869 resultados para Public Health
Resumo:
Dans de nombreuses socits industrialises, une grande valeur est attribue au jeu des enfants, principalement parce que le jeu est considr comme tant une composante essentielle de leur dveloppement et quil contribue leur bonheur et leur bien-tre. Toutefois, des inquitudes ont rcemment t exprimes au regard des transformations qui soprent dans le jeu des enfants, notamment en ce qui a trait la rduction du temps de jeu en plein air. Ces transformations ont t attribues, en grande partie, une perception de risques accrus associs au jeu en plein air et des changements sociaux qui favorisent des activits de loisirs plus structures et organises. Linquitude concernant la diminution de lespace-temps accord au jeu des enfants est dailleurs clairement exprime dans le discours de la sant publique qui, de plus, tmoigne dun redoublement de proccupations vis--vis du mode de vie sdentaire des enfants et dune volont affirme de prvention de l'obsit infantile. Ainsi, les organisations de sant publique sont dsormais engages dans la promotion du jeu actif pour accrotre l'activit physique des enfants. Nous assistons lmergence dun discours de sant publique portant sur le jeu des enfants. travers quatre articles, cette thse explore le discours mergeant en sant publique sur le jeu des enfants et analyse certains de ses effets potentiels. L'article 1 prsente une prise de position sur le sujet du jeu en sant publique. Jy dfinis le cadre d'analyse de cette thse en prsentant l'argument central de la recherche, les positions que les organisations de sant publique adoptent vis--vis le jeu des enfants et les rpercussions potentielles que ces positions peuvent avoir sur les enfants et leurs jeux. La thse permet ensuite dexaminer comment la notion de jeu est aborde par le discours de sant publique. L'article 2 prsente ainsi une analyse de discours de sant publique travers 150 documents portant sur la sant, l'activit physique, l'obsit, les loisirs et le jeu des enfants. Cette tude considre les valeurs et les postulats qui sous-tendent la promotion du jeu comme moyen damliorer la sant physique des enfants et permet de discerner comment le jeu est faonn, disciplin et normalis dans le discours de sant publique. Notre propos rvle que le discours de sant publique reprsente le jeu des enfants comme une activit pouvant amliorer leur sant; que le plaisir sert de vhicule la promotion de lactivit physique ; et que les enfants seraient encourags organiser leur temps libre de manire optimiser leur sant. tant donn linfluence potentielle du discours de sant publique sur la signification et lexprience vcue du jeu parmi les enfants, cette thse prsente ensuite une analyse des reprsentations quont 25 enfants gs de 7 11 ans au regard du jeu. Larticle 3 suggre que le jeu est une fin en soi pour les enfants de cette tude; qu'il revt une importance au niveau motionnel; et qu'il savre intrinsquement motiv, sans but particulier. De plus, lamusement que procure le jeu relve autant dactivits engages que dactivits sdentaires. Enfin, certains enfants expriment un sentiment d'ambivalence concernant les jeux organiss; tandis que dautres considrent parfois le risque comme une composante particulirement agrable du jeu. De tels rsultats signalent une dissonance entre les formes de jeux promues en sant publique et le sens attribu au jeu par les enfants. Prenant appui sur le concept de biopdagogies inspir des crits de Michel Foucault, le quatrime article de cette thse propose un croisement des deux volets de cette tude, soit le discours de sant publique sur le jeu et les constructions du jeu par les enfants. Bien que le discours de la sant publique exhortant au jeu actif soit reproduit par certains enfants, d'autres soulignent que le jeu sdentaire est important pour leur bien-tre social et affectif. Dautre part, tandis que le jeu actif apparait, dans le discours de sant publique, comme une solution permettant de limiter le risque d'obsit, il comporte nanmoins des contradictions concernant la notion de risque, dans la mesure o les enfants ont ngocier avec les risques inhrents lactivit accrue. terme, cet article suggre que le discours de sant publique met de lavant certaines reprsentations du jeu (actifs) tandis quil en nglige dautres (sdentaires). Cette situation pourrait donner lieu des consquences inattendues, dans la mesure o les enfants pourraient ventuellement reconfigurer leurs pratiques de jeu et les significations quils y accordent. Cette thse n'a pas pour but de fournir des recommandations particulires pour la sant publique au regard du jeu des enfants. Prenant appui sur la perspective thorique de Michel Foucault, nous prsentons plutt une analyse dun discours mergeant en sant publique ainsi que des pistes pour la poursuite de recherches sur le jeu dans le domaine de lenfance. Enfin, compte tenu des effets potentiels du discours de la sant publique sur le jeu des enfants, et les perspectives contemporaines sur le jeu et les enfants, la conclusion offre des pistes de rflexion critique.
Resumo:
Commentaire / Commentary
Resumo:
Compte-rendu / Review
Resumo:
Health is an important aspect of everybodys life. Today, there is an increasing recognition and commitment to the pursuit of health both within government and beyond. Any attempt on the part of the " State to protect and promote peoples health, in turn, must be accompanied by effective controls on air quality, as air constitutes one of the important elements of mans life and the consequences of air pollution covers a very wide spectrum ranging from material ---damage to personal discomfort and illness. The broad social and economic objectives adumbrated in the Directive Principles of State Policy including the commitment to improve public health underlying in Article 47 and the obligation to preserve and protect-the natural environment cast under Article 48A of the Constitution are being used as versatile weapons by the State to regulate the public health scenario. Preservation and maintenance of air quality is a significant area within the sphere of public health, where the regulatory arm of the law is not adequately touched and in this arena urgent State intervention through legislative and administrative action is called for in the well-being of the society. Judiciary also plays a pivotal role in this arena in the larger interest of the society and for the benefit of the present and future generations. The research study is an attempt to analyze how far the existing legal system, for maintaining air quality and in controlling air pollution, is effective in protecting public health. The study also analyzes the limitations of the control mechanisms. The study focuses on industrial air pollution, indoor and personal air pollution, vehicular pollution and noise pollution which are today appearing as the major public health hazards affecting the air quality. However, this is not to overlook the importance of controls required under other areas of public health.
Resumo:
To assess the prevalence of faecal coliform bacteria and multiple drug resistance among Escherichia coli and Salmonella serotypes from Vembanadu Lake. Study design: Systematic microbiological testing. Methods: Monthly collection of water samples were made from ten stations on the southern and northern parts of a salt water regulator constructed in Vembanadu Lake in order to prevent incursion of seawater during certain periods of the year. Density of faecal colifrom bacteria was estimated. E. coli and Salmonella were isolated and their different serotypes were identified. Antibiotic resistance analysis of E. coli and Salmonella serotypes was done and the MAR index of individual isolates was calculated. Results: Density of faecal coliform bacteria ranged from mean MPN value 2900 -7100/100ml. Results showed multiple drug resistance pattern among the bacterial isolates. E. coli showed more than 50% resistance to amickacin, oxytetracycline, streptomycin, tetracycline and kanamycin while Salmonella showed high resistance to oxytetracycline, streptomycin, tetracycline and ampicillin. The MAR indexing of the isolates showed that they have originated from high risk source such as humans, poultry and dairy cows. Conclusions: The high density of faecal coliform bacteria and prevalence of multi drug resistant E. coli and Salmonella serotypes in the lake may pose severe public health risk through related water borne and food borne outbreaks
Resumo:
Microcosm studies were performed to evaluate the survival of Escherichia coli, Salmonella paratyphi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus in water and sediment collected from the freshwater region of Vembanad Lake (9 35N 76 25E) along the south west coast of India. All three test microorganisms showed significantly (p < 0.01) higher survival in sediment compared to overlying water. The survival in different sediment types with different particle size and organic carbon content revealed that sediment with small particle size and high organic carbon content could enhance their extended survival (p < 0.05). The results indicate that sediments of the Lake could act as a reservoir of pathogenic bacteria and exhibit a potential health hazard from possible resuspension and subsequent ingestion during recreational activities. Therefore, the assessment of bacterial concentration in freshwater Lake sediments used for contact and non contact recreation has of considerable significance for the proper assessment of microbial pollution of the overlying water, and for the management and protection of related health risk at specific recreational sites. Besides, assessment of the bacterial concentration in sediments can be used as a relatively stable indicator of long term mean bacterial concentration in the water column above
Resumo:
Aeromonas spp. are ubiquitous aquatic organisms, associated with multitude of diseases in several species of animals, including fishes and humans. In the present study, water samples from two ornamental fish culture systems were analyzed for the presence of Aeromonas. Nutrient agar was used for Aeromonas isolation, and colonies (60 No) were identified through biochemical characterization. Seven clusters could be generated based on phenotypic characters, analyzed by the programme NTSYSpc, Version 2.02i, and identified as: Aeromonas caviae (33.3%), A. jandaei (38.3%) and A. veronii biovar sobria (28.3%). The strains isolated produced highly active hydrolytic enzymes, haemolytic activity and slime formation in varying proportions. The isolates were also tested for the enterotoxin genes (act, alt and ast), haemolytic toxins (hlyA and aerA), involved in type 3 secretion system (TTSS: ascV, aexT, aopP, aopO, ascFascG, and aopH), and glycerophospholipid-cholesterol acyltransferase (gcat). All isolates were found to be associated with at least one virulent gene. Moreover, they were resistant to frequently used antibiotics for human infections. The study demonstrates the pathogenic potential of Aeromonas, associated with ornamental fish culture systems suggesting the emerging threat to public health
Resumo:
This paper deals with brief overview of the developments of international provisions on IPR related to public health. It discusses flexibilities before and after TRIPS Agreement and difficulties faced by developing countries in implementing TRIPS obligations and protecting public health. Also discussed are the reasons for the Doha Declaration and issues relating to implementation of Para 6 of the Declaration. Discusses the inadequacy in the compulsory licence based approach to solve public health crisis and argues for a more comprehensive approach to find a long term solution to the public health issues
Resumo:
The present essays central argument or hypothesis is, consequently, that the mechanisms accelerating a wealth concentrating and exclusionary economy centred on the benefit and overprotection of big businesswith a corresponding plundering of resources that are vital for lifegenerated forms of loss and regression in the right to healthcare and the dismantling of institutional protections. These are all expressed in indicators from 1990-2005, which point not only to the deterioration of healthcare programs and services but also to the undermining of the general conditions of life (social reproduction) and, in contrast to the reports and predictions of the eras governments, a stagnation or deterioration in health indicators, especially for those most sensitive to the crisis. The present studys argument is linked together across distinct chapters. First, we undertake the necessary clarification of the categories central to the understanding of a complex issue; clarifying the concept of health itself and its determinants, emphasizing the necessity of taking on an integral understanding as a fundamental prerequisite to unravelling what documents and reports from this era either leave unsaid or distort. Based on that analysis, we will explain the harmful effects of global economic acceleration, the monopolization and pillaging of strategic healthcare goods; not only those which directly place obstacles on the access to health services, but also those like the destructuration of small economies, linked to the impoverishment and worsening of living modes. Thinking epidemiologically, we intend to show signs of the deterioration of broad collectivities ways of life as a result of the mechanisms of acceleration and pillage. We will then collect disparate evidence of the deterioration of human health and ecosystems to, finally, establish the most urgent conclusions about this unfortunate period of our social and medical history.
Resumo:
The point of departure for these reflections is life, since its protection is the central purpose encouraging the defense of human rights and of public health. Life in the Andes has an exceptional diversity. Particularly in Ecuador, my country, this diversity constitutes a characteristic sign that is expressed in two main forms: natural megadiversity and multiculturalism. Indeed, Ecuadors small territory synthesizes practically all types of lifezones that exist on Earth, having received the gift of high average rates of solar energy and abundant nutritional sources, which have facilitated the natural reproduction of countless species that show their beautiful vitality in the variety of ecosystems that compose the Andean mountain range, the tropical plains, the Amazon humid forests, and the Galapagos Islands. But besides being a highly biodiverse country, it is also a plurinational and multi-cultural society, in which the activity of human beings, organized into social conglomerates of different historical and cultural backgrounds, have formed more than a dozen nations and peoples. Regrettably this natural and human wealth has not been able to bear its best fruits due to the violent operation of a deep social inequity unfortunately also one of the highest in the Americaswhich conspires against life and is reproduced in national and international inequitable relations. This structural inequity has changed its form throughout the centuries and currently has reached its highest and most perverse level of development.
