Permeability evolution across carbonate hosted normal fault zones

Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank Total E&P and BG Group for project funding and support, and the Industry Technology Facilitator for facilitating the collaborative development (grant number 3322PSD). The authors would also like to express their gratitude to the Aberdeen Formation Evaluation Society and the College of Physical Sciences at the University of Aberdeen for partial financial support. Raymi Castilla (Total E&P), Fabrizio Agosta and Cathy Hollis are also thanked for their constructive comments and suggestions to improve the standard of this manuscript as are John Still and Colin Taylor (University of Aberdeen) for technical assistance in the laboratory. Piero Gianolla is thanked for his editorial handling of the manuscript.

The cardioprotective effect of a short-term aerobic exercise program and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore of the Rat

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Skeletal muscle disuse atrophy : implications on intracellular signaling pathways and mitochondrial permeability transition pore function

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Pre-formulation and systematic evaluation of amino acid assisted permeability of insulin across in vitro buccal cell layers

The aim of this work was to investigate alternative safe and effective permeation enhancers for buccal peptide delivery. Basic amino acids improved insulin solubility in water while 200 and 400 µg/mL lysine significantly increased insulin solubility in HBSS. Permeability data showed a significant improvement in insulin permeation especially for 10 µg/mL of lysine (p < 0.05) and 10 µg/mL histidine (p < 0.001), 100 µg/mL of glutamic acid (p < 0.05) and 200 µg/mL of glutamic acid and aspartic acid (p < 0.001) without affecting cell integrity; in contrast to sodium deoxycholate which enhanced insulin permeability but was toxic to the cells. It was hypothesized that both amino acids and insulin were ionised at buccal cavity pH and able to form stable ion pairs which penetrated the cells as one entity; while possibly triggering amino acid nutrient transporters on cell surfaces. Evidence of these transport mechanisms was seen with reduction of insulin transport at suboptimal temperatures as well as with basal-to-apical vectoral transport, and confocal imaging of transcellular insulin transport. These results obtained for insulin is the first indication of a possible amino acid mediated transport of insulin via formation of insulin-amino acid neutral complexes by the ion pairing mechanism.

The cardioprotective effect of a short-term aerobic exercise program and the mitochondrial permeability transition pore of the Rat

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Skeletal muscle disuse atrophy : implications on intracellular signaling pathways and mitochondrial permeability transition pore function

Thèse numérisée par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

(Table T1) Density, porosity, void ratio, diffusivity and permeability of ODP Site 185-1149 sediments

The subduction of oceanic plates regulates crustal growth, influences arc volcanism, and refertilizes the mantle. Continental growth occurs by subduction of crustal material (seawater components, marine sediments, and basaltic crust). The geochemical and physical evolution of the Earth's crust depends, in large part, on the fate of subducted material at convergent margins (Armstrong, 1968, doi:10.1029/RG006i002p00175; Karig and Kay, 1981, 10.1098/rsta.1981.0108). The crustal material on the downgoing plate is recycled to various levels in the subduction zone. The recycling process that takes place in the "Subduction Factory" is difficult to observe directly but is clearly illuminated using chemical tracers. Von Huene and Scholl (1991, doi:10.1029/91RG00969) and Plank and Langmuir (1993, doi:10.1038/362739a0) preliminarily calculated a large flux of subducted materials. By mass balancing the chemical tracers and measuring the fractionations that occur between them, the Subduction Factory work and the effect on the Earth's evolution can be estimated. In order to elucidate this mass balance, Ocean Drilling Program Leg 185 drilled two deepwater shales into the oceanic crust situated in the Mariana-Izu Trenches and recovered core samples of incoming oceanic crust. The calculations of mass circulation in the subduction zone, however, did not take into account the mass transfer properties within subducted oceanic crust, although the dewatering fluid and diffused ions may play an important role in various activities such as seismogeneity, serpentine diapiring, and arc volcanism. Thus, this paper focuses on the quantitative measurements of the physical and mass transfer properties of subducted oceanic crust.

Establishment of a preconditioning regime for air permeability and sorptivity of alkali-activated slag concrete

This study reports an experimental investigation designed to assess the influence of near-surface moisture contents on permeation properties of alkali-activated slag concrete (AASC). Five different drying periods (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 days) and three AASC and normal concretes with compressive strength grades ranging from C30 to C60 were considered. Assessment of moisture distribution was
achieved using 100 mm diameter cores with drilled cavities. Results indicate that air permeability of AASC is very sensitive to the moisture content and its spatial distribution, especially at relative humidity above 65%. To control the influence of moisture on permeation testing, the recommendation of this paper is that AASC specimens should be dried in controlled conditions at 40 C for 10 days prior to testing. It was also concluded from this study that AASC tends to perform less well, in terms of air permeability and sorptivity, than normal concrete for a given strength grade. This conclusion reinforces the need to further examine AASC properties prior to its widespread practical use.

On the statistics of transverse permeability of randomly distributed fibers

An RVE–based stochastic numerical model is used to calculate the permeability of randomly generated porous media at different values of the fiber volume fraction for the case of transverse flow in a unidirectional ply. Analysis of the numerical results shows that the permeability is not normally distributed. With the aim of proposing a new understanding on this particular topic, permeability data are fitted using both a mixture model and a unimodal distribution. Our findings suggest that permeability can be fitted well using a mixture model based on the lognormal and power law distributions. In case of a unimodal distribution, it is found, using the maximum-likelihood estimation method (MLE), that the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution represents the best fit. Finally, an expression of the permeability as a function of the fiber volume fraction based on the GEV distribution is discussed in light of the previous results.

Oxygen and Chloride Permeability of Alkali-Activated Natural Pozzolan Concrete

One of the important factors in the use of portland cement concrete is its durability, and most of the situations where durability is lacking have been identifi ed and strategies to manage durability have been implemented. Geopolymer concrete, made from an alkali-activated natural pozzolan (AANP), provides an important opportunity for the reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions associated with the manufacture of concrete but has a limited history of durability studies. Until its different properties are well understood there is no desire to adopt this new technology of unknown provenance by the concrete industry. This paper presents an experimental study of oxygen and chloride permeability of AANP concrete prepared by activating Taftan andesite and Shahindej dacite (Iranian natural pozzolans), with and without calcining, and the correlations between these properties and compressive strength. The results show that compared to ordinary portland cement (OPC) concrete, AANP concrete has lower oxygen permeability at later ages; but it shows moderate to high chloride ion penetrability.

Evaluation of mechanical properties and water vapor permeability in Chitosan biofilms using Sorbitol and Glycerol

Chitosan biofilms were prepared with and without plasticizer (glycerol and sorbitol). The physical and mechanical properties of chitosan biofilms with and without plasticizer were evaluated. Chitosan was obtained from shrimp wastes and characterized. The film forming solution (FFS) was obtained through chitosan dissolution and drying. The solution had its pH adjusted to 6.0 and oven dried (40 8C, 24 h) with forced air circulation. Chitosan biofilms without plasticizer showed a tensile strength about 36% higher than biofilms produced with plasticizer. On the other hand, biofilms with plasticizer presented superior values of elongation. The permeability of the water vapor and color presented significant difference (p<0.05) between all biofilms. Chitosan/plasticizer biofilms showed higher values of water vapor permeability in relation to chitosan biofilms without plasticizer.

Analyses of permeability and porosity of sedimentary rocks in terms of unconventional geothermal resource explorations in Poland

Petrophysical investigations are fundamental to natural resource exploration. In order to recognise the geothermal potential of sedimentary rocks in central Poland, 259 samples were collected from prospective deep-lying geothermal reservoirs. Parameters measured include bulk density, skeletal density, effective porosity, permeability, average pore diameter and specific surface. Results indicate that at great depths (mostly > 3,000 m below surface) sedimentary rocks show low values of porosity (mainly less than 5%) and permeability (only sporadically in excess of 1 md). These values call for a petrothermal use of reservoirs, for which an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) was developed. Reser- voirs suited for the EGS are Carboniferous and Lower Triassic sandstones in the central part of Poland (Mogilno-Łódź Trough region and a small part of the Kujawy Swell and Fore-Sudetic regions). In addition, Carboniferous limestones in this area are potentially prospective.

Finite difference calculations of permeability in large domains in a wide porosity range.

Determining effective hydraulic, thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of porous materials by means of classical physical experiments is often time-consuming and expensive. Thus, accurate numerical calculations of material properties are of increasing interest in geophysical, manufacturing, bio-mechanical and environmental applications, among other fields. Characteristic material properties (e.g. intrinsic permeability, thermal conductivity and elastic moduli) depend on morphological details on the porescale such as shape and size of pores and pore throats or cracks. To obtain reliable predictions of these properties it is necessary to perform numerical analyses of sufficiently large unit cells. Such representative volume elements require optimized numerical simulation techniques. Current state-of-the-art simulation tools to calculate effective permeabilities of porous materials are based on various methods, e.g. lattice Boltzmann, finite volumes or explicit jump Stokes methods. All approaches still have limitations in the maximum size of the simulation domain. In response to these deficits of the well-established methods we propose an efficient and reliable numerical method which allows to calculate intrinsic permeabilities directly from voxel-based data obtained from 3D imaging techniques like X-ray microtomography. We present a modelling framework based on a parallel finite differences solver, allowing the calculation of large domains with relative low computing requirements (i.e. desktop computers). The presented method is validated in a diverse selection of materials, obtaining accurate results for a large range of porosities, wider than the ranges previously reported. Ongoing work includes the estimation of other effective properties of porous media.