353 resultados para Résilience territoriale


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One of the main challenges urban areas, and more particularly the compact ones, are facing is their adaptation to climate change. In recent years, is had been recognized that a more ecosystem approach to spatial planning can play a critical role in meeting these challenges. Green Infrastructure (GI) and its integration in spatial planning emerges as one of the most appropriate and effective ways to improve microclimate and tackle the impacts of climate change and mainly the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect. This paper initially attempts to clarify the term GI and portrays its benefits and its role as an important spatial planning tool to fulfill different environmental, social and economic needs of urban areas. Then, the paper proceeds to an empirical evaluation of the role of GI in reducing the vulnerability to UHI effect in a compact urban area of the city of Thessaloniki. For this reason, a simple methodology is developed with a twofold purpose: to recognize the risks posed by climate change and especially UHI and to assess the potential offered by available in a compact area GI assets as well as by their redesign in order to maximize their contribution to climate change adaptation.

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By providing a wide literature review, post-hurricane Katrina uneven urban regeneration in New Orleans is presented here by framing it within a historical perspective in order to underline how environmental threats too often seem to be not so much “natural” but rather man-made as well as to highlight both the reasons and the ways in which, in post-disaster reconstruction, competitive growth has been valued over equity, by directly benefiting those who were already the most advantaged. The aim is to highlight how environmental disasters can be considered as socially constructed phenomena, as they cannot be seen as a single event but rather as a process made by a series of progressive steps occurring within different spheres, which do not necessarily concern the environment only.

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Italy and its urban systems are under high seismic and hydrogeological risks. The awareness about the role of human activities in the genesis of disasters is achieved in the scientific debate, as well as the role of urban and regional planning in reducing risks. The paper reviews the state of Italian major cities referred to hydrogeological and seismic risk by: 1) extrapolating data and maps about seismic hazard and landslide risk concerning cities with more than 50.000 inhabitants and metropolitan contexts, and 2) outlining how risk reduction is framed in Italian planning system (at national and regional levels). The analyses of available data and the review of the normative framework highlight the existing gaps in addressing risk reduction: nevertheless a wide knowledge about natural risks afflicting Italian territory and an articulated regulatory framework, the available data about risks are not exhaustive, and risk reduction policies and multidisciplinary pro-active approaches are only partially fostered and applied.

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The urban heat island effect is often associated with large metropolises. However, in the Netherlands even small cities will be affected by the phenomenon in the future (Hove et al., 2011), due to the dispersed or mosaic urbanisation patterns in particularly the southern part of the country: the province of North Brabant. This study analyses the average night time land surface temperature (LST) of 21 North-Brabant urban areas through 22 satellite images retrieved by Modis 11A1 during the 2006 heat wave and uses Landsat 5 Thematic Mapper to map albedo and normalized difference temperature index (NDVI) values. Albedo, NDVI and imperviousness are found to play the most relevant role in the increase of nighttime LST. The surface cover cluster analysis of these three parameters reveals that the 12 “urban living environment” categories used in the region of North Brabant can actually be reduced to 7 categories, which simplifies the design guidelines to improve the surface thermal behaviour of the different neighbourhoods thus reducing the Urban Heat Island (UHI) effect in existing medium size cities and future developments adjacent to those cities.

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Land take is a phenomenon of great concern nowadays because of the large number of its negative impacts regarding biological, economic and social balance. In Italy, the development of urban and other artificial land has been irreversibly transforming a nonrenewable resource such as soil, regardless the almost constant population rate, with different speed depending of the region considered. The aim of this paper is to analyze the phenomenon in the metropolitan area of Naples, which is an area highly affected by territorial aggression of human matrix. The data used are both by the Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) Report 2015 on the usage of the land and by ISTAT relating to the resident population up to the 1st of January 2015 and the extension of land for agricultural use (Census 2010). The mathematical combination of this data creates a new indicator that can be referred to as “residual land”; this residual area is of great extension with many different characteristics and it could represent the area where the phenomenon of land take most occurs. The identification, measurement and analysis of “residual land” provide new insights on the evolution of land take and this new indicator can represent a critical element to work on to prevent future land transformation and protect natural and agricultural areas within the Italian context.

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Starting from the relationship between urban planning and mobility management, TeMA has gradually expanded the view of the covered topics, always remaining in the groove of rigorous scientific in-depth analysis. During the last two years a particular attention has been paid on the Smart Cities theme and on the different meanings that come with it. The last section of the journal is formed by the Review Pages. They have different aims: to inform on the problems, trends and evolutionary processes; to investigate on the paths by highlighting the advanced relationships among apparently distant disciplinary fields; to explore the interaction’s areas, experiences and potential applications; to underline interactions, disciplinary developments but also, if present, defeats and setbacks. Inside the journal the Review Pages have the task of stimulating as much as possible the circulation of ideas and the discovery of new points of view. For this reason the section is founded on a series of basic’s references, required for the identification of new and more advanced interactions. These references are the research, the planning acts, the actions and the applications, analysed and investigated both for their ability to give a systematic response to questions concerning the urban and territorial planning, and for their attention to aspects such as the environmental sustainability and the innovation in the practices. For this purpose the Review Pages are formed by five sections (Web Resources; Books; Laws; Urban Practices; News and Events), each of which examines a specific aspect of the broader information storage of interest for TeMA.

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Ce mémoire de maîtrise est une analyse politique d'une organisation devant coordonner les services sociaux et les services de santé dans la région du Centre du Québec. Elle porte sur la Commission des Services Communautaires appelée aussi Commission Administrative Régionale (CAR). Nous étudierons la vie de cette organisation depuis sa fondation en janvier 1978 jusqu'à son avant-dernière réunion inclusivement en juin 1979. Elle y a tenu treize assemblées durant cette période. Pour situer le lecteur, nous précisons les aspects géographiques suivants ainsi que la division territoriale des D.S.C., C.S.S. et C.L.S.C. La région 04 se situe entre la région de Québec (03) à l'est, fa région de Montréal (06A, 068, 06C) à l'ouest et la région de l'Estrie (05) au sud. Le fleuve St-Laurent divise cette région en son milieu et il constitue une barrière psychologique pour les gens de la Mauricie au Nord et les gens du Sud fortement attirés par Sherbrooke, Québec et Montréal. Cette région administrative ne polarise pas facilement les populations et les services socio-sanitaires vers son centre, Trois-Rivières. Unir les gens de La Tuque et de Louiseville aux citadins de Drummondville et de Victoriaville ne va pas de soi. Une certaine rivalité existe même entre ces deux dernières cités. Quinze centres hospitaliers desservent cette région. Trois de ces centres opèrent un Département de Santé Communautaire: deux au nord (Centre Hospitalier Ste-Marie à Trois-Rivières et le Centre Hospitalier Régional de la Mauricie à Shawinigan) et un au sud (le Centre Hospitalier Ste-Croix). Enfin, le territoire est partagé en treize bassins de Centres Locaux de Services Communautaires, sept sur le territoire nord et six au sud. Seulement quatre bassins sont équipés de Centres Locaux de Services Communautaires. Enfin, un seul Centre de Services Sociaux dessert le territoire, ce dernier ayant intégré les succursales de Victoriaville, Drummondville, Nicolet, Trois-Rivières, et Shawinigan. Maintenant que nous sommes situés, nous tenterons de répondre à la question suivante: Pourquoi la C.A.R. s'est-elle soldée par un échec du fait que les acteurs n'ont pas voulu jouer? Cependant, la réponse à cette question nécessite, a priori, une insertion dans l'ensemble du contexte où s'est fait le développement de la C.A.R. En effet, celle-ci se situe dans le cadre de la politique de décentralisation amorcée par le gouvernement du Québec depuis 1977. Les pages suivantes vont nous situer dans le contexte dans un premier temps et situer plus clairement la question dans un deuxième temps.

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The volume contains the results of the research project "Governance Analysis Project (GAP) for the Smart Energy City. The actualization of Smart Cities in the Metropolitan Areas of Europe and Italy” conducted within the PON “Smart Energy Master for the energy management of the territory” at the University Federico II of Naples (TeMA Lab of the Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering). Smart Cities have gained increasing relevance in the scientific debate and in the national and international operational practice, emerging as one of the opportunities to rethink cities and, more generally, the life of urban communities. First reflections, researches and projects on the issue seem to converge towards the idea that a “smart” urban development should not only be a result of the yet necessary and unavoidable infrastructural endowment (physical capital) and of its continuing innovation, but also of the quality of human, social and environmental capital, conceived as strategic factors for development. A “smart” city is, primarily, a city able to effectively satisfy the needs of its citizens respecting the rules imposed by the environmental context. It is in such a debate that the project GAP fits with the aim to address Smart Cities in light of the administrative reorganization of Italian large cities as a consequence of the Law 56/2014. With a scientific approach, the volume provides a comprehensive and updated framework of how Italian and European Metropolitan cities are declining the Smart City issue and this thanks to the collection of a wide-ranging screening represented by more than 1.000 initiatives including researches, projects, interventions, technologies, etc. Furthermore, one original element of this research is that after an analysis conducted through indirect sources, a phase of dialogue with “stakeholders” was carried out (and of this there is a wide picture in the volume in which, by the way, are reported long excerpts of the interviews). This has enabled to give a clearer framework of what is now experimenting in Italian and European cities, avoiding being totally naïve for interventions and projects labelled as “smart”, but often lacking of innovative methods and contents.

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Face à l’augmentation observée des accidents de régénération en forêt boréale et leur impact sur la productivité et la résilience des peuplements denses d’épinette noire, une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de résilience et une surveillance des risques d’accident de régénération sont nécessaires. L’objectif principal de cette étude visait donc le développement de modèles prédictifs et spatialement explicites de la régénération de l’épinette noire. Plus particulièrement, deux modèles ont été développés soit (1) un modèle théorique, développé à l’aide de données in situ et de données spatiales et (2) un modèle cartographique, utilisant uniquement des données spatiales accessibles telles que les inventaires forestiers provinciaux et l’indice spectral de sévérité des feux « differenced Normalized Burn Ratio » (dNBR). Les résultats obtenus ont permis de constater que la succession rapprochée (< 55 ans) d’une coupe et d’un feu n’entraîne pas automatiquement une ouverture des peuplements d’épinette noire. Tout d’abord, les peuplements affectés par la coupe de récupération de brûlis (1963), immatures lors du feu de 2005, sont caractérisés par une faible régénération. En contrepartie, la régénération à la suite du feu de 2005, observé dans les peuplements coupés entre 1948 et 1967, est similaire à celle observée dans les peuplements non perturbés dans les 60 années précédant le feu. Le modèle théorique sélectionné à l’aide des critères d’information d’Akaike a, quant à lui, permis d'identifier trois variables déterminantes dans le succès ou l’échec de la régénération de l’épinette noire soit (1) la végétation potentielle, (2) le pourcentage de recouvrement du sol par les sphaignes et (3) la sévérité du feu évaluée à l’aide du dNBR. Des validations bootstrap et croisée ont permis de mettre en évidence qu’un modèle utilisant ces trois variables explique 59 % de la variabilité de la régénération observée dans le territoire d’étude., Quant à lui, le modèle cartographique qui utilise uniquement les variables végétation potentielle et dNBR explique 32 % de la variabilité. Finalement ce modèle a permis la création d’une carte de risque d’accident de régénération. Basée sur la précision du modèle, cette carte offre un potentiel intéressant afin de cibler les secteurs les plus à risque et ainsi appuyer les décisions relatives aux reboisements dans les zones incendiées.

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Urban retrofit is becoming increasingly established as one of the most effective solutions to contain the energy consumption of the existing building stock, to reduce vulnerability to natural and man-made risk and generally improve the quality of built space. However, the planning of retrofit interventions at urban scale should take account of the actual feasibility of measures lest they remain only on paper. This contribution supplies an overview of the many issues related to the subject of urban regeneration, proposing a procedure to identify practical interventions to minimize costs and maximize benefits, in terms of energy efficiency, an increase in resilience and improvement in the quality of the building stock. This procedure was applied to a case study of a neighborhood in the city of Naples, a high-density urban area which is particularly vulnerable to volcanic and seismic risk, and to risks due to climate change.

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La municipalité régionale de comté des Pays-d'en-Haut, située dans les Laurentides possède, sur son territoire, de nombreux milieux humides. Ils subissent une forte pression anthropique due au développement domiciliaire et à la croissance démographique dans la région, ayant pour conséquence la perte continue de superficie de milieux humides. Les biens et services écologiques qu’ils procurent à la société, qu’ils soient d’ordre économique, écologique, culturel ou social, sont autant d’arguments ayant poussé la municipalité régionale de comté des Pays-d'en-Haut à mieux connaitre et protéger ces milieux sensibles. Dans l’optique de réaliser une meilleure gestion du territoire, en dotant toutes ses municipalités d’un outil d’information et d’aide à la décision fiable et à jour, répondant de manière adéquate aux besoins des gestionnaires du territoire impliqués dans l’aménagement, la protection et la mise en valeur des espaces naturels, la municipalité régionale de comté des Pays-d'en-Haut veut réaliser un plan de conservation des milieux humides sur l’ensemble de son territoire. Un tel plan permet non seulement de favoriser l’intégration des milieux humides d’intérêt à la planification territoriale, mais peut également faciliter la préparation des demandes d’autorisations exigées par le Ministère du Développement durable, de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, en vertu de la Loi sur la qualité de l’environnement et de la Loi concernant des mesures de compensation pour la réalisation de projets affectant un milieu humide ou hydrique. Afin de rédiger ce plan de conservation, plusieurs étapes sont nécessaires. Premièrement, des campagnes d’inventaire et de caractérisation ont eu lieu lors des dernières années. Deuxièmement, une cartographie détaillée des milieux humides a été réalisée. L’étape suivante consistait à développer une manière d’évaluer la valeur des écosystèmes humides dans le but de les prioriser. La démarche méthodologique d’évaluation des milieux humides représente le cœur d’un plan de conservation. Il fallait qu’elle se base sur des critères fiables et quantifiables. Un des objectifs principaux de cet essai était de proposer une méthodologie en se basant sur des sources scientifiques reconnues et crédibles. Aussi, la méthodologie proposée repose sur l’évaluation des valeurs écologique, économique et socioculturelle par la prise en compte des biens et services écosystémiques. L’autre objectif de l’essai était de mieux comprendre et apprivoiser les aspects législatifs relatifs à la protection des milieux humides. Une revue des lois et règlements fédéraux, provinciaux et municipaux a été faite. Un examen de la doctrine juridique est venu compléter l’analyse. Finalement, des constats sur la démarche et sur les aspects juridiques ont été faits, et des recommandations ont été formulées afin que la municipalité régionale de comté des Pays-d'en-Haut et les municipalités poursuivent leur démarche visant la protection et la conservation des milieux humides.

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During the process of accessing services provided within urban interior and outer spaces the elderly and disabled individuals encounter with a myriad of problems due to the limitations posed by structured environments. This limitation hinders elderly and disabled individuals from mobility without assistance, which in turn negatively affects their full participation to urban and social life. Rearrangement of urban spaces to meet the needs of elderly and disabled individuals would correspondingly bolster life quality of the entire range of users. Within the scope of present research, as mandated by universal design principles to stick to plans and designs approaches inclusive for all users, it is aimed to conduct evaluations on the use of urban outer spaces situated within Konya City Center. In the hypothetical and theoretical part of this paper, the perception of disability throughout historical process has been examined from a sociological perspective. In addition, concept of universal design, its principles and gravity have also been elaborated. In the part dealing with the case study, outer spaces within Konya City Center have been analyzed with respect to universal design principles and a range of suggestions have been developed.

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US suburbs have often been characterized by their relatively low walk accessibility compared to more urban environments, and US urban environments have been characterized by low walk accessibility compared to cities in other countries. Lower overall density in the suburbs implies that activities, if spread out, would have a greater distance between them. But why should activities be spread out instead of developed contiguously? This brief research note builds a positive model for the emergence of contiguous development along “Main Street” to illustrate the trade-offs that result in the built environment we observe. It then suggests some policy interventions to place a “thumb on the scale” to choose which parcels will develop in which sequence to achieve socially preferred outcomes.