que és una generació plenament integrada en aquest univers tecnològic.

Embriogênese somática in vitro em couve-comum

O objetivo deste estudo foi obter calos e embriões somáticos de couve-comum (Brassica oleracea L., var. leucocephala) e caracterizá-los por meio de observações histológicas. Foram cultivadas, in vitro, explantes foliares, sob condições assépticas, em meio nutritivo MS, suplementado com várias combinações entre 2,4-D/BAP e 2,4-D/KIN. Na fase de indução de calos (fase I), houve o desenvolvimento de calos com características embriogênicas nos meios suplementados com 5,0 mg/L de 2,4-D; 1,0 mg/L de 2,4-D e 0,1 mg/L de BAP; 1,0 mg/L de 2,4-D e 1,0 mg/L de BAP e 2,0 mg/L de 2,4-D e 0,05 mg/L de BAP, que foram selecionados para o subcultivo em meio de regeneração (fase II). Nesta fase, foram utilizados meios de cultura suplementados com reduzidas concentrações de 2,4-D, BAP e AG3, ou totalmente desprovidos destes, em que os calos permaneceram por mais 30 dias em cultivo. Os calos subcultivados nos meios de regeneração com 0,1 mg/L de BAP (R3) e 0,01 e 0,001 mg/L de BAP e 2,4-D respectivamente (R8), provenientes dos meios para indução, acrescidos de 5,0 mg/L de 2,4-D (M16) e 1,0 e 1,0 mg/L de BAP e 2,4-D (M30), desenvolveram estruturas semelhantes a embriões. No entanto, a caracterização histológica revelou a superioridade da interação entre os meios M30 e R8, para a regeneração de calos e embriões somáticos.