From unthinned continent to ocean: The deep structure of the West Iberia passive continental margin at 38 degrees N

The crustal and lithospheric mantle structure at the south segment of the west Iberian margin was investigated along a 370 km long seismic transect. The transect goes from unthinned continental crust onshore to oceanic crust, crossing the ocean-continent transition (OCT) zone. The wide-angle data set includes recordings from 6 OBSs and 2 inland seismic stations. Kinematic and dynamic modeling provided a 2D velocity model that proved to be consistent with the modeled free-air anomaly data. The interpretation of coincident multi-channel near-vertical and wide-angle reflection data sets allowed the identification of four main crustal domains: (i) continental (east of 9.4 degrees W); (ii) continental thinning (9.4 degrees W-9.7 degrees W): (iii) transitional (9.7 degrees W-similar to 10.5 degrees W); and (iv) oceanic (west of similar to 10.5 degrees W). In the continental domain the complete crustal section of slightly thinned continental crust is present. The upper (UCC, 5.1-6.0 km/s) and the lower continental crust (LCC, 6.9-7.2 km/s) are seismically reflective and have intermediate to low P-wave velocity gradients. The middle continental crust (MCC, 6.35-6.45 km/s) is generally unreflective with low velocity gradient. The main thinning of the continental crust occurs in the thinning domain by attenuation of the UCC and the LCC. Major thinning of the MCC starts to the west of the LCC pinchout point, where it rests directly upon the mantle. In the thinning domain the Moho slope is at least 13 degrees and the continental crust thickness decreases seaward from 22 to 11 km over a similar to 35 km distance, stretched by a factor of 1.5 to 3. In the oceanic domain a two-layer high-gradient igneous crust (5.3-6.0 km/s; 6.5-7.4 km/s) was modeled. The intra-crustal interface correlates with prominent mid-basement, 10-15 km long reflections in the multi-channel seismic profile. Strong secondary reflected PmP phases require a first order discontinuity at the Moho. The sedimentary cover can be as thick as 5 km and the igneous crustal thickness varies from 4 to 11 km in the west, where the profile reaches the Madeira-Tore Rise. In the transitional domain the crust has a complex structure that varies both horizontally and vertically. Beneath the continental slope it includes exhumed continental crust (6.15-6.45 km/s). Strong diffractions were modeled to originate at the lower interface of this layer. The western segment of this transitional domain is highly reflective at all levels, probably due to dykes and sills, according to the high apparent susceptibility and density modeled at this location. Sub-Moho mantle velocity is found to be 8.0 km/s, but velocities smaller than 8.0 km/s confined to short segments are not excluded by the data. Strong P-wave wide-angle reflections are modeled to originate at depth of 20 km within the lithospheric mantle, under the eastern segment of the oceanic domain, or even deeper at the transitional domain, suggesting a layered structure for the lithospheric mantle. Both interface depths and velocities of the continental section are in good agreement to the conjugate Newfoundland margin. A similar to 40 km wide OCT having a geophysical signature distinct from the OCT to the north favors a two pulse continental breakup.

Multi-stage evolution of a sub-aerial volcanic ridge over the last 1.3 Myr: S. Jorge Island, Azores Triple Junction

New K/Ar dating and geochemical analyses have been carried out on the WNW-ESE elongated oceanic island of S. Jorge to reconstruct the volcanic evolution of a linear ridge developed close to the Azores triple junction. We show that S. Jorge sub-aerial construction encompasses the last 1.3 Myr, a time interval far much longer than previously reported. The early development of the ridge involved a sub-aerial building phase exposed in the southeast end of the island and now constrained between 1.32 +/- 0.02 and 1.21 +/- 0.02 Ma. Basic lavas from this older stage are alkaline and enriched in incompatible elements, reflecting partial melting of an enriched mantle source. At least three differentiation cycles from alkaline basalts to mugearites are documented within this stage. The successive episodes of magma rising, storage and evolution suggest an intermittent reopening of the magma feeding system, possibly due to recurrent tensional or trans-tensional tectonic events. Present data show a gap in sub-aerial volcanism before a second main ongoing building phase starting at about 750 ka. Sub-aerial construction of the S. Jorge ridge migrated progressively towards the west, but involved several overlapping volcanic episodes constrained along the main WNW-ESE structural axis of the island. Malic magmas erupted during the second phase have been also generated by partial melting of an enriched mantle source. Trace element data suggest, however, variable and lower degrees of partial melting of a shallower mantle domain, which is interpreted as an increasing control of lithospheric deformation on the genesis and extraction of primitive melts during the last 750 kyr. The multi-stage development of the S. Jorge volcanic ridge over the last 1.3 Myr has most likely been greatly influenced by regional tectonics, controlled by deformation along the diffuse boundary between the Nubian and the Eurasian plates, and the increasing effect of sea-floor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

Photonics Active Filters Based on SiC Multi layer Structures: A Two Stage Active Circuit

Characteristics of tunable wavelength filters based on a-SiC:H multi-layered stacked cells are studied both theoretically and experimentally. Results show that the light-activated photonic device combines the demultiplexing operation with the simultaneous photodetection and self amplification of an optical signal. The sensor is a bias wavelength current-controlled device that make use of changes in the wavelength of the background to control the power delivered to the load, acting a photonic active filter. Its gain depends on the background wavelength that controls the electrical field profile across the device.

Estratégias de comercialização de energia para negociação bilateral em mercados de energia eléctrica multi-agente

As recentes e crescentes modificações no sector eléctrico, tanto nacional como mundial, tornam actualmente os mercados de electricidade um caso de estudo singular e interessante. De facto, o desenvolvimento de ferramentas de análise que permitem avaliar a evolução dos comportamentos que estes mercados adoptam face à dinâmica das suas constantes transformações é, à partida, uma mais valia para as suas principais entidades. Muitas vezes os negociadores deste sector ficam satisfeitos com o resultado final. Contudo, se investigarmos mais minuciosamente, dinheiro e recursos são desperdiçados e potenciais ganhos permanecem por descobrir. Uma negociação automática, que utilize agentes computacionais autónomos, promete um elevado nível de eficiência e acordos de maior qualidade. Muitos modelos de mercado actuais são simulados através de ferramentas computacionais, algumas das quais baseadas em tecnologia multi-agente. Esta dissertação apresenta um simulador que permite ajudar a resolver vários problemas inerentes à contratação bilateral de energia. O simulador envolve dois agentes do mercado de retalho, um comprador e um vendedor de energia eléctrica, e suporta a negociação bilateral multidimensional. Cada agente tem no seu portefólio um conjunto de opções que modelam o seu comportamento individual. A essas opções dá-se o nome de estratégias de negociação. O simulador é composto por estratégias de concessão e imitativas. As estratégias de concessão ditam a velocidade de cedência que cada agente terá, enquanto que as estratégias imitativas têm em conta o comportamento passado do oponente, antes da formulação de uma nova oferta. A validação experimental do simulador foi efectuada através da realização de uma experiência computacional. O método experimental consistiu na experimentação controlada. A experiência teve como principal objectivo validar as estratégias através da verificação, em computador, de um conjunto de hipóteses formuladas através de diversas observações e conclusões da negociação real. Os resultados confirmaram as hipóteses, permitindo concluir que a estratégia de concessão baseada no volume de energia conduz a um melhor benefício para ambos os negociadores, enquanto que a estratégia de concessão baseada na prioridade dos itens conduz à troca de um maior número de propostas negociais.

Negociação bilateral em mercados de energia eléctrica multi-agente com participação activa dos consumidores

Nos últimos anos, o sector elétrico tem sofrido profundas alterações decorrentes do processo de reestruturação. Como consequência, surgiram diferentes estruturas de mercado, tais como em bolsa, contratos bilaterais e mistos, tendo como objectivo o aumento da competitividade. Nos mercados competitivos, os consumidores de electricidade podem escolher livremente os seus fornecedores de energia, em função de possíveis vantagens económicas e da qualidade do serviço. A comercialização de electricidade pode ser realizada em mercados organizados ou através de contratação bilateral entre comercializadores e consumidores. Actualmente, existem várias ferramentas de simulação baseadas em técnicas multiagente que permitem modelar, parcialmente ou na totalidade, os mercados de electricidade, possibilitando simulações de negociação de preços e volumes através de contratos bilaterais, transacções em bolsas de energia, etc. No entanto, estas ferramentas apresentam algumas limitações devido à complexidade dos sistemas elétricos. Neste contexto, esta dissertação tem como principal objectivo desenvolver um simulador de contratos bilaterais em mercados de energia elétrica, baseado na tecnologia multi-agente. O simulador inclui dois tipos de entidades: retalhistas e consumidores de electricidade com diferentes perfis de carga. Além disso, é composto por várias estratégias de negociação, que têm como objectivo maximizar o benefício dos agentes retalhistas e minimizar o custo dos consumidores finais de electricidade. Uma das estratégias, referente ao consumidor, é direccionada para a eficiência no consumo, sendo baseada na conhecida técnica de Participação Activa dos Consumidores (ou Demand Response). O teste do simulador foi efectuado através da resolução de dois casos práticos, baseados em dados do MIBEL. De forma sucinta, os resultados obtidos com as estratégias permitem concluir que os intervenientes no mercado apresentam um comportamento esperado na gestão de preços e volumes de energia, constatando-se que a ferramenta desenvolvida constitui um auxiliar importante à tomada de decisão inerente à negociação bilateral em mercados de electricidade.

Projecto de uma instalação de AVAC de um edifício de escritórios e multi-usos

Neste trabalho são apresentados o dimensionamento e os resultados comparativos para um edifício de serviços (escritórios), na vertente económica de aquisição, instalação, exploração e manutenção, de um sistema de climatização a água, com um sistema de climatização a volume de refrigerante variável como alternativa. Utilizando um software de simulação dinâmica para determinar as cargas térmicas a que o edifício em estudo estará sujeito, de forma a dimensionar um sistema de climatização que respeite os regulamentos em vigor pelo actual sistema de certificação energética, foram dimensionados os dois sistemas de climatização dentro dos acima indicados, tento sido efectuados vários estudos comparativos, por forma a poderem ser futuramente utilizados como base de definição do sistema a adotar por parte dos projetistas do ramo.

DITRANS - a multi-agent system for integrated diagnosis of power transformers

This paper describes the development and the implementation of a multi-agent system for integrated diagnosis of power transformers. The system is divided in layers which contain a number of agents performing different functions. The social ability and cooperation between the agents lead to the final diagnosis and to other relevant conclusions through integrating various monitoring technologies, diagnostic methods and data sources, such as the dissolved gas analysis.

MASCEM improvement for agent based coalitions

This paper presents MASCEM - Multi-Agent Simulator for Electricity Markets improvement towards an enlarged model for Seller Agents coalitions. The simulator has been improved, both regarding its user interface and internal structure. The OOA, used as development platform, version was updated and the multi-agent model was adjusted for implementing and testing several negotiations regarding Seller agents’ coalitions. Seller coalitions are a very important subject regarding the increased relevance of Distributed Generation under liberalised electricity markets.

Multi-criteria short-term maintenance outage scheduling in smart distribution systems

Effective legislation and standards for the coordination procedures between consumers, producers and the system operator supports the advances in the technologies that lead to smart distribution systems. In short-term (ST) maintenance scheduling procedure, the energy producers in a distribution system access to the long-term (LT) outage plan that is released by the distribution system operator (DSO). The impact of this additional information on the decision-making procedure of producers in ST maintenance scheduling is studied in this paper. The final ST maintenance plan requires the approval of the DSO that has the responsibility to secure the network reliability and quality, and other players have to follow the finalized schedule. Maintenance scheduling in the producers’ layer and the coordination procedure between them and the DSO is modelled in this paper. The proposed method is applied to a 33-bus distribution system.

MASGriP – a Multi-Agent Smart Grid Simulation Platform

The increasing number of players that operate in power systems leads to a more complex management. In this paper a new multi-agent platform is proposed, which simulates the real operation of power system players. MASGriP – A Multi-Agent Smart Grid Simulation Platform is presented. Several consumer and producer agents are implemented and simulated, considering real characteristics and different goals and actuation strategies. Aggregator entities, such as Virtual Power Players and Curtailment Service Providers are also included. The integration of MASGriP agents in MASCEM (Multi-Agent System for Competitive Electricity Markets) simulator allows the simulation of technical and economical activities of several players. An energy resources management architecture used in microgrids is also explained.

A multi-agent based approach for intelligent smart grid management

The spread and globalization of distributed generation (DG) in recent years has should highly influence the changes that occur in Electricity Markets (EMs). DG has brought a large number of new players to take action in the EMs, therefore increasing the complexity of these markets. Simulation based on multi-agent systems appears as a good way of analyzing players’ behavior and interactions, especially in a coalition perspective, and the effects these players have on the markets. MASCEM – Multi-Agent System for Competitive Electricity Markets was created to permit the study of the market operation with several different players and market mechanisms. MASGriP – Multi-Agent Smart Grid Platform is being developed to facilitate the simulation of micro grid (MG) and smart grid (SG) concepts with multiple different scenarios. This paper presents an intelligent management method for MG and SG. The simulation of different methods of control provides an advantage in comparing different possible approaches to respond to market events. Players utilize electric vehicles’ batteries and participate in Demand Response (DR) contracts, taking advantage on the best opportunities brought by the use of all resources, to improve their actions in response to MG and/or SG requests.

Multi-agent simulation of continental, regional, and micro electricity markets

Renewable based power generation has significantly increased over the last years. However, this process has evolved separately from electricity markets, leading to an inadequacy of the present market models to cope with huge quantities of renewable energy resources, and to take full advantage of the presently existing and the increasing envisaged renewable based and distributed energy resources. This paper proposes the modelling of electricity markets at several levels (continental, regional and micro), taking into account the specific characteristics of the players and resources involved in each level and ensuring that the proposed models accommodate adequate business models able to support the contribution of all the resources in the system, from the largest to the smaller ones. The proposed market models are integrated in MASCEM (Multi- Agent Simulator of Competitive Electricity Markets), using the multi agent approach advantages for overcoming the current inadequacy and significant limitations of the presently existing electricity market simulators to deal with the complex electricity market models that must be adopted.

A user-centered interface for scheduling problem definition

In this paper we present a user-centered interface for a scheduling system. The purpose of this interface is to provide graphical and interactive ways of defining a scheduling problem. To create such user interface an evaluation-centered user interaction development method was adopted: the star life cycle. The created prototype comprises the Task Module and the Scheduling Problem Module. The first one allows users to define a sequence of operations, i.e., a task. The second one enables a scheduling problem definition, which consists in a set of tasks. Both modules are equipped with a set of real time validations to assure the correct definition of the necessary data input for the scheduling module of the system. The usability evaluation allowed us to measure the ease of interaction and observe the different forms of interaction provided by each participant, namely the reactions to the real time validation mechanism.

A multi-agent system for the support of producer coalition formation in electricity markets

All over the world Distributed Generation is seen as a valuable help to get cleaner and more efficient electricity. To get negotiation power and advantages of scale economy, distributed producers can be aggregated giving place to a new concept: the Virtual Power Producer. Virtual Power Producers are multitechnology and multi-site heterogeneous entities. Virtual Power Producers should adopt organization and management methodologies so that they can make Distributed Generation a really profitable activity, able to participate in the market. In this paper we address the development of a multi-agent market simulator – MASCEM – able to study alternative coalitions of distributed producers in order to identify promising Virtual Power Producers in an electricity market.

Multi-agent electricity market simulation with dynamic strategies & virtual power producers

Distributed energy resources will provide a significant amount of the electricity generation and will be a normal profitable business. In the new decentralized grid, customers will be among the many decentralized players and may even help to co-produce the required energy services such as demand-side management and load shedding. So, they will gain the opportunity to be more active market players. The aggregation of DG plants gives place to a new concept: the Virtual Power Producer (VPP). VPPs can reinforce the importance of these generation technologies making them valuable in electricity markets. In this paper we propose the improvement of MASCEM, a multi-agent simulation tool to study negotiations in electricity spot markets based on different market mechanisms and behavior strategies, in order to take account of decentralized players such as VPP.