Efeitos de baixas press��es no balonete da m��scara lar��ngea na mucosa faringolar��ngea do c��o

Funda����o de Amparo �� Pesquisa do Estado de S��o Paulo (FAPESP)

Estudo da a����o do extrato de Ginkgo biloba e amido hidroxiet��lico hipert��nico na atenua����o de altera����es decorrentes de isquemia e reperfus��o de ��rg��os espl��ncnicos em ratos

A oclus��o e reperfus��o das art��rias espl��ncnicas ocasiona choque circulat��rio, causado principalmente pelo aumento de permeabilidade vascular e pela agress��o celular provocada por radicais livres derivados do oxig��nio. Este estudo tem por finalidade verificar a a����o do extrato de Ginkgo biloba (Egb-761) e do amido hidroxiet��lico (AHH) na preven����o do choque circulat��rio produzido pela isquemia e reperfus��o de ��rg��os espl��ncnicos. O Egb-761 tem propriedades antioxidantes relatadas na literatura. O AHH, tem sido utilizado como recurso terap��utico do choque hipovol��mico. Ratos anestesiados receberam infus��o cont��nua de Egb-761 ou AHH, sendo submetidos �� isquemia (oclus��o do tronco cel��aco, art��ria mesent��rica superior e art��ria mesent��rica inferior por 30 minutos) e reperfus��o (por 90 minutos) dos ��rg��os espl��ncnicos. Foram feitas: an��lise histopatol��gica ileal, dosagem de malondialde��do ileal e determina����o cont��nua da press��o arterial m��dia (PAM). A PAM ao final do per��odo de reperfus��o foi significativamente mais elevada nos animais tratados com Egb-761 e AHH, que no grupo controle (F=18,29; p<0,001). N��o houve diferen��a entre os grupos tratados e controle quanto �� dosagem de MDA (H=4,61; p>0,10) e quanto ��s altera����es histol��gicas (H=6,003; p>0,10). em conclus��o, houve melhora nas condi����es hemodin��micas, com atenua����o do choque nos ratos que receberam Egb-761 ou AHH. Novos estudos ser��o necess��rios para se avaliar melhor as altera����es histol��gicas e para esclarecer a forma����o de produtos finais da peroxida����o lip��dica.

Reavalia����o de crit��rios estruturais na hidrogeologia de terrenos cristalinos, com ��nfase na neotect��nica e sensoriamento remoto

Hydrogeological prospecting in Northeast Brazil and in other crystalline terrains has been developed on the basis of structural and regional geology concepts that date back to the 50-60 decades and, as such, demand a natural re-evaluation and update. In this kind of terrain, the percolation and accumulation of ground water are controlled by fractures and other types of discontinuities, such as foliations and geological contacts that, through weathering, impart porosity and permeability to the rocks, allowing water flow and storage. Several factors should be considered in the process of locating water wells, as discussed in the literature. Among these, the kind of structures, fracture geometry (including aperture and connectivity) and their geological and chronological context. It is important to correlate fracture systems with the regional neotectonic framework. Fractures at low angle (sub parallel) with the principal stress axis (s1) are those which tend to open (actually they work as tension joints) and, in principle, would present major hydric potential; in the opposite side, fractures at high angle to s1 would behave as closed by a compressional component. Fractures diagonal to the compression and tension axes correspond to shear fractures and, due to their connectivity with second fractures, are also important in terms of hydric potential. Uplift followed by terrain denudation leads to decompression and a general tendency to open (aided by weathering processes) fractures and other rock discontinuities, at different orientations. Low angle fractures, formed in this context, are equally important to increase connectivity, collection of water and recharge of the aquifer systems. In a general way, an opening component (neotectonic or by terrain decompression) and several models to increase fracture connectivity correlate with a greater hydric potential of these structures. Together with parallel research, this thesis addresses models of ground water occurrence in crystalline terrains, either improving well established concepts like the (Riacho-Fenda model), but also stressing other possibilities, like the role of alluvium and paleo-regoliths (the Calha El��vio-Aluvionar model) and of strongly altered, permo-porous zones placed at variable depths below the present surface, flanking several types of discontinuities, especially interconnected fracture arrays (the Bols��es de Intemperismo model). Different methodological approaches are also discussed in order to improve success rates in the location of water wells in crystalline terrains. In this methodological review, a number of case studies were selected in the eastern domain of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, involving the localities of Santa Cruz, Santo Ant��nio, Serrinha, Nova Cruz, Montanhas, Lagoa de Pedras and Lagoa Salgada. Besides the neotectonic analysis of brittle structures, this Thesis addresses the validation of remote sensing as a tool for ground water prospecting. Several techniques were tested in order to detect and select areas with higher potential for ground water accumulation, using Landsat 5-TM and RADARSAT images, besides conventional aerial photos. A number of filters were tested to emphasize lineaments in the images, improving their discrimination, to identify areas with higher overburden humidity, which could reflect subsurface water accumulation, as well as alluvium and other sedimentary covers that might act as recharge zones. The work started with a regional analysis with the orbital images, followed by analysis of aerial photos, up to a detailed structural study of rock exposures in the terrain. This last step involved the analysis of outcrops surrounding wells (in a ray of approximately 10 to 100 m) with distinct productivities, including dry examples. At the level required for detail, it was not possible to accomplish a statistical approach using the available well data catalogs, which lack the desired specific information. The methodology worked out in this Thesis must undergo a testing phase through location of new water wells. An increase in the success rates as desired will led to a further consolidation step with wider divulgation of the methodology to private companies and governmental agencies involved in ground water prospecting in crystalline terrains

Proposta metodol��gica para o imageamento, caracteriza����o, parametriza����o e gera����o de modelos virtuais de afloramentos

The aim of this work was to describe the methodological procedures that were mandatory to develop a 3D digital imaging of the external and internal geometry of the analogue outcrops from reservoirs and to build a Virtual Outcrop Model (VOM). The imaging process of the external geometry was acquired by using the Laser Scanner, the Geodesic GPS and the Total Station procedures. On the other hand, the imaging of the internal geometry was evaluated by GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar).The produced VOMs were adapted with much more detailed data with addition of the geological data and the gamma ray and permeability profiles. As a model for the use of the methodological procedures used on this work, the adapted VOM, two outcrops, located at the east part of the Parnaiba Basin, were selected. On the first one, rocks from the aeolian deposit of the Piaui Formation (Neo-carboniferous) and tidal flat deposits from the Pedra de Fogo Formation (Permian), which arises in a large outcrops located between Floriano and Teresina (Piau��), are present. The second area, located at the National Park of Sete Cidades, also at the Piau��, presents rocks from the Cabe��as Formation deposited in fluvial-deltaic systems during the Late Devonian. From the data of the adapted VOMs it was possible to identify lines, surfaces and 3D geometry, and therefore, quantify the geometry of interest. Among the found parameterization values, a table containing the thickness and width, obtained in canal and lobes deposits at the outcrop Pared��o and Biblioteca were the more relevant ones. In fact, this table can be used as an input for stochastic simulation of reservoirs. An example of the direct use of such table and their predicted radargrams was the identification of the bounding surface at the aeolian sites from the Piau�� Formation. In spite of such radargrams supply only bi-dimensional data, the acquired lines followed of a mesh profile were used to add a third dimension to the imaging of the internal geometry. This phenomenon appears to be valid for all studied outcrops. As a conclusion, the tool here presented can became a new methodology in which the advantages of the digital imaging acquired from the Laser Scanner (precision, accuracy and speed of acquisition) were combined with the Total Station procedure (precision) using the classical digital photomosaic technique

Simula����o de Fluxo no Meio Poroso Utilizando o Fluent

The complexity of the Phenomenon of fluid flow in porous way causes a difficulty in its explicit description. Different in the cases where the flow is given through a pipe, where it is possible to measure the length and diameter of the pipe and to determine their ability to flow as a function of pressure, which is a complicated task in porous way. However, we try to approach clearly the equations used to conjecture the behavior of fluid flow in porous way. We made use of the Gambit to create a fractal geometry with the fluent we give the contour��s conditions we would want to analyze the data. The triangular mesh was created; it makes interactions with the discs of different rays, as barriers putted in the geometry. This work presents the results of a simulation with a flow of viscous fluids (oilliquid). The oil flows in a porous way constructed in 2D. The behavior evaluation of the fluid flow inside the porous way was realized with graphics, images and numerical results used for different datas analysis. The study was aimed in relation at the behavior of permeability (k) for different fractal dimensions. Taking into account the preservation of porosity and increasing the fractal distribution of the discs. The results showed that k decreases when we increase the numbers of discs, although the porosity is the same for all generations of the first simulation, in other words, the permeability decreases when we increase the fractality. Well, there are strong turbulence in the flow each time we increase the number of discs and this hinders the passage of the same to the exit. These results permitted to put in evidence how the permeability (k) is affected in a porous way with obstacles distributed in a diversified form. We also note that k decreases when we increase the pressure variation (P) within geometry. So, in front of the results and the absence of bibliographic subsidies about other theories, the work realized here can possibly by considered the unpublished form to explain and reflect on how the permeability is changed when increasing the fractal dimension in a porous way

Espectros fractais em sistemas nanoestruturados e cristais fot��nicos

The study of the elementary excitations such as photons, phonons, plasmons, polaritons, polarons, excitons and magnons, in crystalline solids and nanostructures systems are nowdays important active ���eld for research works in solid state physics as well as in statistical physics. With this aim in mind, this work has two distinct parts. In the ���rst one, we investigate the propagation of excitons polaritons in nanostructured periodic and quasiperiodic multilayers, from the description of the behavior for bulk and surface modes in their individual constituents. Through analytical, as well as computational numerical calculation, we obtain the spectra for both surface and bulk exciton-polaritons modes in the superstructures. Besides, we investigate also how the quasiperiodicity modi���es the band structure related to the periodic case, stressing their amazing self-similar behavior leaving to their fractal/multifractal aspects. Afterwards, we present our results related to the so-called photonic crystals, the eletromagnetic analogue of the electronic crystalline structure. We consider periodic and quasiperiodic structures, in which one of their component presents a negative refractive index. This unusual optic characteristic is obtained when the electric permissivity and the magnetic permeability �� are both negatives for the same range of angular frequency �� of the incident wave. The given curves show how the transmission of the photon waves is modi���ed, with a striking self-similar pro���le. Moreover, we analyze the modi���cation of the usual Planck��s thermal spectrum when we use a quasiperiodic fotonic superlattice as a ���lter.

Incorpora����o do v��nculo de suavidade no ajuste de hist��rico de reservat��rios de petr��leo

The history match procedure in an oil reservoir is of paramount importance in order to obtain a characterization of the reservoir parameters (statics and dynamics) that implicates in a predict production more perfected. Throughout this process one can find reservoir model parameters which are able to reproduce the behaviour of a real reservoir.Thus, this reservoir model may be used to predict production and can aid the oil file management. During the history match procedure the reservoir model parameters are modified and for every new set of reservoir model parameters found, a fluid flow simulation is performed so that it is possible to evaluate weather or not this new set of parameters reproduces the observations in the actual reservoir. The reservoir is said to be matched when the discrepancies between the model predictions and the observations of the real reservoir are below a certain tolerance. The determination of the model parameters via history matching requires the minimisation of an objective function (difference between the observed and simulated productions according to a chosen norm) in a parameter space populated by many local minima. In other words, more than one set of reservoir model parameters fits the observation. With respect to the non-uniqueness of the solution, the inverse problem associated to history match is ill-posed. In order to reduce this ambiguity, it is necessary to incorporate a priori information and constraints in the model reservoir parameters to be determined. In this dissertation, the regularization of the inverse problem associated to the history match was performed via the introduction of a smoothness constraint in the following parameter: permeability and porosity. This constraint has geological bias of asserting that these two properties smoothly vary in space. In this sense, it is necessary to find the right relative weight of this constrain in the objective function that stabilizes the inversion and yet, introduces minimum bias. A sequential search method called COMPLEX was used to find the reservoir model parameters that best reproduce the observations of a semi-synthetic model. This method does not require the usage of derivatives when searching for the minimum of the objective function. Here, it is shown that the judicious introduction of the smoothness constraint in the objective function formulation reduces the associated ambiguity and introduces minimum bias in the estimates of permeability and porosity of the semi-synthetic reservoir model

Orienta����o e magnitude de tens��es na bacia potiguar: implica����es para evolu����o de bacias em margens passivas

This study presents new stress orientations and magnitudes from the Potiguar basin in the continental margin of Brazil. We analyzed breakout and drilled induced fractures derived from resistivity image logs run in ten oil wells. We also used direct Shmin measurements determined from hydraulic fractures and rock strength laboratory analysis. In addition, we compared these results with 19 earthquake focal mechanisms located in the crystalline basement. We observed that stress directions and magnitudes change across the basin and its basement. In the basin, the SHmax gradient of 20.0 MPa/km and the SHmax/Shmin ratio of 1.154 indicate a normal stress regime from 0.5 to 2.0 km, whereas the SHmax gradient of 24.5MPa/km and the SHmax/Shmin ratio of 1.396 indicate a strike slip stress regime from 2.5 to 4.0 km. The deeper strike-slip stress regime in the basin is similar to the regime in the basement at 1-12 km deep. This stress regime transition is consistent with an incipient tectonic inversion process in the basin. We also noted that the SHmax direction rotates from NW SE in the western part of the Potiguar basin to E W in its central and eastern part, following roughly the shoreline geometry. It indicates that local factors, as density contrast between continental and oceanic crust and sediment loading at the continental shelf influence the stress field. The concentration of fluid pressure in faults of the lowpermeability crystalline basement and its implications to establish a critically stressed fault regime in the basement is also discussed

Pirometamorfismo nos arenitos da Forma����o A��u, Bacia Potiguar, NE do Brasil

Pyrometamorphism results from conditions of high temperatures and very low pressures provoked by the intrusion of hypabyssal basic bodies into sedimentary or metassedimentary hosting rocks. The onshore portion of the Potiguar Basin in NE Brazil offers examples of this type of metamorphism nearby the contacts of Paleogene to Neogene plugs, sills and dikes of diabases and basalts crosscutting sandstones, siltstones and shales of the A��u Formation (Albian-Cenomanian). The thermal effects over these rocks are reflected on textures and minerals assemblages that characterize the sanidinite facies of metamorphism, often with partial melting of the feldspathic and mica-rich matrix. The liquid formed is potassic and peraluminous, with variably colored rhyolitic glass (colorless, yellow, brown) comprising microcrystals of tridymite, sanidine and clinoenstatite, besides residual detrital clasts of quartz and rarely zircon, staurolite and garnet. Lenses of shale intercalated within the sandstones display crystallites of Fe-cordierite (sekaninaite), mullite, sanidine, armalcolite (Fe-Ti oxide) and brown spinel. The rocks formed due to the thermal effect of the intrusions are called buchites for which two types are herein described: a light one derived from feldspathic sandstone and siltstone protoliths; and a dark one derived from black shale protoliths. Textures indicating partial melting and minerals such as sanidine, mullite, tridymite and armalcolite strongly demonstrate that during the intrusion of the basic bodies the temperature reached 1,000-1,150��C, and was followed by quenching. Cooling of the interstitial melts has as consequences the closure of pores and decrease of the permeability of the protolith, which varies from about 17-11% in the unaffected rocks to zero in the thermally modified types. Although observed only at contacts and over small distances, the number of basic intrusions hosted within the Potiguar Basin in both onshore and offshore portions leaves opened the possibility of important implications of the thermal effects over the hydrocarbon exploration in this area as well in other Cretaceous and Paleozoic basins in Brazil

Avalia����o do espa��o a��reo far��ngeo por meio da tomografia computadorizada de feixe c��nico

INTRODU����O: a avalia����o do espa��o a��reo superior faz parte da rotina na elabora����o do diagn��stico e plano de tratamento ortod��ntico. A radiografia cefalom��trica em norma lateral tem sido usada rotineiramente na avalia����o da permeabilidade do espa��o a��reo, esbarrando na limita����o de fornecer uma imagem bidimensional de uma estrutura tridimensional. A Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe C��nico (TCFC) tem entrado na realidade ortod��ntica trazendo um arsenal de informa����es concernentes ao espa��o a��reo superior. Por fornecer uma imagem tridimensional, possibilita determinar de maneira precisa a ��rea de maior estreitamento da faringe, que ofereceria maior resist��ncia �� passagem a��rea. OBJETIVOS: o prop��sito deste artigo �� esclarecer o ortodontista quanto aos recursos dispon��veis na TCFC para o diagn��stico de poss��veis barreiras f��sicas que possam diminuir a permeabilidade das vias a��reas superiores.

Qualidade de um sistema latossolo-argissolo como receptor de efluentes no munic��pio de Lins(SP)

Este trabalho objetivou caracterizar um sistema de solos, evidenciando a propriedades que possam esclarecer sua din��mica e contribuir para a defini����o de crit��rios que condicionem a aptid��o destes solos como receptores de efluentes. Trata-se de uma ��rea experimental de estudos, cont��gua �� Esta����o de Tratamento de Esgoto do munic��pio de Lins (SP), onde o efluente �� gerado a partir do tratamento de esgoto por sistema de lagoas de estabiliza����o. Os solos, situados ao longo de uma vertente com ligeira inclina����o, foram caracterizados por meio de an��lises, morfol��gica, granulom��trica, qu��mica, mineral��gica e micromorfol��gica, realizadas em amostras coletadas em cinco trincheiras em toposseq����ncia. Os solos s��o desenvolvidos a partir dos sedimentos arenosos da Forma����o Adamantina (Grupo Bauru) e constituem um sistema Latossolo - Argissolo onde a transi����o Bw - Bt ocorre lateralmente do topo para a base da vertente. Foram identificadas tr��s fases pedogen��ticas nesta associa����o de solos. A primeira, argiluvia����o e adensamento de part��culas, respons��vel pela forma����o dos horizontes texturais, foi superposta pelos processos de latossoliza����o e hidromorfismo, atuantes na din��mica atual destes solos. An��lises micromorfol��gicas mostraram tratar-se de solos com intensa porosidade, caracterizada pelo empilhamento dos gr��os do esqueleto quartzoso amplamente predominante e pelo arranjo entre os microagregados granulares. A permeabilidade �� ainda favorecida pela intensa a����o da mesofauna. Os solos s��o distr��ficos e compostos por caulinita e ��xidos de Fe na fra����o argilosa. Por constitu��rem um sistema fr��gil, a disposi����o de quaisquer tipos de res��duos nestes solos requer o monitoramento constante de suas propriedades, tanto para a manuten����o, quanto para a recupera����o da qualidade desta cobertura pedol��gica.

Estimativa da composi����o gasosa em embalagem de atmosfera modificada contendo mangas (mangifera indica l.) Cv. Keitt

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient��fico e Tecnol��gico (CNPq)

Influ��ncia de diferentes embalagens de atmosfera modificada sobre a aceita����o de uvas finas de mesa var. It��lia mantidas sob refrigera����o

Foi feito um estudo sobre o comportamento de uvas finas de mesa (Vitis vinifera L.) var. It��lia frente �� armazenagem refrigerada e �� utiliza����o de embalagem, para aumentar a vida-de-prateleira. Cachos da uva no est��dio verde maduro foram embalados individualmente em tr��s diferentes filmes pl��sticos (Cryovac�� PD-900; Cryovac�� PD-955 e Cryovac�� PD-961EZ ) de alta permeabilidade ao oxig��nio e ao g��s carb��nico e armazenados a 1��C (85-95% UR) por 63 dias e a 25��C (80-90% UR) por 21 dias; frutas sem embalagem serviram de controle. Ao longo da armazenagem foram realizadas an��lises sensoriais de aceita����o quanto ao sabor e apar��ncia, utilizando escala hed��nica n��o estruturada de 9cm e 30 provadores por sess��o. Foram realizadas tamb��m an��lises do teor de s��lidos sol��veis, acidez titul��vel e vitamina C ao longo da armazenagem. As frutas embaladas apresentaram taxas de perda de massa 28 vezes menores que as controle, mas n��o foi observada diferen��a significativa (p>0,05) entre as diferentes embalagens. A combina����o de armazenagem a 1��C com o filme PD-955 prolongou a vida de prateleira das uvas por 63 dias contra 11 a 21 dias do controle. Nas uvas embaladas, o fim da vida-de-prateleira foi determinado por deteriora����o microbiol��gica e no controle pela perda de massa, que causou o enrugamento, perda de turgidez das bagas e ressecamento dos enga��os e pedicelos.

Intensidade de dorm��ncia durante a matura����o de sementes de mucuna-preta

A mucuna-preta �� uma leguminosa empregada para aduba����o verde e como forrageira, cujas sementes apresentam dorm��ncia causada pela impermeabilidade do tegumento �� ��gua. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a intensidade de dorm��ncia das sementes de mucuna-preta em diferentes est��dios de matura����o quando submetidas �� secagem no interior das vagens. R��cemos foram colhidos, semanalmente, a partir de 35 dias do in��cio de florescimento (35 DAF) at�� o est��dio de vagens secas (98 DAF). As sementes de cada colheita foram secadas no interior das vagens, em condi����es ambientais n��o controladas de laborat��rio; quando secas foram extra��das, avaliadas quando a massa de 100 sementes, espessura das sementes e submetidas ao teste de germina����o. Foram analisadas as porcentagens de sementes duras, de germina����o, de embebi����o e o ��ndice de velocidade de embebi����o. Pode-se concluir que o est��dio de matura����o em que ocorre a secagem afeta a intensidade de dorm��ncia das sementes de mucuna-preta.

��xido n��trico: revis��o

O ��xido n��trico �� um mediador gasoso respons��vel por uma variedade de fen��menos fisiol��gicos. A l-arginina �� a precursora da s��ntese do ��xido n��trico, na presen��a de ��xido n��trico-sintase. Este artigo rev�� as fun����es das ��xido n��trico-sintases e como o ��xido n��trico atua na permeabilidade vascular e na s��ndrome de isquemia e reperfus��o, assim como poss��veis m��todos para sua mensura����o.