Gestión de residuos sanitarios. ¿Conocemos lo que saben y piensan los profesionales de la salud?

Los residuos sanitarios (RS) son considerados un reservorio de microorganismos capaces de transmitir enfermedades infecciosas, tanto dentro como fuera de los centros productores, y es importante conocer el nivel de información que tienen los profesionales de la salud e identificar la percepción de riesgo real frente a la gestión incorrecta de éstos. Objetivo: Evaluar la opinión de los profesionales sanitarios de 4 centros hospitalarios de Barcelona, en relación a la gestión de los RS. Objetivos específicos: Conocer el nivel de información y formación de los profesionales de la salud. Identificar la percepción de riesgo laboral y para la salud pública. Delimitar la relación entre la gestión de los RS y el año de finalización de los estudios. Ámbito de estudio: Hospital Clínico y Provincial, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge, Hospital Durán y Reynals y Centro Médico Teknon, todos en Barcelona. Diseño: Estudio descriptivo, no probabilístico de conveniencia. Muestra: 108 individuos (auxiliares, médicos/as, enfermeros/as). Instrumento de medida: Cuestionario de elaboración propia, anónimo. Variables de estudio: Conocimiento, percepción de riesgo y año de finalización de los estudios. Análisis de los datos: Programa estadístico SPSS, versión 12.0. Resultados: El 12,96% de individuos tienen un nivel de información muy bueno y el 15,74% un nivel de información bueno; en cambio, el 35,2% tiene un nivel bajo de información. En relación a la percepción de riesgo, el 26,9% lo define como un riesgo biológico y tóxico para la salud laboral. El 7,4% considera que sus compañeros gestionan muy bien los RS, y el 44,4% dice que los gestionan bien y no suponen un riesgo. En relación a la gestión y el año de finalización de los estudios, los resultados obtenidos no son significativos y no puede establecerse relación. Conclusiones: El nivel de información que tienen los profesionales en general es bastante aceptable, considerando la necesidad de la formación continuada. En la percepción de riesgo se considera la necesidad de tomar medidas de evitación y la unificación de normativas entre las comunidades autónomas. No hay relación significativa entre la finalización de los estudios y la mejor gestión de RS.

Gestión de residuos sanitarios (y 2). Qué facilita y/o dificulta la correcta gestión

Para la protección de la salud pública y evitación de los riesgos laborales derivados de la gestión incorrecta de los residuos sanitarios (RS), es necesario identificar los elementos que facilitan o dificultan las actitudes de prevención frente a la gestión avanzada de los RS. Objetivo: Identificar la actitud de los profesionales de la salud frente a la gestión de los RS. Objetivos específicos: Definir los elementos que dificultan y/o facilitan la eliminación de los RS. Conocer la valoración global que hacen los profesionales de la gestión de los RS. Identificar propuestas para mejorar la gestión de los RS. Material y métodos: La muestra abarca a 108 profesionales sanitarios de 2 centros hospitalarios de Barcelona y 2 centros hospitalarios de L"Hospitalet de Llobregat. Las unidades asistenciales escogidas para el estudio son los servicios de enfermedades infecciosas, medicina interna, urgencias, obstetricia y ginecología, neumología, radiología, oncología, hematología, cuidados intensivos y laboratorio. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, no probabilístico. Criterios de inclusión: profesionales del turno de mañana, tarde y 12 h con más de un año de experiencia profesional. Criterios de exclusión: profesionales del turno de noche y en período de prácticas. Como instrumento de medida se ha utilizado un cuestionario elaborado y administrado por el equipo investigador. Las variables de estudio son: actitud, valoración global y propuestas. Análisis de los datos: SPSS 12.0. Resultados: Como elementos facilitadores tenemos que el 19,2% considera la percepción de riesgo; el 14,6%, la disponibilidad de recursos; el 10,6%, la formación específica; el 10,6%, la obligación de cumplir la legislación vigente, y el 1,7%, otros. Como factores que dificultan una actitud preventiva en la gestión de RS tenemos: el 16,4%, el desconocimiento de la normativa; el 10,9%, la presión asistencial; el 7,4%, la falta de recursos, y el 4,6%, otros. En cuanto a la valoración global, la mitad de los encuestados están bastante de acuerdo en la gestión realizada en sus unidades asistenciales, y en las propuestas que plantean destaca, con el 54,9%, la necesidad de más formación específica. Conclusiones: La percepción de riesgo, la disponibilidad de recursos y la formación se consideran los factores que facilitan la gestión correcta; y el desconocimiento de la normativa es el elemento que dificulta la misma. La valoración que hacen de la gestión de los RS de los compañeros en sus unidades asistenciales es muy aceptable, y más de la mitad de los profesionales sugieren la formación como la mejor estrategia para la gestión avanzada de los RS.

Cinética não-isotérmica na análise térmica de sólidos

In this work, a computer program called Thermal Kinetics was implemented to simulate thermal analysis experiments by numerical integration of the kinetics equations. The computer program was tested in two different examples: non-isothermal transformation of a Cu-Al alloy and non-isothermal decomposition of calcium oxalate monohydrated. In spite of the rather crude approximations of the model, the simulated profiles are very similar to the experimental curves. Both, the dalpha /dt and the dalpha /dT profiles reproduce the experimental transition temperatures with an error smaller than 25%.

Medidas de resistividade elétrica DC em sólidos: como efetuálas corretamente

This paper deals with the most common methods for determining the dc electrical resistivity in solid materials. A brief overview of the fundamental concepts related to the electrical resistivity on materials is introduced. Undoubtedly, the most common and useful procedure to determine the electrical resistivity (rho) is the fourpoint probe method. Some crucial mistakes regarding the experimental procedure and the appropriated correction factors are found in the literature. Thus, the correction factor for the most common sample geometries were gathered and revised in order to provide an easy way to use and apply them.

Agentes antineoplásicos biorredutíveis: uma nova alternativa para o tratamento de tumores sólidos

A problem often encountered in cancer therapy is the presence of tumor cell subpopulation that are resistant to treatment. Solid tumors frequently contain hypoxic cells that are resistant to killing by ionizing radiation and also by many chemotherapeutic agents. However, these hypoxic cells can be exploited for therapy by non-toxic hypoxic-activated prodrugs. Bioreductive drugs require metabolic reduction to generate cytotoxic metabolites. This process is facilitated by appropriate reductases and the lower oxygen conditions present in solid tumors. The unique presence of hypoxic cells in human tumors provides an important target for selective cancer therapy.

Procedimentos para recuperação de Ag de resíduos líquidos e sólidos

A simple procedure for recovering Ag, generated as residual solutions, from three different analytical methods, is presented. Based on the rate of the total Ag mass recovered, to the initial one in the initial residual solutions, efficiency as high as 97,9 ± 2,9% was obtained in the process. The purity of Ag, as Ag2O, was verified by employing this reagent in the determination of S in plant tissue. This leads to the generation of a solid metallic Ag as waste. In this situation, an 88,7 ± 0,6% Ag recovery was acquired, when a HNO3 solution was employed as solvent.

Resíduos sólidos de curtumes como adsorventes para a remoção de corantes em meio aquoso

The tanning process in the leather industry generates very high quantities of chromium-containing solid waste ("wet blue" leather). Environmental concerns and escalating landfill-costs are becoming increasingly serious problems for the leather industry and an alternative disposal is needed. In this work, we are presenting a novel application for this solid waste, which is the removal of organic contaminants from aqueous-solution. The adsorption isotherm of "wet blue" leather waste from the AUREA tanning company in Erechim-RS (Brazil) showed that this material presents high adsorption capacities of the reactive textile dyes.

Evaluación de la reactividad de sulfuros de hierro y residuos mineros: una metodología basada en la aplicación de la voltamperometría cíclica

The mining industry around the world produces an important amount of wastes, which by their high toxic metal and iron sulfide content present a serious environmental problem. Iron sulfide oxidation under weathering conditions provokes the main environmental problem of the mining industry, the generation of Acid Rock Drainage (ARD). Up to now the prediction methodologies do not allow the study of important factors that influence the generation of ARD, producing in some cases erroneous or uncertain conclusions. This paper shows the utilization of cyclic voltammetry using carbon paste electrodes (CPE-Mineral) as an alternative tool in the study of the oxidation capacity of iron sulfides and mining wastes. This electrochemical technique constitutes a novel methodology to establish and understand the factors involved during generation of ARD. Results of several studies including selected sulfide samples and sulfide mining wastes have been described in order to show the capacity of this methodology as a complementary tool in the prediction of the generation of ARD.

Direcionamentos da tecnologia industrial de células a combustível de óxidos sólidos

This manuscript shows an overview of the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology based on industrial developments. The information presented has been collected mostly at conferences that the authors attended. It is observed that several companies have been pursuing the development of the SOFC technology. Significant advances in stability and power density have raised the economic interest in this technology recently. It is revealed that the SOFC materials are essentially the same ones that have been used in the past decades, and that the two most important designs of pre-commercial SOFC prototypes are the tubular and planar ones.

Análise direta de sólidos por espectrometria de absorção atômica com atomização em forno de grafite: uma revisão

This is a review of direct analysis using solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Greater emphasis is dedicated to sample preparation, sample homogeneity, calibration and its application to microanalysis and micro-homogeneity studies. The main advantages and some difficulties related to the applicability of this technique are discussed. A literature search on the application of solid sampling graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry in trace element determination in many kinds of samples, including biological, clinical, technological and environmental ones, is also presented.

A gestão integrada de resíduos sólidos urbanos - perspectiva ambiental e económico-energética

The importance of urban solid waste integrated systems is characterized by the several components of these systems, which are, basically, formed by physical, chemical and biological methods. This article, characterizes these methods and, which is also important, identifies the several and potential environmental impacts of those techniques. It's also extremely important to make a study of the economic rentability of those infrastructures and, also, characterize the quantitative energetic contributions of some components of these systems. This study was analysed and their results are presented in this article.

Técnica de bombeio e prova para medidas de absorção de estado excitado e de emissão estimulada, em materiais sólidos dopados com íons terras raras

Rare earth ion doped solid state materials are the most important active media of near-infrared and visible lasers and other photonic devices. In these ions, the occurrence of Excited State Absorptions (ESA), from long lived electronic levels, is commonplace. Since ESA can deeply affect the efficiencies of the rare earth emissions, evaluation of these transitions cross sections is of greatest importance in predicting the potential applications of a given material. In this paper a detailed description of the pump-probe technique for ESA measurements is presented, with a review of several examples of applications in Nd3+, Tm3+ and Er3+ doped materials.

Adsorción física sobre sólidos: aspectos termodinámicos

A thermodynamic formalism based on the Gibbs Dividing Surface (GDS) for the description of a solid-fluid interface is presented, so that the adsorption layer is understand as a phase and the adsorption process as the transference of components between a 3-dimensional phase and a 2-dimensional one. Using a state equation derived from the Henry's Law, we shall show how the Langmuir isotherm is deduced from de Gibbs isotherm. The GDS is useful also for understanding the release of heat by a system as the adsorption occurs.

Utilização de eletrodos sólidos de amálgama para a determinação analítica de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos

This review reports the use of solid amalgam electrodes in the electroanalytical determination of organic and inorganic compounds. The different types of amalgam electrodes are presented, and attention is paid to solid amalgam electrode, and here is presented details about the pre-treatment for activation and renovation and also possible modifications in its surface. The wide potential range, higher signal-to-noise ratio, mechanical stability enabling their application in flowing systems, and principally their resistance toward passivation, indicate that the solid amalgam electrodes are environmentally friendly alternatives to mercury electrodes, without loss in the sensitivity and reproducibility in voltammetric responses.